• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권8호
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• pp.1305-1318
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• 2007

On a global scale agriculture and in particular enteric fermentation in ruminants is reported to produce about one fourth (21 to 25%) of the total anthropogenic emissions of methane ($CH_4$). Methane is produced during the anaerobic fermentation of hydrolyzed dietary carbohydrates in the rumen and represents an energy loss to the host besides contributing to emissions of greenhouse gases into the environment. However, there appears to be uncertainty in the $CH_4$ estimation from livestock due to the limited availability of data to document the variability at the farm level and also due to the significant impact of diet on the enteric $CH_4$ production. The methane mitigation strategies require robust prediction of emissions from rumen. There are many methods available which would be suitable for measuring $CH_4$ produced from the various stages of animal production. However, several factors need to be considered in order to select the most appropriate technique like the cost, level of accuracy required and the scale and design of the experiments to be undertaken. Selection of any technique depends on the accuracy as each one has its advantages and disadvantages. Screening of mitigation strategies may be evaluated using individual animal before large-scale trials on groups of animals are carried out. In this review various methods for the estimation of methane production from ruminants as well as for the determination of methane production potential of ruminant feeds are discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of the methods starting from respiration chamber, ventilated hood, facemask, sulphur hexafluoride ($SF_6$) tracer technique, prediction equations and meteorological methods to in vitro methods are detailed.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.234-238
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• 2003

This experiment was conducted to measure nutrient digestibility and performance in broiler chicks fed diets based on normal and low viscosity rye or barley fed with and without enzyme (pentosanase and $\beta$-glucanase) during a 17 day growth trial. A total of 150 one-day old, male broiler chicks (5 birds per pen and 5 pens per treatment) were randomly assigned to one of six dietary treatments in a $3{\times}3$ factorial design experiment (3 cereals${\times}$2 enzyme levels). Digestibility coefficients were determined using chromic oxide. Digestibility coefficients for dry matter and crude protein were significantly (p=0.0001) higher for the barley-based diets than for any of the rye-based diets. Digestibility coefficients for gross energy did not differ (p>0.05) due to cereal grain. There were no differences in the digestibility coefficients for dry matter and gross energy between chicks fed normal and low viscosity rye. However, the digestibility coefficient for crude protein was higher (p=0.01) for the low viscosity rye compared with the normal viscosity rye. Addition of enzyme to the diet significantly (p=0.0001) increased digestibility coefficients for dry matter, crude protein and energy. There were no significant differences in weight gain, feed intake or feed conversion between birds fed barley or rye or between birds fed normal or low viscosity rye. Enzyme supplementation significantly improved (p=0.0001) weight gain, intake and feed conversion. The overall results of this experiment indicate that unsupplemented barley and rye do not support adequate growth rates in poultry. Enzyme supplementation dramatically improved broiler performance. In addition, genetic selection to reduce the viscosity of rye had only a modest effect on the nutritive value of rye for broilers.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.126-132
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• 1997

난지도는 서울외곽의 한강변에 위치한 면적 272ha인 섬으로, 1978년부터 1993년까지 약 15년간 서울지역에서 발생하는 각종 쓰레기 92,000,000m$^{2}$를 매립한 곳이다. 1996년 10월 현재 난지도의 현존식생면적은 191ha로서 이중 목본식물은 31ha이고 나머지는 초본식물이 우점종인 군락이었다. 목본식물 면적 중 아까시나무와 능수버들은 전체의 83%를 차지하고 있었다. 토양은 서울지역의 일반적인 토양이 산성으로 나타나는 것과는 달리 알카리성이며, 토양과 현존식생분포사이의 상관관계는 없는 것으로 나타났다. 연구 결과 난지도의 현존식생은 난지도 토양 안정화공사 이후의 식생목원지침 마련에는 도움이 되지 않을 것으로 나타났으므로 앞으로의 생태계 복원을 위해서는 다음과 같은 시도가 있어야 할 것이다. 첫째, 다양한 선구수종, 자생수종, 식이식물의 활착실험을 통해 난지도에 적합한 수종 선발. 둘째, 자생수종을 활용한 사면안정 공법의 개발 및 지역 특성에 적합한 식재계획 마련. 셋째, 동물 생태계 조사를 통한 동물생태계 복원계획 수립

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.290-302
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• 2005

The nutrients intake and health-related habits of nonagenarian subjects in Korean representative longevity belts of Damyang, Gokseong, Kurye, Sunchang were evaluated for the purpose of providing the information on the desirable food selection and dietary pattern of elderly population. A survey was conducted with 91 subjects (26 males and 65 females) and their food intakes were measured by the combination of one meal weighing and 24-hr recall, and their general background information was collected by visit. The mean age of the subjects was 93.6 $\pm$ 2.2 (male) and 97.6 $\pm$ 4.6 (female) The average smoking rate was $20.9\%$, the rate of regular drinking was $26.4\%$. The average energy intake was 1,284.9 kcal comprising $77.1\%$ of RDA for elder people over 75. The energy ratio of carbohydrate, protein and fat were 66.5 : 18.2 : 15.3. The average intake of protein, calcium, iron and zinc were $107.4\%,\;59.9\%,\;106.3\%$ and $60\%$ of RDA respectively. The lower intake of vitamins as low as $70\%$ was found except vitamin $B_6$ and niacin. The majority of the subjects consumed rice as staple diet and mostly consumed white plain rice rather than mixed grain rice. The animal and plant food intakes were 88.4 : 11.6 in males and those of females were 83.0 : 17.0 showing a tendency of plant-based meals. Nutrients that showed NAR over 0.7 were protein, iron, vitamin $B_6$, niacin and phosphate, but those with INQ over 1. Nutrient with INQ below 0.7 was only vitamin E. Even though their nutritional quantity did not appear to be enough, but their nutritional quality was relatively high. The adding dairy products, nuts and fruits for the purpose of proving sufficient vitamin and minerals can achieve the optimal nutritional intake patterns. Further research on RDA of this age population should be followed.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.345-355
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to provide basic data for the development direction and strategy for medicines through analysis of differences in choice attributes according to customers awareness of medicines and experience. In order to achieve the purpose of this study, a questionnaire survey was conducted on dietary education among national network trainees and lecturers by the Ministry of Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Livestock in Daegu, Gyeongsan, and Ulsan, Seoul from December 5, 2016, respectively. First, factor analysis results showed that six factors were extracted with respect to the choice of the restaurant. Second, the difference in each factor according to the recognition and experience of medicinal herbs was the health related factor as sex, females, age 50~59 years, companion others, and publicity and advertising' factors were more important for publicity and advertisement when the gender was female, the customer's age was 40~49 years, the companion was other, and the time of use was during the weekend. Among the factors related to 'getting dressed', the more important gender was female, age 40~49 years, and the other partner, The factors related to 'time' were as follows: sex, age, age 20~29 years, no accompanying companions, no time of use, and time importance. The 'menu' factors were more important for men, gender, women, age 40~49 years, companion for guitar, and usage time for weekend dinner. The 'service' factors were more important in 'service' as sex, male age, age 20~29, companion family, usage time, and weekend dinner.

• 근관절건강학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.205-213
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• 2019

Purpose: This study was to investigate the effects of Carbohydrates on blood glucose levels in healthy adults after taking the monosaccharide glucose and disaccharide candies. Methods: This study was experimental research using a randomized controlled trial. Participants were college students who could agree the purpose of the study and participated voluntarily and met the selection criteria. Considering the dropout rate, 25 subjects in each group were included. The assignments of the experimental group and the control group were randomly assigned, and this study used the allocation concealment. Glucose tablets of 15g in the experimental group, and 15g sugar of candies in the control group were orally ingested. Blood glucose was measured before ingestion, 10 minutes, 15 minutes, and 30 minutes after ingestion. Results: There were no statistically significant differences in blood glucose of 10 minutes (U=406.00, p=.069), 15 minutes (U=370.00, p=.264), and 30 minutes after ingestion (U=337.00, p=.634) between experimental (glucose tablet oral ingestion) and control groups (mint candy oral ingestion). Conclusion: There was no difference in the blood glucose level up to 30 minutes after ingestion of monosaccharide glucose and disaccharide candy. Through this study, the decision to use either candy or glucose tablets in the event of hypoglycemia can be chosen according to the patient's preference.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.11-15
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• 2002

The present investigation was undertaken to study the effects of non-genetic factors and association among replacement and lifetime production traits. The data on 542 Holstein Friesian cows maintained during 1975-98 at State Cattle Breeding Project, Sector III, Hisar, were utilized. The average sex-ratio, abnormal births, mortality, culling and replacement rates on total calf born and total female calf born basis were 51.62, 8.50, 17.52, 31.05, 22.78 and 51.41 per cent, respectively. The study revealed that a minimum of 4 to 5 progenies are required per cow over its lifetime to replace itself. It indicated that each cow should produce a minimum of 2 female calves during its life so as to replace herself before being lost. The least-squares means for productive herd life, longevity and lifetime production were $1439.32{\pm}87.64$ and $2419.18{\pm}8.25$ days and $11317.95{\pm}913.15kg$, respectively. The heritability estimates for all replacement traits were very low indicating that sire selection may bring no desirable change in these traits. Heritability estimates were $0.178{\pm}0.157$, $0.288{\pm}0.184$ and $0.096{\pm}0.195$ for corresponding lifetime production traits. Breeding values and ranking of sires were generated for replacement and lifetime production traits to estimate the rank correlations between these traits. Moderate desirable rank correlations were obtained between replacement rate and lifetime production traits indicating that sires proven on the basis of milk production are also expected to have better replacement rate.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권12호
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• pp.1827-1831
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• 2007

Effects of daidzein on expression of mRNAs of gonadotropin receptors (FSHR, LHR) and P450 aromatase (P450arom) were evaluated in ovarian follicles of white silky fowls. The hens were 13 months old in the post-peak period of egg laying and were randomly allocated as control and daidzein-treated groups, with daidzein supplemented to the basal diet at 10 mg/kg for 7 consecutive weeks. The mRNA expression of related genes was measured by semi-quantitative RT-PCR in the granulosa layers of the preovulatory follicle (PRF: F1, F2 ...) and follicular layers of the small yellow follicle (SYF), large white follicle (LWF) and atretic follicle (ATF). Results showed that daidzein supplementation significantly increased the number of SYF and LWF (p<0.05). The relative abundance of the FSHR mRNA decreased in the granulosa layers from F3 to F1, but LHR mRNA displayed opposite developmental changes. P450arom mRNA was highest in the SYF, but was very low in the granulosa layers after follicles finished selection. Treatment with daidzein resulted in increased mRNA expression of FSHR in F3 granulosa layer, LHR in granulosa layers of F3 to F1 and P450arom in LWF (p<0.05). These results indicated that dietary supplementation of daidzein up-regulated mRNA expression of gonadotropin receptors and P450arom to improve the development of preovulatory follicles in white silky fowls after the peak-laying period.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권12호
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• pp.1698-1707
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• 2013

Optimization of the dietary formulation is the most effective way to reduce methane. Nineteen feed ingredients (brans, vegetable proteins, and grains) were evaluated for their potential to generate methane and change methanogen diversity using an in vitro ruminal fermentation technique. Feed formulations categorized into high, medium and low production based on methane production of each ingredient were then subjected to in vitro fermentation to determine the real methane production and their effects on digestibility. Methanogen diversity among low, medium and high-methane producing groups was analyzed by PCR-DGGE. The highest methane production was observed in Korean wheat bran, soybean and perilla meals, and wheat and maize of brans, vegetable protein and cereal groups, respectively. On the other hand, corn bran, cotton seed meal and barley led to the lowest production in the same groups. Nine bacteria and 18 methanogen 16s rDNA PCR-DGGE dominant bands were identified with 83% to 99% and 92% to 100% similarity, respectively. Overall, the results of this study showed that methane emissions from ruminants can be mitigated through proper selection of feed ingredients to be used in the formulation of diets.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.323-332
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• 2011

To find seasonally optimal microalgae for mass culture of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis, the growth rates of 12 microalgal species (two marine Chlorella spp., five marine Nannochloris spp., two marine Nannochloropsis spp., one estuarine Nannochloropsis sp., and two estuarine Chlorella spp.) were compared at $25^{\circ}C$ at 15 psu and 30 psu. Among these, six species showing high growth rates were chosen and examined again at high ($30^{\circ}C$ and $32^{\circ}C$) and low ($10^{\circ}C$) temperatures. Their amino and fatty acids and the dietary value of the rotifers that fed on each microalgal species were examined. Nannochloris sp. (KMMCC-119) and Chlorella vulgaris (KMMCC-120) showed the highest growth rates at temperatures over $30^{\circ}C$ and at $10^{\circ}C$, respectively. The growth rate of Nannochloris was higher than those of Chlorella and Nannochloropsis at high temperatures, but lower than those of the latter at low temperatures. The growth rate of rotifers fed on Nannochloropsis was highest and that of those fed on Chlorella was lowest. Levels of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid were highest in Nannochloropsis and lowest in Nannochloris. However, total amino acid content was highest in Nannochloris and lowest in Chlorella. In conclusion, Nannochloropsis sp. (KMMCC-33) was the best microalgal species for the mass culture of the rotifer. However, during high- or low-temperature seasons in which Nannochloropsis does not grow well, Nannochloris spp. (KMMCC-119, 395) and C. vulgaris (KMMCC-120) would adequately replace Nannochloropsis sp. (KMMCC-33).