• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.530-536
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• 2014

In a $2{\times}2$ factorial experiment the hypotheses tested were that the metabolic acid load caused by benzoic acid (BA) added to the feed affects bone mineralization of weanling pigs, and that a wide dietary calcium (Ca) to phosphorus (P) ratio in phytase-supplemented feeds with a marginal P concentration has a positive effect on bone mineralization. The four experimental diets, which contained 0.4% P and were supplemented with 1,000 FTU phytase/kg, contained either 5 g BA/kg or no BA and either 0.77% Ca or 0.57% Ca. The 68 four-week-old Large White pigs were fed the experimental diets ad libitum for six weeks and were then slaughtered. Benzoic acid increased feed intake (p = 0.009) and growth rate (p = 0.051), but did not influence the feed conversion ratio (p>0.10). Benzoic acid decreased the pH of the urine (p = 0.031), but did not affect breaking strength and mineralization of the tibia (p>0.10). The wide Ca:P ratio decreased feed intake (p = 0.034) and growth rate (p = 0.007) and impaired feed the conversion ratio (p = 0.027), but increased the mineral concentration in the fat-free DM of the tibia (p = 0.013) without influencing its breaking strength (p>0.10). The observed positive effect of the wide Ca:P ratio on bone mineralization may be attributed, at least in part, to the impaired feed conversion ratio, i.e. to the higher feed intake and consequently to the higher mineral intake per kg BW gain. The negative impact on animal performance of the wide dietary Ca:P ratio outweighs its potentially positive effect on bone mineralization, precluding its implementation under practical feeding conditions.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.97-104
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• 1997

This research was carried out to determine the effect of dietary calcium(Ca) levels(low : 0.29, medium : 0.65 and high : 1.07%) on the digestibility, excretion and retention of nitrogen(N) phosphorus (P) in pigs fed diets supplemented with phytase(750U/kg). Twelve growing-finishing pigs(average body weight: 35kg) were divided into 3 groups and these pigs were reared in metabolism cage. After 10 days adaptation period, N and P balance experiments were carried out for 4 days. The results were summarized as follows ; 1. The High-Ca group was lower than the others in digestibility of P(Low-Ca and Medium-Ca group). 2. The amount of daily excretion of urinary N were 19.6g in Low-Ca group and 16.7g in high-Ca group. The High-Ca group was the lowest(22.71%/d) in the total N excretion. 3. The High-Ca group was the highest and the Low-Ca group the lowest in fecal P excretion. The urinary P excretions per day were 1.90g in Low-Ca group and 0.04g in High-Ca group. The medium-Ca group showed the lowest total P excretion(4.57g/d). 4. The N retention of the High-Ca group(20.50g) was greater than that of the Low-Ca group and Medium-Ca(5.02)g was the highest and the Low-Ca groups(3.92g) was the lowest in the P retention. These results indicate that dietary Ca level was an important factor influencing N and P utilization in pigs.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.247-255
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• 2009

This work was conducted to investigate the effects of the addition level of Corn distiller's dried grains with solubles (CDDGS) and phytase in broiler diets on the broiler performance and the ileal amino acid digestibility. Three eighty four Ross broiler (one-day-old) were assigned randomly to 8 treatments groups (12 birds/pen, 4 pens/treatment) as $4{\times}2$ complex factors of CDDGS 4 treatments (0, 5, 10 and 15%) and phytase 2 treatments (0, 500 FTU/kg), and fed experimental diets for 6 weeks (starter, 0~2 wk; grower, 2~4 wk; finisher, 4~6 wk). After the feeding trial was finished, 12 broilers (6 weeks) with similar weights were selected from all treatments to investigate the digestibility of nutrients and amino acids for the first week. The experimental diets contained similar ME and CP of all treatments. Body weight gains and feed intakes were high at phytase treatments (P>0.05), but there was no difference in feed intake of the chicks. The amino acid digestibilities of diets were improved for iso-leucine, lysine, threonine, valine, aspartic acid, proline, serine and tyrosine (P<0.05). Finally, this work showed that growth performance and amino acid digestibility were improved by the addition of CDDGS and phytase in broiler diets.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.657-666
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• 1999

The first option in manure management is developing an environmentally sound nutritional management. This includes proper feeding programs and feeds which will result in less excreted nutrients that need to be managed. Critical components that should be controlled are N, P and minerals that are used at supranutritional levels. Amino acid supplementation and protein restriction reduce N excretion in the monogastric animals. Supplementation with enzymes, such as carbohydrases, phytase and proteases, can be used to reduce excretion of nutrients and feces by improving digestibility of specific nutrients. Growth promoting agents, such as antibiotics, beta-agonists and somatotropin, increase the ability of animals to utilize nutrients, especially dietary protein, which results in reduced excretion of N. Some microminerals, such as Cu and Zn, are supplemented at supranutritional level. Metal-amino acid chelates, metal-proteinates and metal-polysaccharide complexes can be used at a much lower level than inorganic forms of metals without compromising performance of animals. Deodorases can be used to avoid air pollution from animal manure. Nutritional management increases costs to implement. It is necessary to assess the economics in order to find an acceptable compromise between the increased costs and the benefits to the environment and production as well.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.10
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• pp.1440-1443
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• 2001

Forty eight $Duroc{\times}Yorkshire{\times}Landrace$ pigs ($15.2{\pm}0.3kg$ average initial BW) were used conducted to evaluate the effects dietary phytase (Phytezyme, WOOJIN, Co. Ltd) supplementation on the growth performance and nutrient digestibility in growing pigs. There were three pigs per pen and four pens per treatment. Treatments were 1) Con (corn-wheat-SBM), 2) PE0.1 (low-P iet+0.1% Phytezyme), 3) PE0.2 (Iow-P diet+0.2% Phytezyme), 4) PE0.3 (low-P diet+0.3% Phytezyme). During d 0 to 28, average daily gain was not significantly different among the treatments. Pigs fed PE0.3 diet significantly decreased (p<0.05) their average daily feed intake compared to pigs fed Con diet. Also, gain/feed in pigs fed PE0.1 and PE0.3 diet was improved (p<0.05) compared to pigs fed Con and PE0.2 diet (p<0.05). For d 28 to 56, pigs fed PE0.2 diet grew significantly faster (p<0.05) than pigs fed Con and PE0.1 diet. Gain/feed was greater (p<0.05) for PE0.2 and PE0.3 treatments than for Con. For overall period, average daily gain was increased (P<0.05) by the addition of 0.2% Phytezyme compared with Con. Gain/feed was significantly improved (p<0.05) by supplementation of PE0.3. Pigs fed PE0.2 showed increased DM and N digestibilities compared to pigs fed other treatments. Supplemented diets PE0.2 and PE0.3 improved (p<0.05) the apparent digestibility of Ca and P compared to other treatments. In conclusion, the results obtained from these feeding trials suggest that the Phytezyme supplementation of diets for growing-finishing pigs had improved growth performance and nutrient availability.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.386-393
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• 2011

Three trials were conducted to determine the available energy of different wheat screening varieties collected from different locations of Khorasan in Iran. In experiment 1, chemical composition and the nitrogen corrected true metabolisable energy (TMEn) were evaluated. A precision-fed rooster assay was used, in which, each wheat screening sample was tube fed to adult roosters, and the excreta were collected for 48-h. In Exp. 2 and 3, five and two wheat screening verities-based diets with or without xylanase and phytase were fed to 16-day old battery reared chicks respectively, and total feed consumption and excreta were measured during next three days. The variable nature of wheat screening varieties led to significant differences in mean TMEn values (p<0.01). The TMEn values of samples determined with adult roosters varied by ${\pm}5.03%$ of the mean value ($3,097.65{\pm}49.32\;kcal/kg$) and ranged from 2,734.90 to 3,245.12 kcal/kg. There was a significant correlation (p<0.05) between crude fiber (CF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) with TMEn, and the greatest correlation coefficient was observed between NDF and TMEn (r = -0.947; p<0.001). The optimal equation in terms of $R^2$ from using a single chemical analysis was obtained with NDF: TMEn = 4,152.09-27.80 NDF ($R^2$ = 0.90, p<0.0001), and the TME prediction equation was improved by the addition of the crude protein (CP) and ASH content to sequential analysis: TMEn = 3,656.97-28.65 NDF+32.54 CP+38.70 ASH ($R^2$ = 0.98, p<0.0001). The average AMEn values of 5 and 2 wheat screening varieties determined with young broiler chickens were $2,968.41{\pm}25.70\;kcal/kg$ and $2,976.38{\pm}8.34\;kcal/kg$ in Exp. 2 and Exp. 3, respectively. Addition of xylanase and phytase to wheat screenings resulted in significant (p<0.01) improvement in AMEn by 4.21 and 2.92%, respectively.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.63 no.4
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• pp.827-840
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• 2021

Several studies have focused on Ca and P requirements for pigs. These requirements are estimated from their retention and bone formation. However, modern pig breeds have different responses to dietary Ca and P than traditional breeds, and their requirements are expected to change on an annual basis. Besides individual Ca and P needs, the Ca to P ratio (Ca/P) is an important factor in determining requirements. This study aimed to implement a linear and quadratic regression analysis to estimate Ca and P requirements based on average daily gain (ADG), apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of Ca (ATTD-Ca), ATTD of P (ATTD-P), and crude protein (CP) digestibility. Results show that Ca/P had linear and quadratic effects on ADG in the phytase-supplemented (PS) group in both the 6-11 kg and 11-25 kg categories. In the latter category, the CP digestibility was linearly increased in response to increasing Ca/P in the without-phytase (WP) group. In the 25-50 kg category, there was a linear response of ADG and linear and quadratic responses of CP digestibility to Ca/P in the PS group, while a linear and quadratic increase in CP digestibility and a quadratic effect on ATTD-Ca were observed in the WP group. In the 50-75 kg category, Ca/P had significant quadratic effects on ADG in the PS and WP groups, along with significant linear and quadratic effects on ATTD-Ca. In addition, Ca/P had significant quadratic effects on ATTD-P and led to a significant linear and quadratic increase in the CP digestibility in the WP group. In the 75-100 kg category, analysis showed a significant decrease in ATTD-Ca and ATTD-P in the PS and WP groups; in the latter, ATTD-P and ATTD-Ca were linearly decreased by increasing Ca/P. In conclusion, our equations predicted a higher Ca/P in the 6-25 kg bodyweight categories and a lower Ca/P in the 50-100 kg category than that recommended in the literature.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.903-909
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• 2003

For the last two decades, energy utilization of growing chicks has been studied more and more. This paper focuses on the energy utilization estimated by the metabolizable energy (ME) values and the efficiency at which ME is used for growth of chicks under various nutritional environment. Degree of saturation of dietary fats is responsible for nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) of fats. The effect of dietary fat sources on heat production depends on the kind of unsaturated fatty acids as well as the degree of saturation. Medium chain triglyceride shows lower AME and net energy than long chain triglyceride. Phytase as feed additives increases the AME values of the diet along with improvement of the phosphorous utilization. Ostriches have higher ability to metabolize the energy of fiber-rich foodstuffs than fowls. Their higher ability seems to be associated with fermentation of fiber in the hindgut. Proportions of macronutrients in the diets have influenced not only the gain of body protein and energy but also the oxidative phosphorylation of the chicken liver. Essential amino acids deficiency reduces ME/GE (energy metabolizability) little, if any. Growing chicks respond to a deficiency of single essential amino acids with the reduction of energy retained as protein and increased energy retained as fat. Thus, energy retention is proportional to ME intake despite deficiency, and efficiency of ME utilization is not affected by deficiency of amino acids. Effect of oral administration of clenbuterol, a beta-adrenergic agonist, on the utilization of ME varies with the dose of the agents. Although the heat production related to eating behavior has been estimated less than 5% of ME, tube-feeding diets decreases HI by about 30%.

• ANNALS OF ANIMAL RESOURCE SCIENCES
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.97-107
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• 2017

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and gut health of broiler chickens when a dietary supplementation of multienzymes was added to diets, containing different energy levels. A total of 480 broiler chickens of similar body weight (Ross 308, 1-day-old) were randomly subjected to four treatments. The dietary treatments included a corn-soybean meal-based diet supplemented with: multienzyme (amylase+protease+ mannanase+xylanase+phytase), 0.05% enzyme, and different energy levels (3010 and 3060 kcal/kg). The experimental diets were fed to the chicks in a mash form for 35 days in two phases (1-21 d, phase I; and 22-35 d, phase II). During the overall period, chicks fed with diets supplemented with multienzymes had a better weight gain (p<0.05) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) than those fed with diets without enzymes. There was no difference in the growth rate and FCR among the chicks fed with diets supplemented with enzymes, even though the dietary energy levels were different. The apparent fecal and ileal digestibility of dry matter, gross, crude protein, calcium, and phosphorus were significantly enhanced (p<0.05). The population of cecal and ileal Lactobacillus spp. was significantly increased (p<0.05), and Clostridium spp. and coliforms were significantly decreased (p<0.05) in diets supplemented with enzymes. Villus height and villus height to crypt depth ratio in the small intestine was also significantly enhanced (p<0.05) in diets supplemented with enzymes. In conclusion, multienzyme supplementation had positive effects on the weight gain of broilers, FCR, digestibility of nutrients, and on the growth of intestinal microbiota.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.432-444
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• 2001

In this manuscript, several effective feeding and management systems to reduce environmental pollution in swine production have been briefly introduced. It is logical that reducing the excretion of nutrients in manure should be the first step to reduce the environmental impact of pig production. it is evident that the excretion of nitrogen and phosphorus can be reduced when more digestible or available feedstuffs are used. Also, it is well known that proper feed processing can reduce anti nutritional factors (ANF) and improve nutrient digestibilities. Supplementation of effective feed additives can reduce excretion of nitrogen and phosphorus due to efficient feed utilization. These include enzymes (e.g., phytase), antibiotics, probiotics, organic acids and growth hormones ($\beta$-agonists and porcine somatotropin). One of the most effective ways to reduce pollutants from swine manure is to use synthetic amino acids in feed manufacturing. Many studies showed that reduction of 2 to 4% unit (U) of dietary protein with supplemental amino acid (AA) could dramatically reduce (15 to 20%) nitrogen excretion. Regarding feeding strategies, it has been recognized that phase feeding regimen could be used to reduce nitrogen and phosphorous excretion by feeding pigs in better agreement with age and physiological state. Feeding barrows and gilts separately, known as split sex feeding, can also decrease excretion of nitrogen and phosphorus. With the increasing concerns on the negative impact of animal production systems on the environment, animal nutritionists and producers should be aware that sustainability of animal agriculture is as important as high production performance. Therefore, some feeding and management strategies described in this manuscript will help to reduce environmental pollution in swine production. Proper combination of feeding regimen and environment-friendly diet formulation through nutritional approach will be more effective to reduce nutrient excretion in swine production system compared to single approach to do so.