• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.60-66
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• 2007

We investigated the effects of dietary supplements of probiotics, illite, active carbon and hardwood vinegar on growth performance, carcass characteristics and fatty acid composition in finishing pigs. One hundred fifty pigs ($Landrace{\times}Yorkshire{\times}Duroc$; $32.3{\pm}1.3 kg$ average initial body weight) were used in a 100 day experiment. Pigs were randomly placed into five experimental feeding groups (control, 0.2% probiotics, 1.0% illite, 1.0% active carbon and 1.0% hardwood vinegar) and were slaughtered at approximately 110 kg live weight. There was a slight, but insignificant increase in average daily body weight gain and feed intake among all treatment groups. Feed conversion was reduced when probiotics were added (p<0.05). There were no significant differences in the carcass rate and back fat thickness among the all treatment groups including controls. However, the frequency rate of grade A increased in the groups fed 1.0% active carbon and hard- wood vinegar compared to controls. Stearic acid content was lower in the groups fed probiotics illite active carbon and hardwood vinegar (p<0.05). Oleic acid contents were higher only in the groups fed 1.0% active carbon and hardwood vinegar (p<0.05).

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.39-44
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• 2008

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of nutritional levels on the growth and pork quality of Korean native black pigs (54 pigs from 35-75kg). Three nutritional levels (high, medium and low in ME and lysine) were tested. As nutritional levels increased, the average daily gain improved, and the days to market weight were reduced. There were no significant differences in dressing percentage, backfat thickness, loin eye area and % lean among the dietary treatments. However, barrows showed thicker (p<0.05) for backfat than gilt. The analysis of Korean native black pig carcass traits indicated that the fatty acid composition of loin-eye muscle, intra-muscular fat content, sarcomere length, and muscle ratio between red- and white-muscles did not show any statistically significant variation. However, regarding intra-muscular fat, H carcasses (high energy diet) contained higher levels of saturated fatty acids with lower levels of unsaturated fatty acids compared to the carcasses from the other two energy groups (M and L). In addition, the levels of n-3 tended to be lower as the energy/lysine level in the diet increased, while the ratio of n-6/n-3 tended to decrease as the energy/lysine level increased, even though the differences were not statistically significant. Even with no statistically significant differences, it was interesting to observe that the sarcomere length tended to increase as the energy level of the diet increased, and with muscle ratio analysis, the red muscle ratio from the L-group, and the white muscle ratio from the M-group were higher than the other energy groups.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.42-50
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• 2002

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of Maesil extract on the acid production and growth of yoghurt starter in the skim milk medium. The Maesil extract was added to skim milk medium fur 1% to 9% and the medium was fermented by single or mixed culture of 4 types of lactic acid bacteria(Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus, bulgaricus, Lactobacillus casei). The chemical composition of Maesil, the changes in acid production (titratable acidity, pH) and number of viable cells of the medium during lactic fermentation in skim milk added with Maesil extract, and the keeping quality of curd yoghurts containing Maesil extract have determined. The composition of Maesil were 0.4% crude ash, 4.1% dietary fiber, 4.66%l citric acid, 0.264% total sugars and 405.34mg% vitamin C. The addition of Maesil extract stimulated the acid production and propagation of the lactic acid bacteria. Among the treatments tested, the addition of 3% Maesil extract with the mixed culture of Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus casei produced the highest amount of acid(1.23%) and showed the highest number of viable cell counts(3.6$\times$10$^{11}$ cfu/mL). When the curd yoghurts containing 3% Maesil extract with the mixed culture of the lactic acid bacteria were kept at 4$^{\circ}C$ and 2$0^{\circ}C$ for 30 days, it was showed that the changes of titratable acidity, pH and number of viable cell counts of the lactic acid bacteria were not significantly different during storage. Therefore the keeping quality of the curd yoghurts adding 3% Maesil extract showed relatively good at the shelf-life.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.541-546
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• 2004

The antioxidative activities of capsaicin (Cap, 0.02 and 0.04%) on the lipid peroxidation of tissues in male Sprague Dawley rats fed diets with or without orotic acid (1.0%, w/w) were studied in vivo system by measuring thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) concentrations. Body weight gain, food intakes, food efficiency ratio and the relative tissues weights of brain, kidney, spleen, heart, and testis were not significantly different among dietary groups. Relative weights of liver were higher in the OA group than that in the other groups. TBARS concentrations in liver were significantly higher in the OA or 0.04% Cap groups than in the normal group, while this raise was not observed 0.02% Cap group. A significant increase in TBARS concentrations was found in the liver of the OA +0.04% Cap group compared with the OA or the 0.04% Cap groups. Nonheme iron concentrations were significantly higher in the liver of the OA, 0.04% Cap, OA+0.02% Cap, OA+0.04% Cap groups than that in the normal group. TBARS concentrations in kidney were lower in the 0.02% or 0.04% Cap groups than that in the normal group, but this concentrations were higher in either the OA, OA+0.02% Cap or OA+0.04% Cap groups than that in the normal group. Meanwhile, TBARS concentrations of brain, spleen, heart and testis were not significantly different among groups. The present study suggested that the lipid peroxidation was increased in the rats liver fed diet with erotic acid, and the simultaneous supplementation of capsaicin further enhanced.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.676-682
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• 2004

Nutritional concentrations by chemical analyses of mushroom fermented milk were protein 2.87%, fat 0.09%, carbohydrates 6.0%, dietary fiber 0.3%, lactose 2.01%, sucrose 1.23%, calcium 95.9 mg/100 g and iron 0.08 mg/100 g. The present study was undertaken to investigate the hypoglycemic effects of the equal volume of either water (streptozotocin (STZ)rontrol rats), mushrooms water-extract (STZ-extrart fed rats), mushroom fermented milk product (STZ-mushroom yogurt fed rats) or mushroom fermented milk supernatant (STZ-supernatant fed rats) (10%, v/w), in STZ-induced diabetic rats for 3 week period. The mushroom fermented milk given to the STZ-diabetic rats decreased the blood glucose significantly and increased the blood insulin, compared with the STZ-control rats. The supernatant and mushroom water extract also slightly retarded the development of hyperglycemia in the STZ-diabetic rats. Taken together the results, the mushroom yogurt may have a potential for the hypoglycemic effect in the STZ-diabetic rats.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.139-146
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• 2011

This study was carried out to investigated astaxanthin producing "Xanthophyllomyces dendrohous" on growth performances and meat quality in ducks. A total of 450 ducks (cheribery) were allotted into 3 groups. The three groups were control (commercial feed), treatment 1 (0.1% feed additives), and treatment 2 (0.2% feed additives). Each group had 3 replicates. Viable cell number of "Xanthophyllomyces dendrohous" is $1.0{\times}10^8$ cfu/g. Growth performance carried out during 39 days. Average weight gain was significantly higher (p<0.05) in treatment 2 than that of control. Feed conversion was significantly lower (p<0.05) in treatment 1 and 2 than that of control. The results of nutrients composition analysis of duck meat showed that treatment 1 and 2 had significantly lower (p<0.05) fat and cholesterol levels. Water holding capacity showed significantly higher (p<0.05) value than that of control. Both treatment groups showed lower (p<0.05) value than control in drip loss and shear force. Control showed higher unsaturated fatty acids(palmitic acid, stearic acid) content than treatment 1 and 2. Treatment 1 and 2 showed significantly lower (p<0.05) saturated fatty acids (oleic acid, linoleic acid) levels than control. These results suggested that the supplementation of feed additives containing "Xanthophyllomyces dendrohous" might be used effectively for inproving productivity and meat quality of ducks.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.11
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• pp.1573-1578
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• 2011

Milk thistle (silybum marianum) is a famous dietary supplement widely used in the United States and Europe. Silbinin is a major biologically active compound of milk thistle and has strong antioxidant and radical scavenger activities. Anticancer activities, as well as chemopreventive effects on various cancer cell lines, including prostate, lung, colon, skin, and bladder, have also been reported in silbinin. In the present study, we investigated the anticancer effects of silibinin and apoptosis through cell cycle arrest on prostate cancer cell PC-3. We performed cell viability by MTT assay and western blotting to confirm cell cycle check point proteins such as cyclin A/D1/E and cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 2/4/6. To quantify silibinin-induced apoptotic cell death of PC-3, Annexin V and PI double staining was performed by flow cytometry, by which its cell distribution was determined. As a result, silibinin inhibited the cell growth of PC-3 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner, and its treatment resulted in cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase. Also the level of cell cycle check point proteins (cyclin, CDK) was decreased by silibinin in a dose-dependent manner. Taken together, we suggest that apoptosis of prostate cancer cell line PC-3 induced by silibinin is associated with cell cycle arrest through decrease of cell cycle check point proteins, caspase-3 activation and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.33-39
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to investgate combined effects of L-carnitine supplementation and exercise on body composition, serum lipids and adiponectin in obese high school female students. Eighteen female students with 35% fat in body weight participated in the study. Students were randomly divided into the following three groups; exercise and L-carnitine supplementation group (ELG: n=5), exercise group (EG: n=6) and control group (CG: n=7), each with seven students. They underwent 10 weeks of exercise (50 min/day, 5 times/wk, 10 wk, RPE 11~16). ELG was given L-carnitine (1 g/day), EG and CG were given placebos. Before and after this period, body composition, serum lipids and adiponectin in plasma were measured. The results of the study in the three groups were as follows: Fat mass and %BF were significantly decreased in ELG. On the other hand, free fat mass was significantly increased in ELG, however, other groups showed no changes. Total cholesterol was significantly increased in the control group. High density lipoprotein cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol were not different in the three groups. Triglyceride was significantly decreased in ELG. Adiponectin was significantly increased in ELG. This study demonstrated that exercise and carnitine supplementation have a positive effect on fat mass, %BF, free fat mass and adiponetin. Thus, we can improve proper dietary and training programs for obese students.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.40-48
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• 2010

This study was carried out to investigate the physicochemical and functional properties of Yacon (Polymnia Sonchifolia) powder. The proximate composition of Yacon powder as a dry matter basis was 3.53% moisture content, 1.13% crude protein, 0.40% crude fat, 0.79% crude ash, 1.63% dietary fiber and 92.52% carbohydrate. The major free sugars were identified as fructose and glucose. Analysing total amino acids, 18 kinds of components were isolated from Yacon powder. The essential amino acid contained in Yacon powder accounted for 28.40% of total amino acid, while the non-essential amino acid accounted for 73.61%. Analysing total fatty acids, only 2 kinds - palmitic acid and lauric acid - were detected. Oxalic acid was the major organic acid. The contents of vitamin A, vitamin C and vitamin E were 0.057 mg%, 0.670 mg% and 0.001 mg%, respectively. The mineral contents of Yacon powder were in the order of Zn

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.24 no.7
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• pp.743-749
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• 2014

The aim of this study was to identify the effect of fermented Angelica gigas Nakai (A. gigas) on lipid metabolism in orotic acid-induced fatty liver model rats. Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomly divided into four dietary groups (n=6 per group): a normal (N) group fed a standard diet only, OA control, OA acid plus 5% (w/w) A. gigas (OAG), and OA plus 5% (w/w) fermented A. gigas (OFAG). OA treatment induced enlargement of the liver and accumulation of hepatic triglycerides. The consum ption of fermented A. gigas reduced triglyceride concentrations in the liver and increased the serum lipid concentrations to normal levels. Furthermore, OA treatment significantly decreased serum triglyc eride concentrations without diminishing mRNA expression of microsomal triglyceride transfer protei n (MTP) and protein disulfide isomerase (PDI). Hepatic MTP mRNA expression increased 1.08-fold in response to OA treatment, despite triglyceride accumulation in the liver relative to that of the normal group. OFAG administration was slightly lower as compared to the OA treatment. This result suggests that MTP mRNA expression is not always correlated with hepatic triglyceride accumulation in the OA-induced fatty liver model. However, PDI mRNA expression was significantly increased in the OAG and OFAG groups (1.62-fold and 1.63-fold, respectively) compared with the normal group. The hepatocytes in the OA group contained numerous large fat droplets. These were slightly reduced in the OFAG group.