• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.562-569
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate the hypocholesterolemic effects of porphyran and insoluble dietary fiber isolated from laver in rats fed high fat diet containing 1% cholesterol, 0.25% sodium cholate and 12% lard. Rats were fed, ad libitum, diets containing 5% diet fiber as cellulose(normal control or high fat control), porphyran or insoluble dietary fiber for 4 weeks. Among the groups fed high fat diet, liver weight was significantly lower in high fat porphyran group than high fat control. Plasma GOT, GPT, total cholesterol, cholesteryl ester, LDL-cholesterol and liver total cholesterol concentration were significantly lower in high fat porphyran group than high fat control. The feeding of porphyran significantly increased fecal cholesterol and bile acid excretion. The feeding of insoluble dietary fiber had no significant effect on either plasma or liver cholesterol levels, although fecal cholesterol level in the insoluble dietary fiber group was significantly higher than that in the high fat control. The results indicate that porphyran isolated from the laver may exert their hypocholesterolemic effect by increasing excretion of fecal bile acid and cholesterol.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.394-400
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• 1999

Since it has generally been considered that high-hat diets promote carcinogenesis, fat intake of less than 30% of total calories has been recommended to reduce the risk of cancer. Specific dietary guidelines for fat intake to reduce the risk of colon cancer have not yet been established. In order to determine the level of dietary fat needed the risk of colon cancer, rats were fed one of four experimental fat diets, very low(7% of total calories from corn oil, VLC), low(15% LC), medium (30%, MC), and high fat(45%, HC). Cell proliferation as an intermediate biomarker of color carcinogenesis was measured by the in vivo incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine into DNA. Fecal lipid excretion was measured by gravimetric method. As fat levels in the diet increased, fecal lipid concentrations also increased (VLC

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.325-330
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the obesity index and effect of dietary zinc and iron levels on serum trace minerals status in the high fat diet-induced obese rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to control and high fat diet groups. Ten weeks later, the control and high fat diet group were rearranged into six groups by zinc and iron levels. After 16 wk serum zinc, iron, copper and manganese was analyzed. Obesity index was significantly higher in the group fed high fat diet (20% lard) than that of control group (5% corn oil). Body fat content was 12.10$\pm$4.51g/100g BW in high fat diet group and 7.64$\pm$4.18g/100g BW in control group. So, the obese rats were successfully induced by high fat diet. The trace mineral concentration of obese rats in serum were affected by zinc levels. Serum zinc concentration was increased by dietary zinc overload, whereas the iron, copper and manganese were decreased. Specially the manganese concentration was significantly affected by zinc levels. In both groups, serum trace mineral concentration was not changed significantly by the dietary iron levels. There were positive correlations between zinc, iron and manganese concentration according to dietary zinc and iron levels.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.411-423
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• 2018

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to develop new meal planning tools for a nutritionally balanced diet. Methods: Based on the food exchange list for diabetes, we adjusted the food group classification system to reflect the suggested nutritional factors for chronic disease prevention and health promotion. We developed a nutritionally balanced dietary profile for adults and compared it with the dietary reference intakes for Koreans (KDRIs) and the food pattern recommended by the Korean Diabetes Association. Results: The newly developed menu planning tools are the LOHAS food exchange table and the LOHAS food pattern. Our recommended daily 1,800 kcal dietary composition for adults is as follows: The carbohydrate food group consists of 4 'whole grains', 3 'refined grains', 2 'sugars', 9 'vegetables', 3 'starchy vegetables', 2 'fruits' and 1 'high sugar fruits'. The protein food group includes 3 'plant protein foods', 3 'animal protein foods (low-fat)', and 1 'animal protein foods (high-fat)'. The fat food group consists of 2 'oils and nuts' and 1 'solid fats'. The total number of calories is estimated at 1,840 kcal and the energy ratio is 62% carbohydrate, 18% protein, 20% fat, 6.8% saturated fat and 13.2% sugars. Using the LOHAS food exchange table, it is possible to estimate values of saturated fat, unsaturated fat, dietary fiber, and sugars besides carbohydrate, protein and fat. It is also possible to compose a dietary design considering carbohydrate, sugars, saturated fat and dietary fiber. The LOHAS food pattern provides benefits for the management of both institutional food services and individual meals, as it can help reduce the levels of saturated fat and sugar intake and help develop healthy meals rich in unsaturated fats and dietary fiber. Conclusions: The LOHAS food exchange table and LOHAS food pattern are expected to be practical tools for designing and evaluating nutritionally balanced diets.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.281-289
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• 1984

The present studies were designed to observe the effects of both dietary fat levels and P/S ratio on lipid components in plasma and tissues of young rats when cholesterol was supplemented at 1%(w/w) to four dietary groups providing total fat as 10%( LF ) or 45% ( HF ) of calories and P/S ratio as 0.2 or 4.0, Low Fat-0.2 : Low Fat-4.0 : High Fat-0.2 : High Fat-4.0. Plasma total cholesterol was increased almost to the same level in all dietary groups after the cholesterol supplement but the value of HF -0.2 was slightly higher than that of LF -0.2. Plasma TG was also increased in all dietary groups when cholesterol was supplemented but was more significantly increased in LF group than in HF group. HDL-cholesterol was slightly increased by cholesterol supplement but there was no effect by the total dietary fat level of previous diet. However, plasma HDL-cholesterol, total cholesterol and TG levels were slightly reduced in high fat diet of P/S 4.0. Total cholesterol per g -liver was higher in HF group than in LF group before and after cholesterol supplement even though it was increased more in LF group with cholesterol addition. Liver cholesterol was also higher in rats fed diets of P/S 4.0 at high fat level before and after cholesterol supplement. In contrast, total cholesterol per g-muscle was reduced by cholesterol supplement in all groups and it was significantly higher in LF than in HF. There was no significant effect in liver TG by total fat level and P/S ratio when cholesterol was supplemented. Muscle TG was lowered in all groups by cholesterol supplement but no effect by total fat level and P/S ratio.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.28 no.8
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• pp.697-705
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• 1995

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of increasing dietary fat on plasma lipoprotein in young Korean women. During the three weeks of experimental periods, 8 healthy college women consumed a regular diet, a medium fat diet and a high fat diet for one week, consecutively. The percentages of fat from energy intake in the subjects on the regular, medium, and high fat diets were 20, 29 and 38%, respectively. Our data showed that the dietary intakes of fat and cholesterol had an influence on the plasma lipoprotein. The medium fat diet enhanced the blood glucose concentration and the plasma HDL, and the high fat diet resulted in increases in the blood glucose concentration and the plasma LDL as well as HDL. Also the type of diets led to changes in the composition of lipoprotein. When on the medium fat diet, HDL and LDL had higher phospholipid content. On the high fat diet, LDL had higher phospholipid, cholesterol and triglyceride contents, and HDL included higher cholesterol content.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.136-145
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• 1981

This study was designed to observe the effects of both control and atherogenic diets on the cholesterol and triglyceride (TG) in serum and liver of adult rats fed diets supplying two levels of dietary fat and two different sources of dietary protein in early life. For the first experimental period, the rats were assigned into the four diet groups: High fat, casein (HC); High fat, gluten (HG); Low fat, casein (LC): Low fat, gluten (LG). Each group was subdivided into control and atherogenic groups for the second experimental period. Cholesterol and TG were determined in serum and liver after 7 hr fasting. The body weight gain was greater in the rats of the casein groups than those of the gluten groups tut not influenced by the level of the dietary fat. The difference in body weight from the quality of dietary protein in the first period was not disappeared even after the second period. After the first period, higher serum cholesterol was observed in the rats fed either casein or high fat diets. With the second experimental diet, rats fed atherogenic diet showed higher serum cholesterol concentration but lower serum TG levels compared to those fed control diet, regardless the diets fed in the first period. Serum cholesterol level of the rats of both groups which had been fed high fat diets in early life was increased compared to those of the low fat diet groups. This effect was more pronounced with the atherogenic diet groups than control groups. However, no differences were found in serum cholesterol levels resulted from the different types of dietary protein fed in the first period. Serum TG concentration was not influenced by the quality of protein and level of fat in the diet but seemed to be mere affected by the amount of carbohyrates in the diet. Liver cholesterol per unit weight was greater in the gluten diet groups than in the casein groups but total cholesterol was higher in casein fed rats. There were no differences in liver TG among the groups.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.8
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• pp.865-871
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• 2001

The adipose tissue hormone leptin has been proposed to be involved in the regulation of flood intake and energy expenditure via thermogenesis by uncoupling protein(UCP) in brown adipose tissue(BAT). The objective of the study was to examine the effects of high fat diet on the serum leptin levels, BAT UCPl expression and the body fat mass in rats after weaning. During experimental period of 12 weeks, 4 male Sprague-Dawley rats were killed for the baseline experiment at 4 weeks of age while the remaining rats were fed the two different diets: the control diet AIN-76A(n = 20), high fat(beef tallow) diet(n = 20) ad libitum, which provided 11.7% or 40% of calories as fat, respectively. At 16 weeks of age, the increase in the food efficiency ratio(FER) was related to fat mass in rats on high fat diet. Serum leptin level was increased by age and dietary high fat. There was no difference in serum insulin level between groups until 10 weeks of age, but rats fed high fat diet for 12 weeks showed hyperinsulinemia. The amount of body fat pads was increased significantly in high fat group compared to normal diet group. Visceral fat mass affected acutely by high fat diet, as a result, it was higher in rats fed high fat diet for 2 weeks than normal diet. At 16 weeks of age, BAT and visceral fat mass were significantly high in high fat group. Also, the serum leptin levels reflected the amount of body fat mass. BAT UCPI mRNA expression increased with age and dietary high fat. This study demonstrates that dietary high fat increased serum leptin levels, BAT UCPI expression and body fat mass. Futhermore, in rats fed high fat diets, the increases in leptin and UCPI expression counteracts only in part the excess adiposity and obesity.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.251-260
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• 2006

To study the correlation between body composition values and practice of the Standard Guideline for Korean Dietary Life, a nationwide cross-sectional survey was conducted with 378 female college students living in four Korean cities in December 2005. Among the student subjects, 98 were analyzed for body fat mass, percent body fat, waist-hip ratio(WHR), body mass index(BMI) and obesity degree using Inbody 3.0(Biospace Co, Seoul, Korea). Percent body fat was at a high level of 54.1 %, WHR was at a high level of 58.2% and BMI was at a high level of 41.8%. However, both weight and body fat were below normal at 79.5% and 77.6%, respectively. Percent body fat, WHR, and BMI were slightly negatively correlated with vegetable consumption, but slightly positively correlated with beer intake. WHR > 0.8 was significantly negatively correlated with exercise. Standard Guideline for Korean Dietary Life was practiced to and above normal level by 64.6% of the female college students. However, female college students who are within the normal range of body composition value should notice that obesity will relate to abdominal or visceral fat on their body.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.37 no.8
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• pp.1387-1397
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• 2024

Objective: The objective of the current study was to find out the independent and interactive effects of prilled fat supplementation with protein on the production performance of early lactating Nili Ravi buffaloes. Methods: Sixteen early lactating buffaloes (36.75±5.79 d in milk; mean±standard error) received 4 treatments in 4×4 Latin-square design according to 2×2 factorial arrangements. The dietary treatments were: i) low protein low fat, ii) low protein high fat, iii) high protein low fat, and iv) high protein high fat. The dietary treatments contained 2 protein (8.7% and 11.7% crude protein) and fat levels (2.6% and 4.6% ether extract) on a dry matter basis. Results: The yields of milk and fat increased with increasing protein and fat independently (p≤0.05). Energy-, protein-, and fat-corrected milk yields also increased with increasing protein and fat independently (p≤0.05). Increasing dietary protein increased the protein yield by 3.75% and lactose yield by 3.15% and increasing dietary fat supplies increased the fat contents by 3.93% (p≤0.05). Milk yield and fat-corrected milk to dry matter intake ratios were increased at high protein and high fat levels (p≤0.05). Milk nitrogen efficiency was unaffected by dietary fat (p>0.10), whereas it decreased with increasing protein supplies (p≤0.05). Plasma urea nitrogen and cholesterol were increased by increasing protein and fat levels, respectively (p≤0.05). The values of predicted methane production reduced with increasing dietary protein and fat. Conclusion: It is concluded that prilled fat and protein supplies increased milk and fat yield along with increased ratios of milk yield and fat-corrected milk yields to dry matter intake. However, no interaction was observed between prilled fat and protein supplementation for production parameters, body weight, body condition score and blood metabolites. Predicted methane production decreased with increasing protein and fat levels.