• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.626-636
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• 2001

To compare the effect of three kinds of n-3 fatty acids-eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA), docosahexaenoic acid(DHA) and perilla oil (PO)-on serum and liver lipid levels and fatty acid composition of liver phospholipid(PL) at low fat level(5%, w/w), 4-weeks old Sprague-Dawley rats were fed with one of five different oil diets for 4 weeks. Beef tallow(BT) and corn oil(CO) was used as control for sturated or n-6 fatty acid respectively. Se겨m concentrations of cholesterol(TC) and phospholipid(PL) were lower in PO DHA and EPA groups than in BT and CO groups. HDL-cholesterol levels were higher in CO and PO groups than in EPA, DHA and BT groups. Liver PL concentrations were higher in DHA and EPA groups than in CO, PO and BT groups, but liver TC and heal PL and TC concentrations did not show any significant difference among groups. Hepatic fatty acid composition of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), two major phospholipids in liver, reflected their dietary fatty acid composition. In PC and PE, total percentage own-6 series was higher in CO group than in any other groups, and that own-3 series was higher in DHA and PO groups than in EPA, CO and BT groups. Moreover, the ratio of 20 : 4/18 : 2 was lower in PO and DHA groups than in EPA, CO and BT groups. On the contrary, the percentage of C22 : 6 was lower in EPA, CO and BT groups than in PO and DHA groups. These results revealed that n-3 series(EPA, DHA and PO) were more effective in lowering um lipids than n-6 fatty acids or saturated fatty acid. Based on the results of fatty acid composition of hepatic phospholipid, we suggest that the dietary effect of PO and DHA on antiatherogenic characteristics seems to be similar extent. In addition, the effect of EPA might not be significantly different from that of BT or CO in the view of eicosanoids production from the precursor fatty acid. These difference of hepatic fatty acid composition might come from other characteristics of dietary oil as well as the type of unsaturation, not from the carbon chain length or the degree of unsaturation of n-3 fatty acid.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.133-139
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• 2015

본 연구는 갈근과 지황 복합물과 유산소 운동이 난소절제로 갱년기를 유도한 흰 쥐에서 나타나는 지질 및 당대사 이상에 미치는 영향을 확인하였다. 난소절제 후 8주간 AIN-76A 식이를 급여한 결과 체중증가량, 식이섭취량, 체 지방, 혈장 LDL-C, 공복혈당 증가를 통해 갱년기 동물 모델이 유도되었음을 확인할 수 있었다. 갈근과 지황 복합물과 유산소 운동은 서로 다른 기전으로 에스트로겐 분비 저하로 나타나는 비만 및 대사이상을 정상화하는 유익한 결과를 나타냈다. 지방 조직에서 확인된 관련 기전으로는 갈근과 지황 복합물로 인한 아디포넥틴 유전자 발현 증가 및 렙틴저항 억제, 유산소 운동으로 인한 아디포넥틴 및 인슐린 수용체 유전자 발현 증가, 갈근과 지황 복합물 및 유산소 운동의 병행으로 인한 아디포넥틴 유전자 발현 증가 상승효과가 관찰되었다. 이상의 결과로 갈근과 지황 복합물과 유산소 운동의 병행은 폐경기 에스트로겐 결핍으로 인한 대사이상을 개선하는 효과가 있을 것으로 기대한다. 향후에는 폐경기 유도 동물모델의 개선과 함께 단백질 및 신호전달분자 수준에서 추가적인 기전연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.264-273
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• 2012

This study analyzes the food frequency for the elderly regarding different family types and finds the factors for nutritional risk, offers a basic reference for providing nutritional support for them. The study referred to the dietary behavioral survey data of 3,680 elderly people (1652 male and 2028 female) from 21 regions in the northern Kyeonggi province. The data was collected through the method of one-to-one interviews and was a part of the Community Health Survey for 2008 by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC). We classified family types as a household for elderly people living alone, a household of elderly people with a spouse, a household of the elderly with unmarried children and a household of the elderly with married children, and as for intakes of foods, the frequencies of taking fruits, vegetables, kimchi, rice with mixed cereals, meat, fish, bean tofu soymilk, milk and dairy products, as well as sweet beverages are calculated on a daily basis and skipped meals are calculated on a weekly basis. Elderly women showed lower income, lower education level, higher unemployment rates, and a higher rate of government healthcare subsidies than elderly men. Elderly women tend to live alone and with their children while elderly men tend to live with their spouse. In both males and females, the intake of fruits and vegetables were the least in the elderly living alone, while the elderly with married children ate the most. In both males and females, the household of the elderly living alone ate significantly less amounts of Kimchi than other family types. Elderly people living alone tended to have significantly less meat and fish, especially women. In the case of rice with mixed cereals, the elderly men living alone and the elderly men with unmarried children ate significantly less amounts than the elderly men living with a spouse. The elderly men living alone took significantly less milk and dairy products than the elderly men with unmarried children while the elderly women living with a spouse took significantly less milk and dairy products than the elderly women with married children. With regards to the frequency of meal-skipping, the elderly living alone had the highest frequency for skipping meals. From this result, having various foods is difficult for the elderly living alone. Furthermore, the elderly living with unmarried children demonstrated a low quality of dietary life compared to those of married children. Hence, it can be concluded that social support is important in order for the elderly to have a balanced diet.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.257-271
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• 1996

Livestock products like meat, milk and egg have been principal food sources for human beings since the historic periods of time. Nowadays consumption of these food items have been avoided due to its high contents of SFA, cholesterol and total fat which are major culprits of chronic adult diseases causing major deaths of people. However, the relationship between livestock products and diseases is not always true because the amounts of fat and cholesterol and types of fatty acids in meat and meat by-products depend on the part of the meat and types of animals. Although meat intakes do not always cause mai or adult diseases, still the developmental necessity does exist for animal foods equipped with biologically active properties, which in turn can improve nutritional status and health more than ever Meat with high protein lean part and low fat can be produced by applying synthetic somatotropin and beta-adrenergic agonists like clenbuterol, cimaterol etc. during breeding. This application brings benefits like higher growth rate, lower fat contents and improve feed efficiency ratios. Meats fortified with long chain PUFA($\omega$-3 fatty acids) can also be produced by modulating feed composition.Egg Products have faced the reduced sales annually because of its high cholesterol contents. Recently brand eggs fortified with special nutrients or chemical components having functional proper ties in the human body system are very popular Research Interests have been focused on eggs with low cholesterol and high omega-3 fatty acids. Low cholesterol eggs and high omega-3 eggs can be produced in several different ways, but popular way to increase is feeding the feeds with different oil sources containing high omega-3 and 6 fatty acids such as fish oil, perilla oil, linseed oil and lecithin etc. But proper compositon of feed formula should be found and economically beneficial. Brand eggs fortified with vitamin, mineral, unknown growth factors are also manufactured. Low cholesterol and high $\omega$-3 PUFA milk are marketed recently Cholesterol removal technology is not completely established and has several limitations to be overcome. Milk fortified with $\omega$-3 fatty acids is made by incorporating high &13 fatty acid foods in feed despite of extraordinary way of fatty acid metabolism In cow. All these biologically active products will be very beneficial and useful for human consumption when limitations of manufacturing technology such as safety and lowered sensory qualities are resolved. Furthermore, thorough and precise tests and quality control for these products should be performed to ensure the effectiveness and usefulness in terms of improving health and nutritional status in general. However one caution should be pointed out to lay people informing that these items are nothing but a food and not panacea. Therefore, it is important to remember that the only way of maintaining good health is absolutely through consuming balanced diet.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.241-246
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• 1992

L-Ascorbic acid (AsA) 생합성이 불가능한 guinea pig을 실험 동물로 하여 collagne 함량이 높은 조직인 폐 및 피부중의 AsA함량과 동일조직중 collagne 함량이 높은 조직인 폐 및 피부중의 AsA 함량과 동일조직중 collagen의 proline잔기의 수산화율을 조사하여 collagne 생합성에 대한 조직중 AsA의 영향에 대해서 알아보았다. Guinea pig(체중 약 250g)를 AsA 무투여군(A), 투여군(B), 300mg/day 투여군(C)으로 나눠 14일간 사육한 후, 마취하에서 개복하여 복부 대동맥으로부터 채혈함과 동시에 간장과 폐를 적출하였으며, 등부위의 피부를 채취하여 분석용 시료로 하였다. 이들 시료로부터 혈청중 alkaline phosphatase (ALP)활성과 각조직중의 AsA 함량, proline 함량 및 그 수산화율, (1-$^{14}$ C) proline 의 incorporation 양을 측정하였다. 그 결과, AsA 토여군인 B, C군의 경우 순조로운 체중증가와 함께 혈청중 ALP활성도 정상값을 나타냈으며 현저한 ALP활성 저하가 관찰되었다. 한편, AsA 함량이 높을수록 (1-14C) proline 의 incorporation 양이 많고 collagne 중의 hydroxyproline 함량도 증가하는 것으로 나타나, 조직중의 collagen합성량과 AsA함량과의 사이에는 높은 상관관계가 존재함이 확인되었다.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.151-157
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• 2004

Effects of supplementing selected fatty acids on fatty acid incorporation (17 days) , and progeny production (14 days) in Artemia franciscana (Great Salt Lake, USA) were studied. To compare with the control four diets, which differed in fatty acid composition alone contain Dunalieia tertiolecta and an emulsion either rich in OA (oleic acid, 18: 1 n-9), ARA (arachidonic acid, 20:4n-6), EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid,20:5n-3), or DHA (docosahexaenoic acid, 22:6n-3). Each of these emulsions was supplemented at a ratio of 20 % of the daily dose of D. tertiolecta (% algal dry weight). The initial OA and ARA values were 33.5 and 1.7 mg/g DW of freshly-hatched nauplii, respectively. After 11 days of feeding, these values increased to 38.8 and 7.6 mg/g DW in Artemia receiving the fatty acid sup-plement rich in each of the respective fatty acids. After 14 days, the levels were almost doubled, reaching 62.8 and 13.4 mg/g respectively. On EPA supplementation, its level after 11 days of feeding was 14.3 and 17.3 mg/g in male and female, respectively and was 16.0 and 23.1 mg/g in the male and female after 14 days, respectively. The EPA accumulated more in the body (39.1 mg/g) than in ovisac (16.9 mg/g). In the DHA supplementation group also, DHA levels after 11 days of feeding were 3.1 and 5.5 mg/g in male and female, respectively. After 14 days, the DHA level continued to increase in male. but slightly decreased to 4.6 mg/g in female. It was not richer in ovisac (2.6 mg/g) than in the remaining body of female (4.6 mg/g). In conclusion, fatty acids supplied by a lipid emulsion as a supplement to the algal diet are well incorporated in the adult Artemia. Apart from being an extra source of energy, these emulsions may function as source of HUFA which may play an essential role for growth and progeny production (fecundity) of Artemia.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.464-472
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• 2009

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Cheonghyul-san on the generation of peroxynitrite ($ONOO^-$), nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide anion radical ( ${\cdot}\;O_2^-$), and on the expression of NF-${\kappa}$B-dependent proinflammatory proteins in ob/ob mice. Mice were grouped and treated for 5 weeks as follows. Both the normal lean (C57BL/6J black mice) and control obese (ob/ob mice) groups have received the standard chow. The experimental groups were fed with a diet of chow supplemented with 7.5, 15 and 30 mg Cheonghyul-san per 1 kg of body weight for 14 days. For this study, the fluorescent probes, namely 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA), 4,5-diaminofluorescein-2 (DAF-2) and dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR 123) were used. Western blot was performed using anti-IKK-${\alpha}$, anti-phospho I${\kappa}$B-${\alpha}$, anti-NF-${\kappa}$B (p50, p65), anti-COX-2, anti-iNOS, anti-VCAM-1 antibodies, respectively. Cheonghyul-san prevented $H_2O_2$-induced cell death. Cheonghyul-san inhibited the generation of $ONOO^-$, NO and ${\cdot}\;O_2^-$ in the $H_2O_2$-treated LLC-$PK_1$ cells. The generation of $ONOO^-$, NO and ${\cdot}\;O_2^-$ were inhibited in the Cheonghyul-san-administered ob/ob mice groups. The GSH/GSSG ratio was decreased in the ob/ob mice, whereas the ratio was improved in the Cheonghyul-san-administered groups. Cheonghyul-san inhibited the protein expression levels of phospho-I${\kappa}$B-${\alpha}$, IKK-${\alpha}$, NF-${\kappa}$B (p50, p65), COX-2, iNOS and VCAM-1 genes. These results suggest that Cheonghyul-san is an effective scavenger of $ONOO^-$, ${\cdot}\;O_2^-$ and NO, and has an inhibitory effect on the expression of NF-${\kappa}$B-dependent inflammatory genes in ob/ob mice. Therefore, Cheonghyul-san might be used as a potential therapeutic drug against the diabetes- and obesity-related proinflammatory diseases.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.351-359
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• 2009

Etiological studies of diabetes and its complications showed that oxidative stress might play a major role, Therefore, many efforts have been tried to regulate free oxygen radicals for treating diabetes and its complications. Mori Fructus extract has been known to be effective for the antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic and antiobesitic prescription, and composed of four crude herbs, The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Mori Fructus extract in male ob/ob mouse with severe obesity, hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia. Mice were grouped and treated for 5 weeks as follows. Both the lean (C57BL/6J black mice) and diabetic (ob/ob mice) control groups received standard chow. The experimental groups were fed with a diet of chow supplemented with 7.5, 15 and 30 mg Mori Fructus extract per 1 kg of body weight for 14 days. The effects of Mori Fructus extract on the ob/ob mice were observed by measuring the serum levels of glucose, insulin, lipid components, and the kidney levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), MDA+HAE, GSH and also the enzyme activities involved in polyol pathway. Western blotting was performed using anti-AGE, anti-RAGE respectively. Mori Fructus extract lowered the levels of serum glucose and insulin in a dose dependent manner. Total cholesterol, triglyceride and free fatty acid levels were decreased, while the HDL-cholesterol level was increased, in Mori Fructus extract treated groups. Renal aldose reductase and sorbitol dehydrogenase activities were increased in the ob/ob mice, whereas those were inhibited in the Mori Fructus extract-administered groups. Mori Fructus extract inhibited the generation of ROS in the kidney. MDA+HAE level was increased and the GSH level was decreased in the ob/ob mice, whereas those were improved in the Mori Fructus extract-administered groups. Mori Fructus extract inhibited the expression of AGE, RAGE in the ob/ob mice. The results suggested that Mori Fructus exerted the antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic activities by regulating the activities of polyol pathway enzymes, scavenging the ROS, decreasing the MDA+HAE level, increasing the GSH level and inhibiting the expression of AGE, RAGE in the ob/ob mice.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.244-255
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• 2018

Low-grade pro-inflammatory state and leptin resistance are important underlying mechanisms that contribute to obesity-associated hypertension. We tested the hypothesis that Astragaloside IV (As IV), known to counteract obesity and hypertension, could prevent obesity-associated hypertension by inhibiting pro-inflammatory reaction and leptin resistance. High-fat diet (HFD) induced obese rats were randomly assigned to three groups: the HFD control group (HF con group), As IV group, and the As IV + ${\alpha}$-bungaratoxin (${\alpha}-BGT$) group (As IV+${\alpha}-BGT$ group). As IV ($20mg{\cdot}Kg^{-1}{\cdot}d^{-1}$) was administrated to rats for 6 weeks via daily oral gavage. Body weight and blood pressure were continuously measured, and NE levels in the plasma and renal cortex was evaluated to reflect the sympathetic activity. The expressions of leptin receptor (LepRb) mRNA, phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (p-STAT3), phosphorylated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (p-PI3K), suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) mRNA, and protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) mRNA, pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) mRNA and neuropeptide Y (NPY) mRNA were measured by Western blot or qRT-PCR to evaluate the hypothalamic leptin sensitivity. Additionally, we measured the protein or mRNA levels of ${\alpha}7nAChR$, inhibitor of nuclear factor ${\kappa}B$ kinase subunit ${\beta}/nuclear$ factor ${\kappa}B$ ($IKK{\beta}/NF-KB$) and pro-inflammatory cytokines ($IL-1{\beta}$ and $TNF-{\alpha}$) in hypothalamus and adipose tissue to reflect the anti-inflammatory effects of As IV through upregulating expression of ${\alpha}7nAChR$. We found that As IV prevented body weight gain and adipose accumulation, and also improved metabolic disorders in HFD rats. Furthermore, As IV decreased BP and HR, as well as NE levels in blood and renal tissue. In the hypothalamus, As IV alleviated leptin resistance as evidenced by the increased p-STAT3, LepRb mRNA and POMC mRNA, and decreased p-PI3K, SOCS3 mRNA, and PTP1B mRNA. The effects of As IV on leptin sensitivity were related in part to the up-regulated ${\alpha}7nAchR$ and suppressed $IKK{\beta}/NF-KB$ signaling and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the hypothalamus and adipose tissue, since co-administration of ${\alpha}7nAChR$ selective antagonist ${\alpha}-BGT$ could weaken the improved effect of As IV on central leptin resistance. Our study suggested that As IV could efficiently prevent obesityassociated hypertension through inhibiting inflammatory reaction and improving leptin resistance; furthermore, these effects of As IV was partly related to the increased ${\alpha}7nAchR$ expression.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.310-317
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• 1990

고온 stress를 받고 있는 산란계의 사료에 소금을 초과 첨가하였을 때 혈액의 산－입기 평형과 음수량 및 난질에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 실험을 실시하였다. 44주령된 갈색 실용 산란계(Dekalb Warren) 18수를 소금 025% 및 0.75% 처리구에 처리당 9반복, 반복당 1수씩 완전임의 배치하였다. 우선 상은(13~$16^{\circ}C$)에서 3일간의 예비실험을 거친 후 3일간의 본 실험을 수행하였다. 그 후 실온을 고온(33~$35^{\circ}C$)으로 올린 후 3일간의 본 실험 기간을 둠으로써 $2\times2$ 요인실험이 되게 하였다. ANOVA 검정은 5% 수준에서 실시하였으며 처리평균간의 유의성 검정도 역시 5% 수준에서 실시하였다. 얻어진 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 고온 stress에 의하여 사료 섭취량은 유의적으로 감소하였고 음수량과 배설물의 수분 함량은 증가하였으며, 소금의 추가 급여는 사료 섭취량과 음수량에는 영향을 주지 못하였으나 배설물의 수분 함량을 유의적으로 증가시켰다. 2. 고온 stress에 의하여 pH늘 유의적으로 증가하였고 $pCO_2$는 유의적으로 감소하였으며 ${HCO_3}^-$는 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 또한 혈액의 산－염기변수는 소금의 추가 급여에 의하여 영향을 받지 않았다. 3. 고온 stress에 의하여 난중 및 난각의 질은 유의하게 감소하였고 Haugh unit는 유의하게 증가하였으며, 소금의 추가 급여는 난중, 난각 및 Haugh unit에 영향을 주지 못하였다. 결론적으로, 본 실험에서는 산란계에서 고온 stress 처리를 하였을 때 예상되는 호흡성 alkalosis와 난질 저하 현상 등을 관찰하였으며, 소금의 추가 급여는 고온 stress를 완화시키지 못하는 것으로 나타났다.