• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.399-408
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• 1998

The effect of low molecular alginates feeding on the cholesterol levels and fatty acid compositions of rat serum and liver lipid were investigated. After one week basal diet feeding, four week old Sprague-Dawley male rats were fed with water soluble and acid $\cdot$alkali soluble alginate extracted from sea mustard (Undaria pinnatifida) and giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera), and their low molecular alginates prepared by the HCl partial hydrolysis. The feeding efficiency of the alginate fed group was ranged in 0.37$\~$0.44, which was 0.03$\~$0.05 lower than that of the basal diet group. Also, there was much less increase of liver weight in the alginate fed group. The water soluble alginate showed more significant effect in reducing the total cholesterol, free cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglyceride and phospholipid of serum and liver lipid than the acid$\cdot$alkali soluble alginate. The effect was much better with low molecular alginate (reducing effect by the low-molecularization : Water soluble alginate - serum lipid; total cholesterol $59\%$, free cholesterol $65\%$, LDL-cholesterol $96\%$, triglyceride $50\%$, and phospholipid $36\%$. liver lipid: total cholesterol $4\%$, free cholesterol $62\%$, LDL-cholesterol $44\%$, triglyceride $33\%$, and phospholipid $44\%$. acid$\cdot$alkali soluble alginate - serum lipid; total cholesterol $52\%$: free cholesterol $97\%$, LDL-cholesterol $78\%$ triglyceride $32\%$, and phospholipid $64\%$. liver lipid; total cholesterol $11\%$, free cholesterol $12\%$, LDL-cholesterol $10\%$, triglyceride $27\%$, and phospholipid $21\%$). The effect of low molecular alginate feeding on the fatty acid composition of serum and liver lipid reflects the remarkable increase of polyenoic acid, over $44\%$ in serum lipid and about $70\%$ in liver lipid, comparing to the cholesterol fed group. The overall results indicated that feeding of low molecular alginates improves physiological function of rats by changing the serum and liver lipid composition.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.49-57
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• 2006

A total of 120 pigs were used to investigate the effect of feeding probiotics on quality properties of pork. About 6 kg pigs were randomly alloted into one or three experimental diet groups (C: commercial diet feed; T1: 0.1% KBC1121 feed; T2: 0.1% YC2000+0.1% KBC1121 feed). Pigs were slaughtered at approximately 110 kg live weight and chemical composition and physico-chemical characteristics were measured in pork loin. Moisture, crude protein and crude ash were not differences among the treatments. However, crude fat content of T2 was significantly higher than that of other treatments. All of dietary probiotic groups showed significantly higher pH than control. WHC was significantly higher in T1 than other treatments. Cooking loss, shear force value and cholesterol content were not differences among the treatments. In meat color, $L^*$ value was not difference among the treatments, but $a^*\;and\;b^*$ value were lower in T1 than other treatments. In textrure properties of cooked meat, brittleness, hardness, gumminess and chewiness value were significantly higher in T1 than other treatments. Sensory evaluation was not difference among the treatments. The myristic, stearic and oleic acid content of T2 were significantly higher than those of other treatments. Whereas linoleic acid was significantly lower than other treatments. Unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) was significantly higher in T1 than T2. Essential fatty acid (EFA) and EFA/UFA were higher in the order of T1 > C > T2. In amino acid composition, total and essential amino acid, aspartic acid, threonine, serine, glutamic acid, valine, isoleucine, leucine and lysine level were lower in T2 than other treatments.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.129-136
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• 2011

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different levels of ${\alpha}$-tocopherol and selenium in broiler diets on performance and physicochemical properties of chicken thigh meat. A total of 360 broiler chicks divided into six groups were fed a basal diet (control) or basal diet supplemented with 50 IU ${\alpha}$-tocopherol/kg (T1), 100 IU ${\alpha}$-tocopherol/kg (T2), 200IU ${\alpha}$-tocopherol/kg (T3), 0.3 ppm selenium/kg (T4), and 100 IU ${\alpha}$-tocopherol/kg + 0.3 ppm selenium/kg (T5) for five weeks. Growth performance and proximate composition of chicken thigh meat were not influenced by all dietary treatments, except for crude fat, which was significantly lower in the treatment with ${\alpha}$-tocopherol or selenium, or both compared to control. The dietary ${\alpha}$-tocopherol and selenium supplementation had no significant effects on pH, CIE $L^*$ (lightness), and $b^*$ (yellowness) values but TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substance) values were decreased (P<0.05) by the addition of ${\alpha}$-tocopherol and selenium. CIE $a^*$ (redness) values increased significantly with added ${\alpha}$-tocopherol and selenium relative to the control (P<0.05). Likewise, changes in fatty acid composition in chicken thigh meat with the dietary supplementations with ${\alpha}$-tocopherol, selenium and their combination significantly increased (P<0.05) unsaturated fatty acid, whereas saturated fatty acid were decreased. It was concluded that the addition of 200 IU ${\alpha}$-tocopherol (T3) and 100 IU of ${\alpha}$-tocopherol plus 0.3 ppm selenium (T5) were most effectiveness in the improvements in the lipid oxidative stability of chicken meat when compared to the control.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.219-228
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• 2016

A total of 720 slow-growing Korean meat-type (Hanhyop 3) chicken were used to evaluate the effect of stocking densities and dietary protein levels on growth performance, meat quality, bone mineral composition, and serum corticosterone. Three (6.3, 9.5, and $12.6birds/m^2$) stocking densities and two dietary protein levels (19% and 18%) were factorially ($3{\times}2$) arranged for six treatments. Overall body weight gain (BWG) was highest (p<0.001) at the lowest stocking density ($6.3birds/m^2$). The feed intake (FI) of birds at the highest density ($12.6birds/m^2$) was lower than that of birds at the other densities, but resulted in better feed/gain (F/G). Among 18% protein groups, the overall FI of birds at $9.5birds/m^2$ was higher than that at the lowest density; therefore, birds at $9.5birds/m^2$ had poorer F/G than birds at the lowest density during days 61~75. Difference in F/G among densities was only significant (p<0.05) during days 61~75 but not significant (p>0.05) during days 41~60. Although there were no significant differences (p>0.05) in BWG and F/G between 19% and 18% dietary protein levels, FI of the 18% protein diet was less (p<0.05) than that of the 19% diet. Although there was no difference (p>0.05) in meat TBARS values, meat color differed (p<0.05) with stocking density and dietary protein levels. There was no effect (p>0.05) of stocking density and dietary protein levels on bone mineral composition. Serum corticosterone concentration increased (p<0.05) with increasing stock density but was not affected (p>0.05) by dietary protein levels. This study indicated that a density of $12.6birds/m^2$ is not recommended for slow-growing chickens. Between 19% and 18% dietary protein levels, 18% would be recommended for the Korean Hanhyop 3 chicken in the finishing stage.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.477-492
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• 1993

In order to investigate the n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (n-3HUFA) requirement of the Korean rockfish Sebastes schlegeli, two experiments were conducted in the flush-out aquarium system. 1. Effects of different dietary fatty acids on growth and feed efficiency Efficacy of different fatty acids on the Korean rockfish was investigated by feeding diets containing each of the different fatty acids, 12:0, 18:1n-9, 18:2n-6, 18:3n-3, and n-3HUFA for 9 weeks. The best growth and feed efficiency were obtained from the fish fed diet containing n-3HUFA (P<0.05). 2. n-3HUFA requirement Requirement of dietary n-3HUFA for the Korean rockfish (5.9 g in mean body weight) was investigated with the test diets containing different levels of n-3HUFA ranging from $0\%$ to $4.0\%$ at $8\%$ dietary lipid level. After 6 weeks of feeding experiment, fish performance and fatty acid composition of liver were studied. Growth was significantly improved with increasing dietary n-3HUFA level up to the $0.9\%$ in the diet (P<0.05). Higher values of lipid content, 18:1/n-3HUFA ratio of polar lipid of liver and hepatosomatic index were observed in the fish fed n-3HUFA deficient diets. The groups of fish fed lower levels of dietary n-3HUFA showed higher 18:1 and love. n-3HUFA (EPA+DHA) levels in polar lipid of the liver. The data obtained in these experiments indicated that dietary n-3HUFA was essential for the Korean rockfish, and required level of n-3HUFA was around $0.9\%$ in diet.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.335-340
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• 2012

During the manufacturing process of chestnut, 50% of biomass is produced as chestnut shell (CS) or chestnut hull (CH), a forestry by-product. Due to its high fiber content and economic benefit, there is a possibility of using chestnut hull as a supplement for a ruminant diet. Few studies, however, have been conducted on evaluating nutritive value of chestnut hull for ruminant animals. The objective of this study were thus to analyze chemical composition of CS, a by-product after the first processing of chestnut, and CH, a by-product after the second processing, and access in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics of them. For the in vitro fermentation using strained rumen fluid obtained from a fistulated Hanwoo steer, commercial total mixed ration (TMR) for dairy goat was used as a basal diet and was replaced with different proportions of chestnut shell and hull. A total number of 13 treatments were carried out in this study: 100% TMR, 100% CS, 100% CH, a mix with 50% CS and 50% of CH (MIX), TMR replaced with 5%, 10%, or 15% of CS, CH, or MIX, respectively. For each treatment, in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and pH after 48 hours of rumen fermentation were measured. Gas production at 6, 12, 24, 48 hours of incubation was also analyzed. Compared to CH, CS contains higher level of fiber (NDF, ADF, lignin) and consequently has a lower amount of non-fiber carbohydrate, but no difference was observed in the other nutrients (i.e. crude protein, crude fat, and ash). IVDMD was significantly (p<0.05) the highest in 100% CH (71.97%) and the lowest in 100% CS (42.80%). Addition of CH by replacing TMR did not affect IVDMD, while an increase in the proportion of CS tended to decrease IVDMD. The total gas production after 48 hours of incubation and the rate of gas production were also the highest in 100% CH and the lowest in 100% CS (P<0.05). Likewise, the pH after 48 hours of fermentation was significantly (p<0.05) the lowest in 100% CH (6.33) and the highest in 100% CS (6.50), and no significant difference in gas production was observed when TMR was replaced with CS or CH up to 15% (P>0.05). In conclusion, CH may successfully be used for a supplement in a ruminant diet. The nutritive value of CS is relative low, but can replace, if not 100%, low quality forage. This study provides valuable information about the nutritive value of CS and CH. An in vivo trials, however, is needed for conclusively accessing the nutritive value of CS and CH.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.393-408
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• 2018

This study was carried out to investigate how chlorella dry powder added to the feed of laying hens influences on the egg quality and the composition of egg yolk's fatty acid. Moisture content, ash content, crude protein content, and crude fat content were 12.8%, 10.8%, 18.0% and 2.5%, respectively. The moisture content of the chlorella powder added to the feed was about 1.54%, the ash content was 6.53%, the crude protein content was 54.56%, and the crude fat content was 2.45 %. After feeding chlorella, compared to the control, the color of egg shell significantly became darker. The hardness of egg shell was increased for 10 days after chlorella feeding and was significantly strengthened. Thickness of egg shell was significantly thicker. The height of egg whites was increased. After 10 days of providing chlorella, the quality of egg white was 92.0 HU (Haugh Unit), which was significantly higher than 84.8 HU, the quality of the control. The color of egg yolk significantly revealed more yellow than that of the control. Egg weight was increased by 7.5% after 15 days of feeding chlorella. Protein content was increased by 11.9% and 10.7% after 10 and 15 days of feeding, respectively. The major compositions of fatty acid content of egg yolk fed with chlorella diet were oleic acid, trans-linoleic acid, palmitic acid, ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid, stearic acid, DHA, EPA, palmitoleic acid, and heptadecanoic acid, respectively. Palmitoleic acid was decreased in the eggs fed with chlorella diet compared to the control. The Saturated Fatty Acid (SFA) content of the control was higher than that of the eggs fed with chlorella. The content of Unsaturated Fatty Acid (UFA) was higher in egg yolks fed with chlorella than in the control. The ratio of UFA to Saturated Fatty Acid (SFA) was higher in egg yolks fed with chlorella than in the control. These results suggest that the addition of chlorella to the feed of the laying hens brings positive effects on the improvement of egg quality and lowering of the Unsaturated Fatty Acid of egg yolk.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.405-413
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• 2010

This study was carried out to determine the effect of dietary supplementation of quercetin and methoxylated quercetin extracted from onions on oxidation of chicken thigh during cold storage. For 35 days, 1-day-old 320 broiler chicks (Ross) were divided into 8 groups and supplemented the diet; basal diet only (T1), T1 with antibiotics (T2), vitamin E 20 IU (T3), vitamin E 200 IU (T4), quercetin 20 ppm (T5), quercetin 200 ppm (T6), methoxylated quercetin 20 ppm (T7), methoxylated quercetin 200 ppm (T8). After slaughtering the broilers, thigh meats were collected and analyzed the oxidation stability during storage at $4^{\circ}C$ for 7 days. Volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) was ranged from 10.98~15.37 mg% until day 3 and quercetin 20 ppm (T5) significantly reduced (p<0.05) the VBN value of thigh as much as antibiotics treatment group (T2). The supplementation of quercetin at a 200 ppm level significantly reduced 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances value when compared with the control. Supplementation of 20 ppm quercetin also affected fatty acid composition of chicken thigh and resulted in increase of C18:1w9 and decrease of C18:2w6 on day 3. In microbes of chicken thigh during storage, supplementation of 20 ppm quercetin significantly reduced total microbes compare to control on day 7 (p<0.05). There was no effect on the number of coliforms in thigh with quercetin diet. From these results, the dietary supplementation of 20 ppm of quercetin may have effects on enhancing oxidation stability.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.897-905
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• 1998

Docosahexaenoic acid(DHA), a $\omega$3 series fatty acid and arachidonic acid(AA). a $\omega$6 series fatty acid were found in relatively high concentrations in the phospholipids(PLs) of cell membranes of nerve tissues, and they can be affected by various factors. The present study examined the effects of dietary $\omega$6 and $\omega$3 fatty acid composition on P/M/S and on $\omega$3/$\omega$6 fatty acid ratios in brain PLs of 2nd generation rats. The expeimental diets consisted of 10% fat(by wt), which were computer- searched mixed oil('M') with P/M/S ratio, 1 : 1.4 : 1 and $\omega$6/$\omega$3 ratio, 6 : 1 and safflower oil('S') poor in $\omega$3 fatty acids. The experimental diets were started 3-4 wks prior to conception. During the lactation period, the feeding mothers were switched 1 wk after birth and provided the pups for 2 wks with milk which had compositions different from that of their natural mother. The same diet as their mothers was provided from weaning to 9 wks of age. The 'M'and 'S' rats were again subdivided into MM, MS, SS, SM rats according to diet which their lactating mothers were fed from the begining of the experiment. The relative percentage of P/M/S fatty acids in brain PLs in all experimental groups converged to a very similar value at 9 wks of age, indicating the existence of a control mechanism for the degree of fatty acids, unsaturation. The $\omega$3/$\omega$6 fatty acid ratios of brain PLs converged to about 1.0 in MM & SM groups and to 0.7 in SS & MS groups, suggesting also the existence of some balance between $\omega$3 and $\omega$6 fatty acids in developing rat brain. The concentrations of $\omega$3 fatty acids, especially DHA, in the SM group were increased and became similar to those in MM group at 9 wks of age. The increase in DHA of brain PLs was counterbalanced b)r a decrease in 22 5$\omega$6. Therefore, the ratios of 22 : 6$\omega$6/22 : 5$\omega$6 were higher in both MM & SM groups than those of SS & MS groups at 9 wak of age. Although dietary $\omega$3 and $\omega$6 fatty acids affected 22 : 6$\omega$S and 22 : 5$\omega$6 contained in rat brain PLs reciprocally, the relative percentage of AA did not appear to be significantly influenced by the diet in all groups at 9 wks of age, suggesting that a mechanism for the maintenance of a certain level of AA in brain PLs exists. In conclusion, the $\omega$3/$\omega$6 fatty acid and 22 : 6$\omega$3/22 : 5$\omega$6 ratios, but not P/M/S ratio, of rat brain PLs were affected by the postnatal dietary changes. Futher studies are required to clarify the mechanism(S) of ensuring a certain level of DHA and of maintaining a similar level of AA in rat brain PLs after. weaning(9 wk) regardless of prenatal and postnatal dietary changes. (Korean J Nutrition 31(5) : 897-905, 1998)

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.157-176
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to estimate the effect of "The unsafe food program" designed for improving children's biased eating habits coming from defenceless exposure to the instant food, fast food and adulterated food with MSG and artificial additives with analyzing the current condition of children's biased eating habits and preference for the unsafe foods. This program was performed for 5 year old children who was attending the kindergarten run by the author every day for two months. "The unsafe food program" consisted of the surveys on the parents' attitude towards food and health and children's eating habits, and of programs that was designed to attract children's attention to their daily food intake and to provide physical fitness, information about differences between wholesome food and junk food, and junk food's bad impacts on human body for children. In order to see the changes of children's body through this program, two physical examinations was preformed: SH pharmaceutical company's hair test to measure the accumulation level of toxic metal in children's hair and children's nutrition level before starting the program, and Ilsan Health Center's 'INBODY' test to analyze children's body composition such as body weight, skeletal muscle mass, body fat mass, BMI, body fat percentage and so on before and after the program. The results from this program follow as below. First, the unsafe foods were excluded from children's diet after parents came to recognize the negative effects of the unsafe foods. Second, children became highly interested in their daily diet through the course of gathering information by themselves and discussions together while testing and analyzing foods, and children demonstrated more self-restraint on fast food and instant food. Third, children's body constitution turned out to be improved by physical fitness in addition to this program. Fourth, children formed a good habit of eating well-balanced diet consisting of vegetables, staple food and fruits through this program designed to improve children's biased eating habits. From the results of this study it was confirmed that "the unsafe food project" had effects on improving children's eating habits.