• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.256-263
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• 2019

Background: Antinociceptive anti-inflammatory drugs have many adverse effects. The goal of this investigation is to study the probable anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of verapamil and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in experimental rats. Methods: Adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups in the antinociceptive study, each containing 6 rats; the normal control group, which received saline (1 mL/kg); the diclofenac group, which received diclofenac sodium (5 mg/kg); the NAC group, which received NAC (125 mg/kg); and the verapamil group, which received verapamil (8 mg/kg). In the anti-inflammatory study, 5 groups were used, the 4 previous groups with the addition of an edema control group, received saline and were subjected to formalin test. Hot plate latency time was recorded for antinociceptive evaluation. Paw edema thickness and biochemical parameters were recorded for anti-inflammatory evaluation. Results: Administration of NAC showed significant prolongation of hot plate latency time at 1 hour when compared to the control group while verapamil showed a significant prolongation of hot plate latency time at 1 and 2 hours when compared to the control group and NAC group values. Administration of NAC and verapamil significantly decreased paw edema thickness at 2, 4, and 8 hours when compared to edema control values. Regarding biochemical markers, NAC and verapamil significantly decreased serum nitric oxide synthase, C-reactive protein, and cyclooxygenase-2 levels compared to the edema control value. In accordance, a marked improvement of histopathological findings was observed with both drugs. Conclusions: NAC and verapamil have antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects comparable to diclofenac sodium.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.56.1-56.17
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• 2022

Background: At the therapeutic doses, diclofenac sodium (DFS) has few toxic side effects on mammals. On the other hand, DFS exhibits potent toxicity against birds and the mechanisms remain ambiguous. Objectives: This paper was designed to probe the toxicity of DFS exposure on the hepatic proteome of broiler chickens. Methods: Twenty 30-day-old broiler chickens were randomized evenly into two groups (n = 10). DFS was administered orally at 10mg/kg body weight in group A, while the chickens in group B were perfused with saline as a control. Histopathological observations, serum biochemical examinations, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction were performed to assess the liver injury induced by DFS. Proteomics analysis of the liver samples was conducted using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) technology. Results: Ultimately, 201 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were obtained, of which 47 were up regulated, and 154 were down regulated. The Gene Ontology classification and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis were conducted to screen target DEPs associated with DFS hepatotoxicity. The regulatory relationships between DEPs and signaling pathways were embodied via a protein-protein interaction network. The results showed that the DEPs enriched in multiple pathways, which might be related to the hepatotoxicity of DFS, were "protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum," "retinol metabolism," and "glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism." Conclusions: The hepatotoxicity of DFS on broiler chickens might be achieved by inducing the apoptosis of hepatocytes and affecting the metabolism of retinol and purine. The present study could provide molecular insights into the hepatotoxicity of DFS on broiler chickens.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2001.04a
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• pp.228.2-229
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• 2001

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.319-323
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• 2006

The crude ethanolic extract of the leaves of Clerodendrum viscosum (Family: Verbenaceae) was evaluated for its antioxidant and analgesic activities to investigate the scientific basis of the traditional uses. The antioxidant property of the extract was assessed by 1, 1-diphenyl -2- picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay. The extract showed prominent antioxidant activity ($IC_{50}about{\sim}16{\mu}g/ml$) which was comparable to standard drug ascorbic acid ($IC_{50}about{\sim}15{\mu}g/ml$).The extract produced significant (P<0.001) writhing inhibition in acetic acid induced writhing in mice at the dose of 125 mg, 250 mg and 500 mg/kg body weight respectively, which were comparable to the standard drug diclofenac sodium. The results tend to suggest that the crude leaves extract at the above doses have antioxidant and analgesic activities and indicate that it might possess biologically active constituents having free radical scavenging and analgesic activities respectably.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.230-236
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• 2020

Objectives: Trachyspermum khasianum H. Wolff is a rare medicinal plant characteristically used by the traditional healers in traditional medicine for the treatment of throat-pain, toothache, and stomach ache. The study was designed to determine the anthelmintic and analgesic properties of the aerial parts of Trachyspermum khasianum H. Wolff (Family: Apiaceae). The aqueous and ethanol extract of T. khasianum H. Wolff was prepared and subjected for evaluation to determine the possible therapeutic effects. Methods: Anthelmintic activities of the extracts were determined by observing the time taken to paralyze and the time taken for the death of earthworms (Eisenia foetida) as compared to the standard drug-Albendazole (20 mg/ml) and control. Analgesic potential of the extracts was evaluated using Eddy's hot plate method to understand the analgesic activity in rats (Wistar rats) at 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg body weight doses and compared with the standard reference (Diclofenac sodium: 10 mg/kg of animals). Results: The extracts showed a significant dose-dependent anthelmintic effect at the different concentrations (10, 20, and 40) mg/ml, compared to that of the standard drug (20 mg/ml). Also, the results suggested that the plant extracts possess significantly analgesic activity in rats. Conclusion: The studies indicate that Trachyspermum khasianum shows anthelmintic and potent analgesic activities. Further research should be carried out to identify the specific phytoconstituents responsible for both analgesic and anthelmintic activities and its possible mechanism of action.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.140-144
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• 2000

Reofecoxib는 용량 의존적으로 cyclo-oxygenase-2를 선택적으로 억제한다. 골관절염 환자를 대상으로 하여 이중맹검, 무작위, Western Ontario and McMasters Universi-ties Osteoarthritis Index를 이용하여 평가한 결과, rofecoxib 12.5, 25 mg는 신체적 기능을 크게 향상시키는 것으로 보여졌다. 또한 diclofenac (50 mg, 1일 3회), ibuprofen (800 mg, 1일 3회), nabumetone(1500 mg, 1일 1회)와 유사한 임상효과를 나타내었다. Rofecoxib는 원발성 월경곤란증과 수술 후 치통에 효과적으로 억제하였으며 naproxen sodium과 ibuprofen과 같은 진통 효과를 보였다. Rofecoxib는 안전성 면에서 우수하며 가장 흔한 부작용은 설사, 두통, 오심과 상기도 감염증이다. Rofecoxib 12.5, 25, 50 mg/day를 투여한 골관절염 환자에게서 위장관계 부작용(천공, 궤양, 출혈)은 ibuprofen, diclofenac, nabumetone을 투여한 환자보다 훨씬 낮은 발생빈도를 나타내었다.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.249-252
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• 2012

Nicolau syndrome is a rare complication of intramuscular injection consisting of ischemic necrosis of skin, soft tissue, and muscular tissue that arises locoregionally. The characteristic pattern is pain around the injection site, developing into erythema, a livedoid dermatitis patch, and necrosis of the skin, subcutaneous fat, and muscle tissue. Three patients were injected with drugs (diclofenac sodium, ketoprofen, meperidine) for pain relief. Three patients complained of pain, and a skin lesion was observed, after which necrosis developed on their buttocks. Each patient underwent debridement and coverage. The wound healed uneventfully. We report three cases of Nicolau syndrome in the buttocks following diclofenac intramuscular injection.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.100-102
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• 2007

The crude ethanol extract of leaves of Avicennia officinalis Linn. (Family: Avicenniaceae) was screened for its antinociceptive activity. The extract produced significant writhing inhibition in acetic acid-induced writhing in mice at the oral dose of 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight (P < 0.001) comparable to the standard drug diclofenac sodium at the dose of 25 mg/kg of body weight. The result tends to suggest the antinociceptive activity of the extract.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2001.10a
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• pp.298.3-299
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• 2001

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.159-165
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• 2013

The present study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Cinnamomum cassia Blume (CC) extract on the repair of damaged cartilage in a rat model of osteoarthritis (OA) by anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) and medial meniscus resection (MMx). Forty-eight rats were assigned to six groups (n = 8 per group): sham as negative control (NC), positive control (PC), diclofenac sodium (DS, 2 mg/kg), CC 25 mg/kg, CC 50 mg/kg and CC 100 mg/kg groups. Treatments were 12 weeks from 7 days after ACLT + MMx. Loss of cartilage and joint instability were significantly reduced in response to treatment with CC or DS compared to the PC (p < 0.05). CC significantly ameliorated cartilage degradation in a dose-dependent manner as assessed by histological findings (p < 0.01). A reduction in the severity of structural changes and a dose-dependent increase in Safranin-O staining intensity were observed in CC treatments, indicating that cartilage degradation was inhibited. Although DS did not affect the increase in active caspase-3 and cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-induced apoptosis during the progression of OA, cells reactive to these apoptotic markers were decreased significantly by CC (p < 0.05). However, treatments with CC or DS did not influence the uptake of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine. The findings suggest that CC can exert a chondroprotective action on OA through anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties.