• 제목/요약/키워드: Diarrhea Score

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Direct-fed Enterococcus faecium plus bacteriophages as substitutes for pharmacological zinc oxide in weanling pigs: effects on diarrheal score and growth

  • Oh, Sang-Hyon;Jang, Jae-Cheol;Lee, Chul Young;Han, Jeong Hee;Park, Byung-Chul
    • Animal Bioscience
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    • 제35권11호
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    • pp.1752-1759
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    • 2022
  • Objective: Effects of direct-fed Enterococcus faecium plus bacteriophages (EF-BP) were investigated as potential substitutes for pharmacological ZnO for weanling pigs. Methods: Dietary treatments were supplementations to a basal diet with none (NC), 3,000-ppm ZnO (PC), 1×1010 colony-forming units of E. faecium plus 1×108 plaque-forming units (PFU) of anti-Salmonella typhimurium bacteriophages (ST) or 1×106 PFU of each of anti-enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88 (F4)-, K99 (F5)-, and F18-type bacteriophages (EC) per kg diet. In Exp 1, twenty-eight 21-day-old crossbred weanling pigs were individually fed one of the experimental diets for 14 days and euthanized for histological examination on intestinal mucosal morphology. In Exp 2, 128 crossbred weanling pigs aged 24 days were group-fed the same experimental diets in 16 pens of 8 piglets on a farm with a high incidence of post-weaning diarrhea. Results: None of the diarrheal score or fecal consistency score (FCS), average daily gain (ADG), gain: feed ratio, structural variables of the intestinal villus, and goblet cell density, differed between the EF-BP (ST+EC) and NC groups, between EF-BP and PC, or between ST and EC, with the exception of greater gain: feed for EF-BP than for PC (p<0.05) during days 7 to 14 (Exp 1). In Exp 2, ADG was less for EF-BP vs PC during days 0 to 7 and greater for EF-BP vs NC during days 7 to 14. FCS peaked on day 7 and declined by day 14. Moreover, FCS was less for EF-BP vs NC, did not differ between EF-BP and PC, and tended to be greater for ST vs EC (p = 0.099). Collectively, EF-BP was comparable to or slightly less effective than PC in alleviating diarrhea and growth check of the weanling pigs, with ST almost as effective as PC, when they were group-fed. Conclusion: The E. faecium-bacteriophage recipe, especially E. faecium-anti-S. typhimurium, is promising as a potential substitute for pharmacological ZnO.

Effects of different inorganic: organic zinc ratios or combination of low crude protein diet and mixed feed additive in weaned piglet diets

  • Oh, Han Jin;Kim, Myung Hoo;Lee, Ji Hwan;Kim, Yong Ju;An, Jae Woo;Chang, Se Yeon;Go, Young Bin;Song, Dong Cheol;Cho, Hyun Ah;Jo, Min Seok;Kim, Dae Young;Kim, Min Ji;Cho, Sung Bo;Kim, Hyeun Bum;Cho, Jin Ho
    • Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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    • 제64권1호
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    • pp.23-37
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    • 2022
  • Thirty-six weaned piglets with an initial body weight (BW) of 8.43 ± 0.40 kg (28 days of age, ([Landrace × Yorkshire] × Duroc) were randomly assigned to 6 treatments for a 2-week feeding trial to determine the effects of different inorganic zinc (IZ), organic zinc (OZ) or combination of low crude protein diet (LP) and Mixed feed additive (MFA) on diarrhea score, nutrient digestibility, zinc utilization, blood profiles, organ weight, and fecal microflora in weaned piglet diet. The pigs were individually placed in 45 × 55 × 45 cm stainless steel metabolism cages in an environmentally controlled room (30 ± 1℃). The dietary treatments included a negative control (NC), positive control (PC; zinc oxide, 1,000 mg/kg), T1 (IZ : OZ, 850 : 150), T2 (IZ : OZ 700 : 300), T3 (IZ : OZ, 500 : 500), and T4 (LP + MFA [0.1% Essential oils + 0.08% Protease + 0.02% Xylanase]). The daily feed allowance was adjusted to 2.7 times the maintenance requirement for digestible energy (2.7 × 110 kcal of DE/kg BW0.75). This allowance was divided into two equal parts, and the piglets were fed at 08 : 30 and 17 : 30 each day. Water was provided ad libitum through a drinking nipple. The diarrhea score was significantly increased (p < 0.05) in NC treatment compared with other treatments. The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM), nitrogen (N), and gross energy (GE) was significantly increased (p < 0.05) in the T2 treatment compared with the PC and NC treatments in week 1. In week 2, the ATTD of DM, N, and GE was significantly decreased (p < 0.05) in the NC treatment compared with other treatments. The T3 treatment had significantly higher (p < 0.05) ATTD and apparent ileal digestibility of zinc than the PC and T1 treatments. The Escherichia coli count in feces was significantly decreased in the T4 treatment compared with the NC and T2 treatments. The Lactobacillus count in feces was significantly increased in the T4 and T1 treatment compared with the T2 and T3 treatments. In conclusion, IZ : OZ 500 : 500 levels could improve nutrient digestibility and zinc utilization in weaned piglets, Moreover, MFA in LP diets could be used as a zinc alternative.

Effects of dietary supplementation of a lipid-coated zinc oxide product on the fecal consistency, growth, and morphology of the intestinal mucosa of weanling pigs

  • Byun, Young-Jin;Lee, Chul Young;Kim, Myeong Hyeon;Jung, Dae Yun;Han, Jeong Hee;Jang, Insurk;Song, Young Min;Park, Byung-Chul
    • Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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    • 제60권1호
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    • pp.29.1-29.6
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    • 2018
  • Background: Dietary supplementation of zinc oxide (ZnO) to 2000 to 4000 mg/kg is known to be effective for the prevention and treatment of post-weaning diarrhea in the pig. Such a 'pharmacological' supplementation, however, can potentially result in environmental pollution of the heavy metal, because dietary ZnO is mostly excreted unabsorbed. Two experiments (Exp.) were performed in the present study to determine the effects of a lipid-coated ZnO supplement Shield Zn (SZ) compared with those of ZnO. Methods: In Exp. 1, a total of 240 21-day-old weanling pigs were fed a diet supplemented with 100 mg Zn/kg as ZnO (ZnO-100), ZnO-2500, SZ-100, or SZ-200 in 24 pens for 14 days on a farm with its post-weaning pigs exhibiting a low incidence of diarrhea. Exp. 2 was performed using 192 24-day-old piglets as in Exp. 1 on a different farm, which exhibited a high incidence of diarrhea. Results: In Exp. 1, fecal consistency (diarrhea) score (FCS) was less for the ZnO-2500 and SZ-200 groups than for the SZ-100 group (P < 0.05), with no difference between the SZ-100 and ZnO-100 groups. Both average daily gain (ADG) and gain:feed ratio were less for the SZ-200 group than for the ZnO-2500 group, with no difference between the ZnO-100 group and SZ-100 or SZ-200 group. The villus height (VH), crypt depth (CD), and VH:CD ratio of the intestinal mucosa were not influenced by the treatment. In Exp. 2, FCS was lowest for the ZnO-2500 group, with no difference among the other groups. However, neither the ADG nor gain:feed ratio was influenced by the treatment. Conclusion: Results suggest that physiological SZ supplementation has less beneficial effects than pharmacological ZnO for the alleviation of diarrhea irrespective of its severity and for promoting growth without influencing their integrity of the intestinal mucosal structures with little advantage over physiological ZnO in weanling pigs with a small pen size.

Different Clinical Features and Lower Scores in Clinical Scoring Systems for Appendicitis in Preschool Children: Comparison with School Age Onset

  • Song, Chun Woo;Kang, Joon Won;Kim, Jae Young
    • Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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    • 제21권1호
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    • pp.51-58
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    • 2018
  • Purpose: To clarify the clinical features of appendicitis in preschool children and to explore clinical appendicitis scoring systems in this age group. Methods: We retrospectively collected data on 142 children, aged 10 years or younger, with confirmed diagnosis of appendicitis based on surgical and pathologic findings. Enrolled subjects were divided into two groups: Group 1 (preschool children aged ${\leq}5$ years, n=41) and Group 2 (school children aged >5 to ${\leq}10$ years, n=101). Data analyzed included clinical presentation, laboratory findings, the pediatric appendicitis score (PAS), and the modified Alvarado score (MAS). Results: The most common presenting symptom was abdominal pain in both groups (92.7% vs. 97.0%). Other presenting symptoms were as follows: fever (65.9%), vomiting (68.3%), right lower quadrant (RLQ) localization (24.4%), anorexia (14.6%), and diarrhea (7.3%) in Group 1, and RLQ localization (74.3%), vomiting (71.3%), anorexia (52.5%), fever (47.5%), and diarrhea (11.9%) in Group 2. Perforation and abscess occurred more frequently in Group 1 than in Group 2 (43.9% vs. 12.9%, p<0.001; 34.1% vs. 5.0%, p<0.001; respectively). PAS and MAS were lower in Group 1 than in Group 2 ($4.09{\pm}1.97$ vs. $6.91{\pm}1.61$, p=0.048; $4.65{\pm}1.79$ vs. $6.51{\pm}1.39$, p=0.012; respectively). Conclusion: In preschool children, appendicitis often presents with atypical features, more rapid progression, and higher incidence of complications. This age group is more likely to have lower PAS and MAS than those of school children.

Study on the Development of a Probiotics Complex for Weaned Pigs

  • Xuan, Z.N.;Kim, J.D.;Heo, K.N.;Jung, H.J.;Lee, J.H.;Han, Y.K.;Kim, Y.Y.;Han, In K.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제14권10호
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    • pp.1425-1428
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    • 2001
  • This study was conducted to investigate the effects of supplementation of a probiotics complex on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, diarrhea score and microbial population in pigs weaned at 21 days of age. Treatments were 1) control A (0.2% antibiotics, Avilamycin), 2) control B (0.1 % $Ractocom^{(R)}$), 3) 0.1%, 4) 0.2% and 5) 0.3% probiotics complex; 80 pigs were used and each treatment had 4 replicates with 4 pigs per replicate (16 pigs per treatment). During phase I period (d 0 to 14), although there was no significant difference, pigs fed control B diet showed higher ADG (average daily gain) and better F/G (feed/gain) than any other treatments. During late experimental period (d 15 to 28), pigs fed diet supplemented with 0.2% probiotics complex showed slightly higher ADG. Overall (d 0 to 28) the diet that contained 0.2% probiotics complex gave slightly higher ADG and ADFI (average daily feed intake) than the other diets. In a metabolic trial using 20 piglets, nutrient digestibility showed the best results in pigs fed 0.2% probiotics complex diet, but not significantly different from other groups. Diarrhea score and microbial population status in intestine, colon and feces were not affected by dietary treatments. In conclusion, this study suggested that a newly developed probiotics complex can replace antibiotics in weaned pigs.

Effect of dietary supplementation of fermented Rhus verniciflua on growth performance, apparent total tract digestibility, blood profile, and fecal microflora in weanling pigs

  • Balasubramanian, Balamuralikrishnan;Lee, Sang In;Shanmugam, Sureshkumar;Kathannan, Sankar;Lee, Il Seok;Kim, In Ho
    • 농업과학연구
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    • 제44권1호
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    • pp.67-76
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    • 2017
  • Fermented Rhus verniciflua (FRV) as feed additives act as excellent anti-diarrheal drugs as they increase the intestinal absorption rate therefore being indirectly associated with enhancing growth performance and increasing digestibility in livestock. A total of 80 weaned pigs with an average initial body weight (BW) of $6.82{\pm}1.11kg$ were used to evaluate a diet supplemented with FRV meal in a 6 week feeding trial with two dietary treatments [CON - basal diet; TRT - CON + 0.2% FRV] on growth performance, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD), blood profiles, fecal microflora, and fecal score. Our results showed that the dietary supplementation of FRV improved (p < 0.05) average daily gain and gain : feed (G : F) ratio during days 15 - 42 and the overall experiment period and also increased the ATTD of dry matter (p < 0.05) at days 14 and 42. On the contrary, there was no effect (p > 0.05) on average daily feed intake, ATTD of nitrogen and energy, and blood profiles during the entire experiment. Moreover, dietary inclusion of FRV significantly increased fecal Lactobacillus (p < 0.05) counts and reduced the diarrhea during days 22 - 42. Thus, the results suggest that FRV can be used as a potential additive to improve growth performance and dry matter and to reduce diarrhea while having beneficial effects on fecal microflora in weanling pigs.

Prevalence, Laboratory Findings and Clinical Characteristics of Campylobacteriosis Agents among Hospitalized Children with Acute Gastroenteritis in Lebanon

  • Ghssein, Ghassan;Awada, Rana;Salami, Ali;Bahmad, Hisham F.;Awad, Ali;Joumaa, Wissam H.;Roz, Ali El
    • Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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    • 제24권4호
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    • pp.346-356
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    • 2021
  • Purpose: Campylobacter species are currently the most common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis. In Lebanon, Campylobacter infection occurrence is underdiagnosed owing to the lack of specific culture and rapid test kits, particularly among children. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence, laboratory findings, and clinical characteristics of Campylobacter infection in hospitalized children with acute gastroenteritis in South Lebanon. Methods: We conducted a 6-month retrospective cohort study between January and June 2018, including 291 children aged between 1 month and 12 years, who were admitted to a tertiary healthcare center in South Lebanon. The medical files of the patients were reviewed to retrieve the required clinical information, including clinical and laboratory data. Results: The prevalence of campylobacteriosis agents in pediatric patients with acute gastroenteritis is 12.02%. Patients infected with Campylobacter had more severe acute gastroenteritis than Campylobacter-negative patients and often presented with high-grade fever, diarrhea episodes more than six times per day, diarrhea lasting for more than five days, and dehydration. Indeed, children with high-grade fever (≥38.5℃) were five times more likely to test positive for Campylobacter than those with low-grade fever. In addition, the results showed a higher Vesikari score for the majority of Campylobacter-positive patients with severe acute gastroenteritis compared to a moderate profile for Campylobacter-negative patients. Conclusion: The present study findings highlight that Campylobacter infection is frequent among children with acute gastroenteritis. Therefore, the detection of Campylobacter should be carried out for the diagnosis of human gastroenteritis in Lebanon, along with the detection of routine enteropathogens.

Effects of yeast culture (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) supplementation on growth performance, fecal score, and nutrient digestibility of weaning pigs

  • Liu, Xiao;Li, Tianshui;Kim, In Ho
    • 농업과학연구
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    • 제45권4호
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    • pp.677-685
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    • 2018
  • Weaning pigs often face post-weaning challenges such as diarrhea, low feed intake, and body weight (BW) loss which affects the health and economic value of weaning pigs. Interestingly, the use of yeast cultures (YCs) as feed supplements for pigs has increased markedly in recent years. This study evaluated the effects of yeast cultures (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on the growth performance, fecal score, and nutrient digestibility of weaning pigs. A total of 50 crossed healthy weaning pigs [(Yorkshire ${\times}$ Landrace) ${\times}$ Duroc] with an average BW of $7.46{\pm}1.60kg$ (28 day of age) were used in a 6-week experiment. The experiment was divided into 3 phases (Phase 1, 1 - 2 weeks; Phase 2, 2 - 4 weeks; Phase 3, 4 - 6 weeks). Dietary treatments were as follows: 1) CON: basal diet and 2) CON + 0.50% YC. During phase 1, the average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) were significantly increased (p < 0.05) in the weaning pigs fed YC supplementation diets compared with the weaning pigs fed the CON diet. During phase 3 as well as overall, the gain/feed ratio (G/F) was significantly increased (p < 0.05) in the YC supplementation group compared with the pigs fed the CON diet. In conclusion, the supplementation of YCs in the diet positively affected the growth performance of weaning pigs during the first two weeks after weaning.

『상한론(傷寒論)』 양명병(陽明病) 소승기탕(小承氣湯)으로 진단된 과민 대장 증후군 환자 1례 (A case of a patient with irritable bowel syndrome diagnosed with Shanghanlun Yangmingbing Soseunggi-tang)

  • 최재영;이숭인;이미현;이성준
    • 대한상한금궤의학회지
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    • 제14권1호
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    • pp.81-93
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    • 2022
  • Objective : This study reports on the case of a patient with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) diagnosed by the Shanghanlun disease pattern identification diagnostic system (DPIDS). We tried to verify the therapeutic effects of Soseunggi-tang (SSGT) administration and pathological character. Methods : The patient was administered SSGT for 31 days. We observed the progression of symptoms, patient compliance, and the presence of side effects. The progression of IBS was evaluated based the on Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS). Abdominal pain, flatus, visual findings, and patient statements were also assessed. Results : According to the DPIDS, the patient was diagnosed with Yangmingbing (陽明病). As a result, his GSRS score dropped from 15 to 5, the visual analog scale (VAS) score for abdominal pain lowered from 9 to 4, and the VAS score for flatus decreased from 8 to 4. The stool type changed from diarrhea to a loose stool form. Conclusions : SSGT showed therapeutic effects on the patient diagnosed with IBS and Yangmingbing.

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포유자돈에 있어서 포유자돈용 발효유의 급여가 생산성, 혈액특성, 및 설사지수에 미치는 영향 (Effects of fermented milk substituted for creep feed on growth performance, diarrhea score and blood profiles in lactating piglets)

  • 김승철;김현수;허정민;김인호
    • 농업과학연구
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    • 제42권4호
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    • pp.375-382
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    • 2015
  • 본 연구는 포유자돈용 발효유의 급여가 포유자돈의 생산성, 설사지수, 혈액특성에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 시험을 실시하였다. 사양 시험은 3산차 모돈($Landrace{\times}Yorkshire$)은 14두를 공시하여, 2처리구 처리당 7두로 분만 후 부터 이유시까지 3주간 사양시험을 실시하였다. 시험설계는 1) CF (Creep feeding), 2) FM (fermented milk)로 실시하였다. 포유자돈용 발효유의 급여가 생산성에 있어서 유의적 차이는 보이지 않았으나, 생시체중이 입붙임 사료구와 비교하여 수치상 낮았으나, 이유체중에서는 포유자돈용 발효유를 급여한 구가 300 g 증가한 결과를 나타내었다. 포유자돈용 발효유의 급여시 설사지수에 있어서는 처리구간 유의적 차이가 없었다. 혈액 특성에 있어서는 혈액내 백혈구 함량에 있어서는 처리구간 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았지만(P>0.05), 혈액 내 면역 글로불린 함량에 있어서는 입붙임 사료를 급여한 처리구가 포유자돈용 발효유를 급여한 처리구보다 높게 나타났다(P<0.05). 이와 같은 결과는 입붙임 사료는 탄수화물, 단백질, 지방 및 면역관련물질을 함유하고 있으나, 본 연구에서 사용된 포유자돈용 발효유는 장내 미생물균총에 유익한 영향을 미치는 유산균은 함유하고 있으나, 다른 면역물질 및 첨가제를 함유하고 있지 않아 혈액 면역세포에 영향을 미치지 않은 것으로 판단된다. 결론적으로 포유기간 동안 입붙임 사료를 대신하여 포유자돈용 발효유를 급여하여도 생산성에 부정적인 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 판단되며, 입붙임 사료를 대체할 수 있는 물질로 급여 가능할 것으로 사료된다.