• 한국의사학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.23-42
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• 2018

This study examines the variation in diagrams of the kidney, and the effects on location of the Life Gate as a result. My study analyzes diagrams of kidney form and location, such as appearance, the vertebral spine, ShenXi, and "Life Gate", and also explores the causes for such variations. The kidney is commonly described as having the shape of a bean, which throughout medical history has showed almost no variation. The spine was initially described with a total of 21 vertebrae, and later with a range of 19-25 vertebrae. Regarding the height of kidney in relationship to the spine, it was initially described as beginning at the 14th vertebrae, and later changed to the 15th or 17th vertebrae. However, there have been no changes in the perception of the height of kidney. Initially, the location of the Life Gate could not be identified. Three different suggestions of its location were found throughout historical literature, including: (1) at or within the right kidney; (2) between two kidneys; and (3) between 14th-15th spine. There were also variations noted in the process of copying diagrams of kidney in many books not only because the work of copying was not precise, but also because each medical practitioner had a different interpretation of the kidney's form and function in Traditional Korean and Chinese Medicine. It appears that some practitioners may have been influenced by their understandings of theory of Life Gate.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.1447-1450
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• 2006

To study on the assignment of the eight trigrams (八卦) in human body being based on based the number of HADO(河圖)-NAGSEO(洛書). Being based on the number of HADO(河圖)-NAGSEO(洛書) and the BEOK-HEE's diagram of eight trigrams order(伏羲次序圖), human being organ (five-Jang organs (liver, heart, spleen, lung and kidney), five organs (ear, eye, mouth and nose), provisional namely six entera for the process on intake, digestion, excretion of food (mouth, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus) are assigned eight trigrams (八卦). Eight trigrams(八卦) are attached to the based on the number HADO(河圖)-NAGSEO(洛書): 1-GEON(乾), 2-TAE(兌), 3-LEE(離), 4-JIN(震), 9-SON(巽), 6-GAM(坎), 7-GAN(艮), 8-GON(坤). And (八卦) are attached to the human being organs (five-Jang organs (live, heart, spleen, lung and kidney), five organs (ear, eye, mouth, nose, anus) : 1-GEON(乾)-left lung-left nose, 6-GAM(坎)-right kidney-right ear, 7-GAN(艮)-left heart-anus, 8-GON(坤)-right liver-right ear. Eight trigrams(八卦) are attached to the provisional namely six entera for the process on intake, digestion, excretion of food : the air(GEON 乾), the month(TAE 兌), the stomach(LEE 離), the small intestine(JIN 震), the large intestine(Son 巽), the rectum(GAM 坎), the anus(GAN 艮), the excrements(GON 坤). The BEOK-HEE's diagram of eight trigrams order(伏羲次序圖) means immutable order naturally. The process of the human being organs( five-Jang organs, five organs and six entera's digestion) is also unchangeable in region and program. Therefore we can set up the five-Jang organs, five organs and the process of six entera's digestion as the category of observation on the basis of BEOK-HEE's diagram of eight trigrams order(伏羲次序圖), and then we can arrange eight trigrams (八卦) on the five-Jang organs, five organs and the process of six entera's digestion.

• 대한한의학원전학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.55-76
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• 2017

Objectives : The transition of the 29 diagrams of Heart originated from MingTangZangFuTu will be used to understand the shape of heart and the changes of people's understanding of heart. Methods : The 29 diagrams of Heart originated from MingTangZangFuTu are divided according to their shape elements (Heart itself, internal curvatures, structures above heart, wuzangxi, and excursus). Then its transitions are analyzed, and each shape element is compared to modern anatomy and its textual basis is searched. Results : The lengthy cylinderical organ situated above the heart is composed of upper part consisting with joints and the lower part void of joints. The upper part is Pyewan (such as the lungs) and fall into trachea. The lower part is Xinxi or Feixi which are either relative vein (or aorta) or left bronchus that passes behind the heart. This depiction of the structures around the heart can be considered to have composed by actual observance of a physical heart, a method that is similar to anatomy. However, the shape of the heart itself is described as a lotus flower that has not been bloomed, a depiction which finds its origin from Zhongguangbuzhu huangdineijing suwen (762). The three short curvatures inside the heart is described as Pericardium, influenced by Shisijingfahui (1341) in its depiction, or as sammo, influenced by Nanjing. Structures that are connected directly from the heart to spleen, kidney, and uterus are not found in modern anatomy. The saying in Excursus "All cords of five internal organs belong to heart" is based on Huatuoxuanmenneizhaotu, and this is changed to the saying cords of four internal organs belong to heart in Leijingtuyi for the first time. Conclusions : The authors of medical scriptures at the time did not have a method of direct observance when they were copying heart diagrams. Therefore, they made changes to the source material's diagram and excursus while being influenced by Nanjing, Huatuoxuanmenneizhaotu, and Shisijingfahui. Then the doctors' understandings with regards to the shape and function of heart were reflected during that process.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.73-87
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• 1988

This study was performed to investigate the effect of lactose in 4 different concentrations against the protective effect of calcium on the acute lead poisoning in rats after 4 weeks treatment. In this animal experiment, 70 albino male weanling rats (50-70g of body weight) of Sprague-Dawley strain were used. Lead was dissolved in the distilled water and intubated at the dose of 400mg lead (as acetate)/ kg of body weight/day. Calcium and lactose were administered in drinking water ad libiturn dissolved with the solution of 0.7% calcium gluconate mixed with 40, 80, 160 and 320mM lacotse respectively. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. The rate of body weight gain in all treated groups turned out to be lower than that in the control group during 4 weeks treatment. The slow-down of body weight gain was the most significantly observed in the group treated with lead only ( p < 0.05). 2. The relative spleen weight in lead only treated group was significantly lower than that of lead + calcium, lead + calcium + 80mM lactose treated group ( p < 0.05). 3. The value of RBC, WBC, Hb and Hct showed a decreasing tendency in the group treated with lead only ( p < 0.05), however, a significant decrease was not observed in the group treated with lead + calcium. On the other hand, the protective effect of calcium was deteriorated in the group treated with lead + calcium + lactose. 4. The activity of $\delta$-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase ($\delta$-ALAD activity) showed the same tendency as No. 2. 5. The lead concentration in the blood (PbB) showed an increasing tendency and the interrelation among the different groups was also identical with No. 2. 6. With a statistical approach, it was found out that the activity of $\delta$-ALAD and the lead concentration in the blood show a relation of inverse proportion(r=-0.7301). The diagram was interpreted with the logarithmic equation InY = 5.5357-0.0251X (X:PbB, Y:$\delta$-ALAD activity). 7. In the histopathological findings of the kidney, the protective effect of calcium was observed. However, the protective effect of calcium was restricted in the group treated with lead + calcium + lactose. As a conclusion, the intensity of the acute ingested lead poisoning was obviously reduced by calcium, however, the protective effect of calcium was deteriorated in proportion with the concentration of the lactose to be administered. On the other hand, it was also noted that the deterioration was lightly restrained in the group treated with the physiological concentration of 80mM lactose than the results shown in the groups treated with lactose of other concentrations.