• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.111-116
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• 2010

Ionizing radiation is most widely used for X-Ray examination among all artificial radiation exposure, it takes up the largest proportion. Even in Korea, the medical exposure by diagnostic X-Ray examination takes up 17.4% of all radiation exposure. It takes up 92% even in artificial radiation exposure. There were 111,567 cases X-Ray radiography for skull diagnosis in 2007, which is 3% annual increase since 2004. Thus, It is need to establish the diagnostic reference level and the medical facilities as a diagnostic reference level to optimize radiation protection of the patients and to reduce the doses of X-ray. In this paper, we survey patient dose on skull radiography - collected from 114 medical facilities nationwide by using human phantom and glass dosimeter. When the patient dose for the skull radiography was measured and evaluated to establish the diagnostic reference level, 2.23 mGy was established for posterior-anterior imaging and 1.87 mGy for lateral imaging was established. The posterior-anterior skull radiography entrance surface dose of 2.23 is less than the guidance level of 5 mGy from the global organizations such as World Health Organization (WHO) and International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), and 1.87 mGy for the lateral skull imaging is less than the guidance level of 3 mGy, which is guided by the global organizations such as World Health Organization (WHO) and International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.429-434
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• 2019

The gonads are directly affected by radiation exposure during radiography of the pelvis, abdomen, and spine. Exposure of the gonads to radiation can cause genetic mutations and can result in the occurrence of malignant tumors. In this study, we created three types of shielding material shapes for shielding of the ovaries, which are the gonads of female during radiography of the pelvis, and comparative evaluations using shadow shielding methods. The source surface distance(SSD) was 100 cm and the field size was 42 cm × 43 cm. The three types of shielding material shapes(type 1, 2 and 3) were assessed and the entrance surface dose in the ovaries were measured. The thickness of the shielding material was expanded from 0.3 mm to 2.4 mm and after five repetitions, radiation values were measured and mean values were calculated. The mean dose were 3.09 mGy for type 1, 3.54 mGy for type 2, and 3.19 mGy for type 3, indicating that the measurements were the lowest for type 1. When an additional filter of 0.2 Cu + 1 Al was used, the dose were 3.72 mGy for type 1, 5.43 mGy for type 2, and 4.05 mGy for type 3, indicating that the measurements were the lowest for type 1. The results show that, even if the shielding material is not thick, in other words, even with a thickness of 2.94 mGy for the SN 3(0.9 mm) of type 1, shielding can be achieved, with a patient dose lower than the diagnostic reference level(3.42 mGy). Additionally, among the three types of shielding material, the type 1 appeared to be the most appropriate shielding material. It is thought that the use of shielding material could reduce the risk factors for stochastic effects or critical effects of ionizing radiation during pelvic or lumbar radiography.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.451-457
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• 2021

Recently, the number of interventional procedures has increased dramatically as an alternative of invasive surgical procedure and patient radiation exposure is also increasing accordingly. In this study, we evaluated the patient dose of major interventional procedures nationwide and we established our Korean database. With these results, we tried to suggest the reference dose level for major interventional procedures. We evaluated patent dose data in the field of interventional radiology from foreign countries. Measurement of radiation dose exposure for 11 major interventional procedures was conducted using embedded DAP meters in 10,006 patients from 47 hospitals, and reference level of each interventional procedure was suggested. The DRLs of each intervenional procedure are as follows: TACE 206(Gy·cm²), AVF 12(Gy·cm²), LE intervention 43(Gy·cm²), TFCA 122(Gy·cm²), Cerebral aneurysm coil embolization 214(Gy·cm²), PTBD 22(Gy·cm²), Biliary stent 60(Gy·cm²), PCN 7(Gy·cm²), Hickman catheter 2.1(Gy·cm²), Chemoport 1.4(Gy·cm²), BAE 104(Gy·cm²). Compared with the previously established DRL in 2012, the radiation dose decreased in all 10 interventional procedures. In the future, continuous publicity and education on the radiation dose reduction will be needed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.619-625
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• 2022

In the field of imaging medicine, computed tomography is one of the most common test methods and one of the most frequently used test methods in hospitals. However, it is accompanied by a very high radiation exposure compared to other test methods. In order to reduce exposure, CT scans should be performed only when absolutely necessary, and even if the tests are performed because they are absolutely necessary, a protocol that serves the purpose of the test and allows the test to be performed in a small dose should be used. In this study, we wanted to learn about the most up-to-date radiation dose usage information used by the region's leading general hospitals and develop a diagnostic reference level (DRL). In the experimental results, the Head CT and Abdomen CT tests showed that DLP was higher than the NRPB (U.K) and Korean DRL. The DLP values used by Chest CT were low for all 3 types of CT devices. The hospital found that efforts to reduce exposure should be made during CT examinations, and in particular, Head CT and Abdomen CT determined that efforts to reduce exposure were necessary.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.161-169
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• 2016

In this study, the proposal to seek ways to reduce the amount of radiation is drawn by comparing and analyzing CT Dose Index(CTDI) on the pediatric head CT which was performed at the busan regional hospitals, to the national diagnostic reference levels. As a result, it was appeared to exceed the amount of the dose recommendation in order of hospital, general hospital and senior general hospital in the hospital-specific classification and from 2 to 5 year, from 1 month to 1 year and from 6 to 10 year in the age-specific classification. In addition, the amount of the dose recommendation was exceed in order of helical, axial and volume in the scan-specific classification. As the results of the scan range reset to match the diagnostic reference level, the dose reduction showed 11.68%, 15.79% and 20.66% in senior general hospital, general hospital and hospital respectively. In the results of analysing patient average scan ranges which does not deviate from the guideline of patient dose recommendation, there was age of 1 month to 1 year, 2 to 5 year and 6 to 10 year of $03.2{\pm}11.8mm$, $110.5{\pm}14.5mm$, and $117.8{\pm}17.2mm$ respectively.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.337-341
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• 2020

Although the screening with a mammography has been shown to be economical, simple and effective in detecting breast cancer, it is accompanied by the risk from radiation. Therefore, this study analyzed the glandular dose and organ dose according to the target-filter combination and the presence and absence of implants using Monte Carlo simulation. The results indicate that at a tube voltage of 30 kV and a tube current of 50 mAs, the dose increased in the order of Mo/Mo. Mo/Rh, Rh/Rh and W/Rh in proportion to the atomic number of the target-filter. In addition, in phantom without implant a reduction in dose was seen when compared to the phantom with implant. The organ dose was highest in the lens except for the breast on the examination side regardless of the presence or absence of the implant. These results may contribute to use basic data for the diagnostic reference level of breast plastic surgery patients.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.290-296
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to derive the proposals and to suggest the exposure dose reduction scheme on pediatric head CT scan by analyzing and comparing CT dose index (CTDI) and the national diagnostic reference levels. From January 2014 to December, 231 children under 10years who were requested a pediatric head CT scan with head injury were examined. Research methods were to research and analyze the general characteristics kVp, mA test coverage $CTDI_{vol}$ and DLP referring to dose reports and electronic medical record (EMR). As a result, 7.4%(17 patients) of the total subjects in $CTDI_{vol}$ showed a national diagnostic reference levels exceeding. For DLP 41.6%(96 patients) in excess was relatively higher than $CTDI_{vol}$. DLP was exceeded more than about 60% that is higher than the CT dose index presented by Korea Food & Drug Administration. it is cause of high DLP that scan range increased more than about 30% wider than the standard test coverage presented in Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service. In conclusion, it is able to significantly lower the dose if it is complied with checking the baseline scan range of pediatric head CT scan and appropriately adjusting the protocol.

• Korean Journal of Digital Imaging in Medicine
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.15-20
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• 2009

Far reducing medical radiation exposure and managing patient doses, Entrance surface doses(ESDs) were measured at Diagnostic Radiology Department in ASAN medical center, also we determined and compared with the Diagnostic Reference Level(DRL) of some other countries. ESDs were measured far the most common types of X-ray procedures, such as chest PA, lumbar spine AP, lumbar spine lateral, Pelvis AP, Skull PA. ESDs were measured by Glass dosimeter and Unfors Xi meter. Those were applied collimation center of phantom's entrance skin surface. The results of ESDs were compared Glass dosimeter with Unfors Xi meter. Those were measured within 5% statistical difference. It seemed well agreement at two devices. In most cases ESDs measured far the different types of X ray procedures were found to be lower than the DRL of IAEA, but ESDs on chest PA, lumbar spine AP, lumbar spine lateral, Pelvis AP, Skull PA were proximity ar excesses at DRL of advanced country. Through this study, we need an investigation and improvement at present diagnostic radiology exam system. Also, radiologists make an effort to reduce patient dose and having a technical skill.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.15 no.7
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• pp.1041-1047
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• 2021

In this study, the effective dose for frequently general radiography among the diagnostic reference level (DRL) for examinations provided by the government in Korea was evaluated using the Monte Carlo N-Particle eXtended (MCNPX) simulation tool. We were selected to evaluate for a total of 5 examination sites which included head anterior-posterior, chest (posterior-anterior, lateral), abdomen anterior-posterior and pelvis anterior-posterior. Physical conditions such as tube voltage and tube current used in MCNPX simulation were used in domestic conditions of the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA). To evaluate domestic medical radiation exposure, we used the HDRK-Man computerized human phantom manufactured based on the international standard ICRP 103 that was applied to the MCNPX simulation. The phantom could represent the standard body shape of Koreans. As a results, the effective dose corresponding to the DRL based on adult males of head anterior-posterior position was 0.086 mSv, chest posterior-anterior position was 0.05 mSv, chest lateral was 0.354 mSv, abdomen anterior-posterior position was 0.548 mSv, and pelvis anterior-posterior position was 0.451 mSv.

• Korean Journal of Digital Imaging in Medicine
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2012

This round of tests in patients with UGI and Esophagography data collected by national and international reference levels based on the original set of guidelines and fluoroscopy, through the provision of medical radiation exposure reduction and further optimization of Defense to realize that is intended. 359 names in our hospital underwent Esophagography 302 patients who underwent UGI average fluoroscopy time and number of images to calculate the average 21 cm Acryl phantom dose for 10 seconds and 20 seconds, average area dose and the area dose of 1 spot image, 5 spot consecutive images by measuring the patient dose and third quartile of the mean area dose was set seonryangin reference dose. Esophagography average patient dose was set to 30.05 $Gy{\cdot}cm^2$, DRL was set at a 25.37 $Gy{\cdot}cm^2$. Average dose of UGI patients were selected as 45.33 $Gy{\cdot}cm^2$, DRL was set at a 34 $Gy{\cdot}cm^2$. UGI patients with established average dose recommended in the 2008 national recommendation from the UGI examination with a dose of less than 49.7 $Gy{\cdot}cm^2$ seonryangin is evaluated. This Note examines the dose of self-aware through education recognizes the importance of dose reduction and examine if their efforts and further reduce patient dose could achieve optimization of the medical exposure is considered.