• Korean Circulation Journal
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• 제53권12호
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• pp.829-839
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• 2023

Background and Objectives: There is limited data on the impact of type 2 myocardial infarction (T2MI) during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Methods: The National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database from January 2019 to December 2020 was queried to identify T2MI hospitalizations based on the appropriate International Classification of Disease, Tenth Revision-Clinical Modification codes. Monthly trends of COVID-19 and T2MI hospitalizations were evaluated using Joinpoint regression analysis. In addition, the multivariate logistic and linear regression analysis was used to compare inhospital mortality, coronary angiography use, and resource utilization between 2019 and 2020. Results: A total of 743,535 patients hospitalized with a diagnosis of T2MI were identified in the years 2019 (n=331,180) and 2020 (n=412,355). There was an increasing trend in T2MI hospitalizations throughout the study period corresponding to the increase in COVID-19 hospitalizations in 2020. The adjusted odds of in-hospital mortality associated with T2MI hospitalizations were significantly higher in 2020 compared with 2019 (11.1% vs. 8.1%: adjusted odds ratio, 1.19 [1.13-1.26]; p<0.01). In addition, T2MI hospitalizations were associated with lower odds of coronary angiography and higher total hospitalization charges, with no difference in the length of stay in 2020 compared with 2019. Conclusions: We found a significant increase in T2MI hospitalizations with higher in-hospital mortality, total hospitalization costs, and lower coronary angiography use during the early COVID-19 pandemic corresponding to the trends in the rise of COVID-19 hospitalizations. Further research into the factors associated with increased mortality can increase our preparedness for future pandemics.

• 마이크로전자및패키징학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.28-35
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• 2024

전자패키지 내부의 부식이 시스템 성능 및 신뢰성에 큰 영향을 미치고 있어, 시스템 건전성 관리를 위해 부식에 대한 비파괴적 진단 기법의 필요성이 커지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 복소 임피던스의 크기와 위상을 통합적으로 시각화하는 도구인 스미스 차트를 활용하여, 구리 인터커넥트의 부식을 비파괴적으로 평가하는 방법을 제시하고자 한다. 실험을 위해 구리 전송선을 모사한 시편을 제작하고, MIL-STD-810G 기준 온습도 사이클에 노출시켜 시편에 부식을 인가하였다. R 채널 기반 색변화로 시편의 부식도를 정량적으로 평가하고 레이블링 하였다. 부식의 성장에 따라 시편의 S-파라미터와 스미스 차트를 측정한 결과, 5 단계의 부식도에 따라 유의미한 패턴의 변화가 관찰되어, 스미스 차트가 부식도 평가에 효과적인 도구임을 확인하였다. 더 나아가 데이터 증강을 통해 다양한 부식도를 갖는 4,444개의 스미스 차트를 확보하여, 스미스 차트를 입력 받아 구리 인터커넥트의 부식 단계를 출력하는 인공지능 모델을 학습시켰다. 이미지 분류에 특화된 CNN 및 Transfomrer 모델을 적용한 결과, ConvNeXt 모델이 정확도 89.4%로 가장 높은 부식 진단 성능을 보였다. 스미스 차트를 이용하여 전자패키지 내부 부식을 진단할 경우, 전자신호를 이용하는 비파괴적 평가를 수행할 수 있다. 또한. 신호 크기와 위상 정보를 통합적으로 시각화 하여 직관적이며 노이즈에 강건한 진단이 가능할 것으로 기대한다.

• 간호행정학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.135-146
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to develope, based on the Nursing Intervention Classification (NIC) system. a set of standardized nursing interventions which had been validated. and their associated activities. for use with nursing diagnoses related to home health care for women who have had a caesarian delivery and for their newborn babies. This descriptive study for instrument development had three phases: first. selection of nursing diagnoses. second, validation of the preliminary home health care interventions. and third, application of the home care interventions. In the first phases, diagnoses from 30 nursing records of clients of the home health care agency at P. medical center who were seen between April 21 and July 30. 1998. and from 5 textbooks were examined. Ten nursing diagnoses were selected through a comparison with the NANDA (North American Nursing Diagnosis Association) classification In the second phase. using the selected diagnoses. the nursing interventions were defined from the diagnoses-intervention linkage lists along with associated activities for each intervention list in NIC. To develope the preliminary interventions five-rounds of expertise tests were done. During the first four rounds. 5 experts in clinical nursing participated. and for the final content validity test of the preliminary interventions. 13 experts participated using the Fehring's Delphi technique. The expert group evaluated and defined the set of preliminary nursing interventions. In the third phases, clinical tests were held at in a home health care setting with two home health care nurses using the preliminary intervention list as a questionnaire. Thirty clients referred to the home health care agency at P. medical center between October 1998 and March 1999 were the subjects for this phase. Each of the activities were tested using dichotomous question method. The results of the study are as follows: 1. For the ten nursing diagnoses. 63 appropriate interventions were selected from 369 diagnoses interventions links in NlC., and from 1.465 associated nursing activities. From the 63 interventions. the nurses expert group developed 18 interventions and 258 activities as the preliminary intervention list through a five-round validity test 2. For the fifth content validity test using Fehring's model for determining lCV (Intervention Content Validity), a five point Likert scale was used with values converted to weights as follows: 1=0.0. 2=0.25. 3=0.50. 4=0.75. 5=1.0. Activities of less than O.50 were to be deleted. The range of ICV scores for the nursing diagnoses was 0.95-0.66. for the nursing interventions. 0.98-0.77 and for the nursing activities, 0.95-0.85. By Fehring's method. all of these were included in the preliminary intervention list. 3. Using a questionnaire format for the preliminary intervention list. clinical application tests were done. To define nursing diagnoses. home health care nurses applied each nursing diagnoses to every client. and it was found that 13 were most frequently used of 400 times diagnoses were used. Therefore. 13 nursing diagnoses were defined as validated nursing diagnoses. Ten were the same as from the nursing records and textbooks and three were new from the clinical application. The final list included 'Anxiety', 'Aspiration. risk for'. 'Infant behavior, potential for enhanced, organized'. 'Infant feeding pattern. ineffective'. 'Infection'. 'Knowledge deficit'. 'Nutrition, less than body requirements. altered', 'Pain'. 'Parenting'. 'Skin integrity. risk for. impared' and 'Risk for activity intolerance'. 'Self-esteem disturbance', 'Sleep pattern disturbance' 4. In all. there were 19 interventions. 18 preliminary nursing interventions and one more intervention added from the clinical setting. 'Body image enhancement'. For 265 associated nursing activities. clinical application tests were also done. The intervention rate of 19 interventions was from 81.6% to 100%, so all 19 interventions were in c1uded in the validated intervention set. From the 265 nursing activities. 261(98.5%) were accepted and four activities were deleted. those with an implimentation rate of less than 50%. 5. In conclusion. 13 diagnoses. 19 interventions and 261 activities were validated for the final validated nursing intervention set.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.397-403
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• 2003

폐의 다형성 암종은 일반적으로 드문 폐암종의 아형으로 알려져 있다. 1999년 WHO 폐암분류의 기준을 적용하여 계명대학교 동산의료원에서 진단된 42예의 다형성 암종에 대한 임상적 특징에 대해 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 1992년 1월부터 2001년 12월까지 본원에서 폐암으로 폐 절제술을 시행한 256예 중, 광학현미경적 재검색과 면역조직화학염색을 실시하여 다형성 암종으로 진단한 42예를 대상으로, 연구를 시행하였다. 결과: 42예 중 남자는 31예, 여자는 11예였고, 나이는 26세부터 77세까지였다. 임상증상은 기침, 객혈, 객담이 주로 나타났으며, 진단 시 병기는 Ia 3예, (7%), Ib 16예(38%), IIa 1예 (2%), IIb 8예(19%), IIIa 15예(35%), IIIb 1예(2%)였고, 이 중 림프절 전이가 없는 N0 경우는 23예(54%), 림프절 전이가 있는 N1과 N2인 경우는 19예(46%)로 나타났다. 원격전이가 발생한 환자는 총 19예로 뇌 5예(26%),뼈 4예(21%),근육 4예(21%), 림프절 2예(10%), 간, 난소, 편측 폐, 부신이 각 1예씩 발생하였다. 종양의 크기는 1 cm부터 11 cm까지 분포하였고 평균 5.85 cm이었다. 42예의 환자에서 조사 기간 중 생존자는 11예(26%), 사망자는 31예(74%)이었다. Kaplan-Meier method에 의한 이들의 전체 2년, 5년 생존율은 각각 26%와 13%로 조사대상 256예에서 다형성암종을 제외한 증례의 2년생존율 44%와 5년 생존율 34%에 비해서 유의하게 낮은 것으로 조사되었다(p<0.002). 나이와 종양의 크기, 병기 I과 병기 II 이상, N0 N1 이상의 생존율 비교에서는 유의한 차이는 없었다. 술 후 원격전이가 발생한 증례는 모두 사망하였고 이들은 원격전이가 없는 증례에 비하여 생존율이 유의하게 낮게 나타났다(p<0.002). 걸론: 1999년 WHO 폐암분류에 따른 새로운 진단 기준을 적용할 경우 다형성 암종은 이전의 WHO 폐암분류에서보다 높은 발생률을 보이며, 술 후 이들의 생존율은 다른 비소세포암종의 유형보다 유의하게 낮은 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.58-71
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• 2015

Objectives: The aims of this study were to investigate the classification system of chemical substances in the Occupational Safety and Health Act(OSHA) and Chemical Substances Control Act(CSCA) and to compare several health indices (i.e., Time Weighted Average (TWA), Lethal Dose ($LD_{50}$), and Lethal Concentration ($LC_{50}$) of chemical substances by categories in each law. Methods: The chemicals regulated by each law were classified by the specific categories provided in the respective law; seven categories for OSHA (chemicals with OELs, chemicals prohibited from manufacturing, etc., chemicals requiring approval, chemicals kept below permissible limits, chemicals requiring workplace monitoring, chemicals requiring special management, and chemicals requiring special heath diagnosis) and five categories from the CSCA(poisonous substances, permitted substances, restricted substances, prohibited substances, and substances requiring preparation for accidents). Information on physicochemical properties, health indices including CMR characteristics, $LD_{50}$ and $LD_{50}$ were searched from the homepages of the Korean Occupational and Safety Agency and the National Institute of Environmental Research, etc. Statistical analysis was conducted for comparison between TWA and health index for each category. Results: The number of chemicals based on CAS numbers was different from the numbers of series of chemicals listed in each law because of repeat listings due to different names (e.g., glycol monoethylether vs. 2-ethoxy ethanol) and grouping of different chemicals under the same serial number(i.e., five different benzidine-related chemicals were categorized under one serial number(06-4-13) as prohibited substances under the CSCA). A total of 722 chemicals and 995 chemicals were listed at the OSHA and its sub-regulations and CSCA and its sub-regulations, respectively. Among these, 36.8% based on OSHA chemicals and 26.7% based on CSCA chemicals were regulated simultaneously through both laws. The correlation coefficients between TWA and $LC_{50}$ and between TWA and $LD_{50}$, were 0.641 and 0.506, respectively. The geometric mean values of TWA calculated by each category in both laws have no tendency according to category. The patterns of cumulative graph for TWA, $LD_{50}$, $LC_{50}$ were similar to the chemicals regulated by OHSA and CCSA, but their median values were lower for CCSA regulated chemicals than OSHA regulated chemicals. The GM of carcinogenic chemicals under the OSHA was significantly lower than non-CMR chemicals($2.21mg/m^3$ vs $5.69mg/m^3$, p=0.006), while there was no significant difference in CSCA chemicals($0.85mg/m^3$ vs $1.04mg/m^3$, p=0.448). $LC_{50}$ showed no significant difference between carcinogens, mutagens, reproductive toxic chemicals and non-CMR chemicals in both laws' regulated chemicals, while there was a difference between carcinogens and non-CMR chemicals in $LD_{50}$ of the CSCA. Conclusions: This study found that there was no specific tendency or significant difference in health indicessuch TWA, $LD_{50}$ and $LC_{50}$ in subcategories of chemicals as classified by the Ministry of Labor and Employment and the Ministry of Environment. Considering the background and the purpose of each law, collaboration for harmonization in chemical categorizing and regulation is necessary.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.123-127
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• 1978

The major objective of this research is to identify those hospital characteristics that best explain cost variation among hospitals and to formulate linear models that can predict hospital costs. Specific emphasis is placed on hospital output, that is, the identification of diagnosis related patient groups (DRGs) which are medically meaningful and demonstrate similar patterns of hospital resource consumption. A casemix index is developed based on the DRGs identified. Considering the common problems encountered in previous hospital cost research, the following study requirements are estab-lished for fulfilling the objectives of this research: 1. Selection of hospitals that exercise similar medical and fiscal practices. 2. Identification of an appropriate data collection mechanism in which demographic and medical characteristics of individual patients as well as accurate and comparable cost information can be derived. 3. Development of a patient classification system in which all the patients treated in hospitals are able to be split into mutually exclusive categories with consistent and stable patterns of resource consumption. 4. Development of a cost finding mechanism through which patient groups' costs can be made comparable across hospitals. A data set of Medicare patients prepared by the Social Security Administration was selected for the study analysis. The data set contained 27,229 record abstracts of Medicare patients discharged from all but one short-term general hospital in Connecticut during the period from January 1, 1971, to December 31, 1972. Each record abstract contained demographic and diagnostic information, as well as charges for specific medical services received. The 'AUT-OGRP System' was used to generate 198 DRGs in which the entire range of Medicare patients were split into mutually exclusive categories, each of which shows a consistent and stable pattern of resource consumption. The 'Departmental Method' was used to generate cost information for the groups of Medicare patients that would be comparable across hospitals. To fulfill the study objectives, an extensive analysis was conducted in the following areas: 1. Analysis of DRGs: in which the level of resource use of each DRG was determined, the length of stay or death rate of each DRG in relation to resource use was characterized, and underlying patterns of the relationships among DRG costs were explained. 2. Exploration of resource use profiles of hospitals; in which the magnitude of differences in the resource uses or death rates incurred in the treatment of Medicare patients among the study hospitals was explored. 3. Casemix analysis; in which four types of casemix-related indices were generated, and the significance of these indices in the explanation of hospital costs was examined. 4. Formulation of linear models to predict hospital costs of Medicare patients; in which nine independent variables (i. e., casemix index, hospital size, complexity of service, teaching activity, location, casemix-adjusted death. rate index, occupancy rate, and casemix-adjusted length of stay index) were used for determining factors in hospital costs. Results from the study analysis indicated that: 1. The system of 198 DRGs for Medicare patient classification was demonstrated not only as a strong tool for determining the pattern of hospital resource utilization of Medicare patients, but also for categorizing patients by their severity of illness. 2. The wei틴fed mean total case cost (TOTC) of the study hospitals for Medicare patients during the study years was $11,27.02 with a standard deviation of $117.20. The hospital with the highest average TOTC ($1538.15) was 2.08 times more expensive than the hospital with the lowest average TOTC ($743.45). The weighted mean per diem total cost (DTOC) of the study hospitals for Medicare patients during the sutdy years was $107.98 with a standard deviation of $15.18. The hospital with the highest average DTOC ($147.23) was 1.87 times more expensive than the hospital with the lowest average DTOC ($78.49). 3. The linear models for each of the six types of hospital costs were formulated using the casemix index and the eight other hospital variables as the determinants. These models explained variance to the extent of 68.7 percent of total case cost (TOTC), 63.5 percent of room and board cost (RMC), 66.2 percent of total ancillary service cost (TANC), 66.3 percent of per diem total cost (DTOC), 56.9 percent of per diem room and board cost (DRMC), and 65.5 percent of per diem ancillary service cost (DTANC). The casemix index alone explained approximately one half of interhospital cost variation: 59.1 percent for TOTC and 44.3 percent for DTOC. Thsee results demonstrate that the casemix index is the most importand determinant of interhospital cost variation Future research and policy implications in regard to the results of this study is envisioned in the following three areas: 1. Utilization of casemix related indices in the Medicare data systems. 2. Refinement of data for hospital cost evaluation. 3. Development of a system for reimbursement and cost control in hospitals.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.505-517
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• 2005

The Purposes of this study were to find complementary connectible new factors that analyzed correlation relate of Sasang Constitution and GCM Body Type in Static Posture and Dynamic Hyper/Hypo-mobility Pattern. Method of this study was asymtomatic volunteers 232(unmarried man and women), conducted from September 1 to December 31. In this main study progressing step diagnosised first, Constitution of Sasang medicine after being classified into four groups of Soyangin, Taeumin, Soeumin, Taeyangin diagnosis of GCM Body Type and progressed that related Static Posture and Dynamic Hyper/Hypo mobility Pattern. The results are as follows. Distribution of Sasang Medicine Constitution proved to be Taeyangin 13, Soyangin 66, Taeumin 67, Soeumin 86 respectively. Distribution of GCM Body Type proved I Body Type 72(31.0%), II Body Type 54(23.3%), III Body Type 89(38.4%), IV Body Type 17(7.3%). The distribution of Sasang Constitution according to GCM Body Type was that; I Body Type was distributed in the order Soeumin 34.7%(25), Taeumin 31.9%(23), Soyangin 30.6%(22), Soeumin 34.7%(25) is the most people. II Body Type was distribution of in the order Soeumin 42.6%(23), Soyangin 5.9%(14), Taeumin 24.1%(13), Soeumin 42.6%(23) is the most people. III Body Type was distribution of in the order Soeumin 37.1%(33), Taeumin 30.3%(27), Soyangin 28.1%(25), Soeumin 37.1% is the most people. IV Body Type proved high distribution each of Soeumin 29.4%(5) and Soyangin 29.4%(5). In case of main left side posture character of spine and limbs about I Body Type 72 persons with left scapular and ilium forward tilted pattern proved in the order high distribution iliac crest thigh and scapular high 70(97.2%), gluteal fold high and scapular abduction 69(95.8%), lumbar scoliosis 65(90.3%). Also, in case of right side posture character proved in the order high distribution deep gluteal fold 69(95.8%), umbilical deviation 68(94.4%). Incase of main left side posture character of spine and limbs about n Body Type 54 persons proved in the: order high distribution knee hyperextension 50(92.6%), shoulder deviation 49(90.7%) etc. Also, in case of right side posture character proved in the order high distribution pelvic deviation 53(98.1%), iliac crest thigh 52(96.3%), hip flexion and ankle inversion 51(94.4%) etc. In case of main left side posture character of spine and limbs about III Body Type 89 persons proved in the order high distribution shoulder deviation 87(97.8%), scapular abduction 86(96.6%), scapular high 85(95.5%) etc. And in case of right side posture character proved in the order high distribution pelvic deviation and iliac crest thigh 86(96.6%) etc. In case of main left side posture character of spine and limbs about IV Body Type 17 persons proved in the order high distribution pelvic deviation, lumbar sciliosis and lumbar lordosis increase 15(88.2%) etc. Also, in case of right side posture character proved in the order high distribution wrist dorsiflexion 16(94.1%), thickened achilles tendon etc.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.143-151
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• 2009

목적: 위암은 한국에서 제일 흔한 암으로 저자들은 단일 술자에 의해 위절제술을 시행받은 환자들을 대상으로 임상병리학적 특성 및 5년 생존율과 이에 따른 예후인자를 알아보고자 한다. 대상 및 방법: 1998년 9월부터 2003년 8월까지 만 5년간 위암으로 진단되어 인제대학교 서울백병원 한국위암센터에서 위절제술을 시행한 위암환자 1,435예의 환자를 대상으로 성별 및 연령, 종양의 위치 및 크기, 육안적 분류 및 조직학적 분류, 위벽 침윤도, 림프절 전이, 혈관, 신경초, 림프관 침윤 및 수술 방법 등의 인자들을 후향적으로 조사하였다. 결과: 남녀 비는 2.29 : 1이었고 평균 연령은 56.7세였으며 UICC TNM Stage IA 35.4%, Stage IB 14.1%, Stage II 12.6%, Stage IIIA 12.3%, Stage IIIB 8.3%, Stage IV 17.3%였고 전체 5년 생존율은 69.6%였다. 단변량 분석 결과 연령, 종양의 위치, 종양의 크기, Borrmann type, 분화도, Lauren 분류, 위벽 침윤도, 림프절 전이, UICC TNM 변기, 신경초 침윤, 혈관 침윤, 림프관 침윤, 수술방법에 따라 생존율에 유의한 차이가 있었다. 다변량 분석결과 위벽 침윤도, 림프절 전이만0| 독립적인 예후인자였다. 결론: 다양한 임상병리학적 특성들이 위암환자의 예후에 영향을 주지만 이들 인자들 중 결국 위벽 침윤도와 림프절 전이, 즉 병기가 예후에 가장 중요함을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 위암환자 생존을 향상을 위해서 조기 검진을 통한 위암의 조기 발견과 예후 영향인자에 대한 다각적인 치료 방법이 연구, 개발되어야 하겠다.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.103-111
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• 1985

저자들은 1983년 5월부터 1985년 11월까지 만 30개월간 본원 소아과를 통해 진료받은 100명의 소아간질환아를 대상으로 관찰한 결과 다음과 같은 성적을 얻었다. 1. 남녀별 발생빈도는 1.2:1로 남아에서 약간 많았다. 2. 경련발생 연령은 6개월 미만이 13예(12.6%), 6개월~3세군이 34예(33.0%), 3~5세군이 16예(15.5%), 5~10세군이 24예(23.3%), 10~15세군이 16예 (15.5%)였다. 3. 간질경련 양상은 generalized tonic-clonic, tonic, clonic seizure가 49.5%, 간대성 근경련이 5.8%, 비전형 소발작이 5.8%, 이완성발작이 1%였고, simple P.S.가 7.8%, complex P.S.가 3.9%, simple P.S. $\overline{c}$ 2nd G.이 17.5%, complex P.S. $\overline{c}$ 2nd G.이 2.9%, 미분류가 5.8%였다. 4. 간질의 원인으로 추정이 가능했던 경우가 17예(16.5%)였는데 주산기 저산소증(4.9%), 뇌막염(3.9%), 미숙아분만(1.9%) 등이 많은 원인이었다. 5. 간질과 동반된 질환은 30예(29%)에서 보였는데 지능장애, 과다행동증, 운동발달지연, 뇌성마비 등이 많았다. 6. 42예에서 행한 뇌 전산화단층촬영에서 14예의 이상소견을 보였는데 뇌 위축이 6예, 뇌경색이 3예, 수두증 및 뇌부종소견이 각각 2 예씩 나타났다.

• 사상체질의학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.1-14
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• 1998

1. 연구목적 사상의학(四象醫學) 임상은 무엇보다 정확한 체질진단(體質診斷)과 적합한 용약(用藥)이 필요하다. 동무(東武)는 "동의기세보원(東醫器世保元)"을 통해 체질진단(體質診斷)의 단서(端緖)로 체형기상(體形氣像), 용모동기(容貌洞氣), 성질재간(性質材幹) 등을 제시하고 있으나 무엇보다 병증(病症)을 관찰하여 용약(用藥)할 것을 강조하였다. 이 글에서는 체질병증(體質病證)의 특징(特徵)을 개괄적으로 살피고, 사상인(四象人) 고유의 처방(處方)이 나오게 되는 배경과 처방(處方)의 임상예(臨床例)를 사상의학(四象醫學)의 임상(臨床) 활용(活用)의 정확성을 기하는 것이 연구의 목적이다. 2. 연구 방법 "동의세기보원(東醫器世保元)"의 "사상인병증론(四象人病證論)"과 "동의사상신편(東醫四象新編)"의 사상처방(四象處方) 운용(運用)의 임상예(臨床例)를 중심으로 체질(體質) 병증(病症)의 특징을 파악하고 처방의 사용 정신을 살펴 보고자 하였다. 3. 연구 결과 사상인(四象人) 각 병증약리(病症藥理)를 살펴 보아 아래와 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 사상의학(四象醫學)의 병증(病證)은 심신(心身)을 중시한 형상의학(形象醫學)에서 나왔고 온열양한(溫熱凉寒)의 사상적(四象的) 요약(要約) 정신(精神)으로 설명되고 있다. 2. 소음인(少陰人)과 소양인(少陽人) 병증(病症)은 수곡지기(水穀之氣)의 한열병증(寒熱病證)으로 치료(治療) 정신(精神)은 상하승강(上下升降)의 조절(調節) 정신(精神)에서 찾을 수 있고, 태양인(太陽人) 병증(病證)은 기액지기(氣液之氣)의 온량병증(溫凉病證)으로 치료(治療) 정신(精神)은 내외완속(內外緩束)의 조절(調節) 정신(精神)에서 찾을 수 있다. 3. 사상인(四象人)의 병증(病證)을 개괄하면, 태양인(太陽人病證)은 하허상실병증(下虛上實病證)이며 혈액구모병증(血液俱耗病證)이고, 소음인병증(少陰人病證)은 하함병증(下陷病證)이며 위한병증(胃寒病證)이고, 태음인병증(太陰人病證)은 조열병증(燥熱病證)이며 이열병증(裏熱病證)이고, 소양인병증(少陽人病證)은 화열병증(火熱病證)이며 이열병증(裏熱病泣)이다. 4. 사상의학(四象醫學) 체질병증(體質病證)의 특징은 성정(性情)과 한열(寒熱)의 표리병증(表裏病證) 구분(區分) 정신(精神), 보명지주(保命之主)를 통한 표리병증(表裏病證)의 포괄(包括) 정신(精神), 수곡지기(水穀之氣)와 기액지기(氣液之氣) 병증(病證)의 구분(區分) 정신(精神)으로 설명하고 있다. 5. 병증(病證)의 운영정신(運營精神)은 경중완급(輕重緩急) 및 순역(順逆)의 구분(區分) 정신(精神), 체질속성(體質屬性)에 따른 약물(藥物) 조절(調節) 정신(精神), 동출일속(同出一屬)의 포괄적 치료(治療) 정신(精神)으로 요약할 수 있다.