• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.17-23
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• 2002

의이인과 염주는 동속 근연종으로 외부형태가 유사하고 종피를 깎아 유통하기 때문에 육안으로 식별하기에는 한계가 있다. 특히, 염주는 일부 수입품에서 의이인과 비슷한 크기로 염주 종피를 깎아 유통시키고 있어 진 위 판별에 논란이 되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 의이인의 유통품을 외부 형태적 특징으로만 식별하기 어려운 문제를 해결하고자 내부형태 특성조사와 정색반응, RAPD등을 이용하여 감별을 위한 기초자료로 이용하고자 한다. 1. 의이인의 과피는 석세포로 구성된 층과 대보강세포와 섬유상 보강세포로 이루어진 2층 구조로 구분되는 반면, 염주의 과피는 외과피와 내과피는 석세포로 이루어져 있고 중앙의 중과피는 대보강세포와 섬유상 보강세포로 구성되어 뚜렷한 3층의 구조로 이루어진다. 2. TLC를 이용한 확인시험에서 Hexane : EtoAc = 10 : 1의 조건으로 전개하였을때 중국산 염주에서는 Rf가 0.2에서만 밴드가 형성되었다. 3. 중국의 "상용중약감정대전(常用中藥鑑定大典)"에서 제시된 요오드반응법에 의한 의이인과 염주의 정색반응은 구별이 어려웠다. 4. RAPD 분석에서 8개 primer에서 품종간 다형성 밴드가 관찰되었고, UBC primer 355와 362에서 중국 염주와 의성 염주의 특이 밴드(500bp, 1300bp)가 관찰되었다.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.345-360
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• 1996

Background and Purpose: To evaluate the blood flow velocity using doppler ultrasound of the carotid artery, vertebral artery, and basilar artery in stroke patients Material and Methods: To evaluate the blood flow, I measured the peak systolic velocity and mean velocity of the common carotid artery(CCA), internal carotid artery(ICA), external carotid artery (ECA). vertebral artery(VA), and basilar artery(BA) in 44 stroke patients and 15 healthy adults. To investigate the difference between ischemic stroke patients and normal healthy adults, I selected 44 ischemic stroke patients diagnosed by brain CT and brain MRI, and 15 healthy adults who did not have any symptoms of stroke, hypertension, heart disease, and diabetes melitus. Results: Peak velocity in normal adults was 50.6${\pm}$1.6cm/sec in the CCA, 67.2${\pm}$1.7cm/sec in the ICA, 62.5${\pm}$2.4cm/see in the ECA, 45.5${\pm}$1.9cm/sec VA. and 50.5${\pm}$3.5cm/sec in the BA. Mean velocity in normal adults was 26.9${\pm}$1.1cm/sec in the CCA, 43.7${\pm}$1.4cm/sec in the ICA, 26.7${\pm}$1.3cm/sec in the ECA. 31.6${\pm}$1.9cm/sec in the VA and 33.0${\pm}$2.6cm/sec in the BA. In this study, there was a significant increase in the velocity of ICA, ECA, and VA of ischemic stroke patients in comparison with normal healthy adults. And the blood flow velocity of this study in the CCA and ECA was different from other reported foreign values and the other known values in my country. Conclusion: There was a significant difference in the blood flow velocity between ischemic stroke patients and normal healthy adults. And the blood flow velocity of this study was different from other reported foreign values and the other known values in my country. Therefore, it needs more detailed studies about old aged Korean and ischemic stroke patients than previous studies.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.51-63
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• 2009

Objectives: Peroxynitrite ($ONOO^-$), superoxide anion radical (${\cdot}{O_2}^-$ and nitric oxide (NO) are cytotoxic because they can oxidize several cellular components such as proteins, lipids and DNA. They have been implicated in the aging processes, and age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, diabetes, obesity and atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the $ONOO^-$, NO, ${\cdot}{O_2}^-$ scavenging and NF-${\kappa}B$ related anti-inflammatory activities of Sotosaja-hwan in ob/ob mice. Methods: Mice were grouped and treated for 5 weeks as follows. Both the normal lean (C57/BL6J black mice) and control obese (ob/ob mice) groups have received standard chow. The experimental groups were fed with a diet of chow supplemented with 30 and 90 mg Sotosaja-hwan per 1 kg of body weight for 14 days. For this study, the fluorescent probes, namely 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA), 4,5-diaminofluorescein (DAF-2) and dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR 123) were used. Western blotting was performed using anti-phospho-$I{\kappa}B$-${\alpha}$, anti-IKK-${\alpha}$, anti-NF-${\kappa}B$ (p50, p65), anti-COX-2, anti-iNOS, anti-YCAM-1 and anti-MMP-9 antibodies, respectively. Results: Sotosaja-hwan inhibited the generation of $ONOO^-$, NO and ${\cdot}{O_2}^-$ in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated mouse kidney postmitochondrial fraction in vitro. The generation of $ONOO^-$, NO, ${\cdot}{O_2}^-$ and PGE2 were inhibited in the Sotosaja-hwan-administered ob/ob mice groups. The GSH/GSSG ratio was decreased in the ob/ob mice, whereas the ratio was improved in the Sotosaja-hwan-administered groups. Sotosaja-hwan inhibited the protein expression levels of phospho-$I{\kappa}B$-${\alpha}$, IKK-${\alpha}$, NF-${\kappa}B$ (p50, p65), COX-2, iNOS, YCAM-1 and MMP-9 genes. Conclusions: These results suggest that Sotosaja-hwan is an effective $ONOO^-$, ${\cdot}{O_2}^-$ and NO scavenger and has NF-kB related anti-inflammatory activity in ob/ob mice. Therefore, Sotosaja-hwan might be a potential therapeutic drug against the inflammation process and inflammation-related diseases.

• 한국안광학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.449-455
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• 2012

목적: 한국인을 대상으로 장년층과 노년층에서 남녀 각각 백내장 발병의 관련 요인을 알아보고자 하였다. 방법: 국민건강영양조사 자료를 이용하여 40-95세까지 총 5,024명 (남자 2,163명, 여자 2,861명)을 대상으로 하였고, 남녀각각 연령에 따라 두 그룹으로 분류하였다(그룹 1: 40-64세, 그룹 2: 65-94세). 백내장은 적어도 한 눈에 수정체의 혼탁이 발견된 경우로 정의하였다. 남녀 각각 두 연령 그룹에서 당뇨, 고혈압, 고중성지방혈증, 실외 활동, 흡연과 음주 습관을 보정한 후에 비만과 사회경제적 요인으로 가구 소득수준과 최종학력을 기준으로 교육수준이 백내장의 발병에 영향을 미치는지 비차비 값을 구하였다. 결과: 소득수준과 교육수준은 남녀 모든 연령 그룹에서 백내장 발병과 강한 관련이 있었다. 모든 다른 요인들을 보정한 후에 최종 다중분석 모델에서 남자의 경우는 저 소득(그룹 1:OR, 1.84[1.17-2.91], 그룹 2: 3.47[2.53-4.74]), 저 학력(그룹 1: OR, 3.00[1.90-4.74], 그룹 2: 7.44[5.41-10.23])과 실외 활동시간(그룹 2: OR, 1.26[1.06-1.49]이 백내장의 발병 위험을 높였다. 여자의 경우에는 저 소득(그룹 1: OR,1.72[1.14-2.60], 그룹 2: 2.32[1.70-3.16]), 저 학력(그룹 1: OR, 4.48[2.72-7.38], 그룹 2: 29.99[20.31-44.28])과 비만(그룹 1: OR, 1.40[1.10-1.82], 그룹 2: 1.27[1.04-1.54])이 유의한 위험 요인이었다. 결론: 한국 성인 남녀에서 낮은 사회경제적 상태는 백내장의 위험 요인이었고, 특히 여성의 경우는 비만도 백내장과 관련이 있었다.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제14권1_2호
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• pp.47-54
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• 1978

Recently, a major resection of the pancreas has been carried out not only to treat carcinoma of pancreas but also chronic pancreatitis. But limited and often contradictory reports have been made on the exocrine effects after partial surgical pancreatectomy in mammals. It was suggested that the growth of the residual tissue in pancreatectomized rat is very active, because pancreas has the great power of regeneration after partial pancreatectomy, while others observed that rat pancreas after partial surgical resection revealed a perplexing mixture of atrophy and regeneration of acinar tissue. On the other hand, another results showed that the amount of insulin required to control diabetes after partial resection of pancreas is much greater than that needed after total pancreatectomy. Because the anti-insulin system, such as glucagon secretion and hypophyseoadrenal function, is probably depressed after total pancreatectomy. Furthermore, minimal resection line which will not influence the normal function of pancreas is not agreeable, such 75%, 80% or 95% resection of the total pancreas in rat. So far, studies on the exocrine function other than endocrine function after partial pancreatectomy have been limited. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to examine the changes of exocrine as well as endocrine function of pancreas at the different time interval after 60% or 80% pancreatectomy in rats. The results summerized as follow: 1) In both 60% and 80% resected groups, a slight decrease of the total body weight was observed at a day after partial pancreatectomy in rats, but the body weight was continued to increase for following 100 days. 2) The weight of residual pancreas was continuously increased during experiment in both 60% and 80% resected groups. But the content of tissue protein in residual pancreas was significantly decreased comparing with those of resected pancreas. 3) The flow rate of pancreatico-biliary juice was significantly decreased immediately after pancreatectomy in both resected groups. But it was recovered to control level after a day in 60% resected group, after 30 days in 80% resected group. 4) The output of amylase and lipase in resected groups were significantly decreased right after pancreatectomy comparing with control group. In the 60% resected group, the output of amylase was recovered during the following 100 days after pancreatectomy, while lipase output in 3 days. However, in the 80% resected group, the output of amylase and lipase were not recovered during 100 days after pancreatectomy. 5) In order to examine the endocrine function, blood sugar level were examined at all experimental periods after partial pancreatectomy. There was no difference between control and 60% resected group in the sugar level. But in the 80% resected group the level was significantly incresed immediately after pancreatectomy, and reached the highest level at 3 days. Then it was decreased to control level during the next 10 days after pancreatectomy. The above results showed that in 60% resected group little changes were observed on pancreatic function, but severe functional impairments were observed in 80% resected group. This results suggested that the endocrine function was recovered within a short period, although the exocrine function was not recovered for a long time after 80% pancreatectomy in rats.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.333-339
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• 2014

Exendin-4 (Ex-4), a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist, has been known to reverse hepatic steatosis in ob/ob mice. Although many studies have evaluated molecular targets of Ex-4, its mechanism of action on hepatic steatosis and fibrosis has not fully been determined. In the liver, glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) is mainly expressed in hepatocytes, endothelial cells and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). In the present study, the effects of Ex-4 on GLUT4 expression were determined in the liver of ob/ob mice. Ob/ob mice were treated with Ex-4 for 10 weeks. Serum metabolic parameters, hepatic triglyceride levels, and liver tissues were evaluated for hepatic steatosis. The weights of the whole body and liver in ob/ob mice were reduced by long-term Ex-4 treatment. Serum metabolic parameters, hepatic steatosis, and hepatic fibrosis in ob/ob mice were reduced by Ex-4. Particularly, Ex-4 improved hepatic steatosis by enhancing GLUT4 via GLP-1R activation in ob/ob mice. Ex-4 treatment also inhibited hepatic fibrosis by decreasing expression of connective tissue growth factor in HSCs of ob/ob mice. Our data suggest that GLP-1 agonists exert a protective effect on hepatic steatosis and fibrosis in obesity and type 2 diabetes.

• 한국의료질향상학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.210-228
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• 2002

Background: The purpose of this research was to examine the fall incidence rate and its related factors of fall in inpatients. Methods: The data were collected from the 138 fall incident reports in one tertiary hospital in Seoul from April 1st 1999 to September 30th 2001. The Fall Incident Report Form was originally developed based on that of Massachusetts General Hospital revised in 1995. And this was modified for this survey by the collaborating work of QI team including researcher and department of nursing service of this particular hospital. The contents of Fall Incident Form were general characteristics of patient. factors related to fall. types and places of fall. circumstances, nursing interventions. and outcome. Results: 1) The incidence rate of fall was 0.08% of total discharged patients and 0.081 per 1000 patient-day. This incidence rate is much lower than that of several hospitals in USA. This finding might result from the different incidence report system of each hospital. 2) The characteristics of fall-prone patient were found as follows. They were mostly over 60 years old, in alert mental status, ambulatory with some assistance, and dependent on ambulatory device. The types of diseases related high incidence rate were cerebrovascular disease(3.2), hypertension(1.6), cardiovascular disease(1.4), diabetes(1.3) and liver disease(0.6). 3) The majority of fall events usually occurred m bed. bedside(walking or standing) and bathroom in patient room. Usually they were up on their own when they fell. And there were more falls of elderly occurred during night time than day or evening. 4) 63.8% of fall events resulted in physical injuries such as fracture and usually the patients had diagnostic procedures and some treatment(ex. suture) which caused additional cost to the patients and their families. 5) The found risk factors of fall were drugs(antihypertensive drug, diuretics) and environmental factors like too high bed height, long distance of bedside table and lamp switch, and slippery tile of bathroom floor. Conclusion: Considering these results, every medical and nursing staff should be aware of the risk factors of patients in hospital, and should intervene more actively the preventive managements, specially for the elderly patients during night. Therefore, it is recommended that the development of Fall Prevention Programs based on these results.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.467-474
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• 2010

일반 청국장과 한약재를 첨가한 CKJ-DD, CKJ-RG, CKJDD+RG, CKJ-RED의 기호도 및 기능성을 측정하였다. 색도분석 결과, 5가지 청국장 모두 브라운 계열이었으며, a값 (redness), b값(yellowness)은 5가지 청국장에서 모두 유의적인 차이를 나타냈다. 유리아미노산 분석 결과, 구수한 맛을 나타내는 Aspartic acid, Glutamic acid의 함량이 CKJ보다 한약재를 첨가한 청국장(CKJ-DD, CKJ-RG, CKJ-DD+RG, CKJ-RED)이 더 많은 함량을 나타났으며, 단맛을 나타내는 alanine, glycine, lysine 또한 CKJ에 비해 한약재를 첨가한 청국장(CKJ-DD, CKJ-RG, CKJ-DD+RG, CKJ-RED)이 3~4.5배 더 많은 함량을 나타냈다. 반면, 한약재의 고유한 향에 의해서 쓴맛을 나타내는 leucine은 CKJ에 비해 CKJ-DD, CKJ-RED이 2배의 함량을 더 나타냈다. 한편 혈당강하 조절기전과 관련된 항당뇨 활성 결과에서는 농도 의존적으로 혈당상승억제효과가 증가하는 경향을 나타내지만, CKJ과 한약재를 첨가한 청국장(CKJ-DD, CKJ-RG, CKJ-DD+RG, CKJRED CKJRED) 간의 큰 유의적인 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 또한 5종의 청국장의 기능성을 알아보기 위해, 총 피놀릭성분의 함량 분석 결과, CKJ에 비해 한약재를 첨가한 청국장(CKJDD, CKJ-RG, CKJ-DD+RG, CKJ-RED)의 총 피놀릭 함량이 유의적으로 증가하는 경향을 나타냈다. 항산화 활성(Peroxyl radical 소거능)을 측정한 결과, $10\;{\mu}g/mL$ 농도에서 대조군인 CKJ과 비교하여 CKJ-DD은 비슷한 활성을 보였으나 CKJ-RG는 1.5배, CKJ-DD+RG은 3배 높은 항산화 활성을 나타냈다. 이상의 결과로 다양한 한방청국장 제품의 표준화 및 제품화를 위한 다양한 지표들을 확인 할 수 있었다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제34권8호
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• pp.1188-1194
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• 2005

Streptozotocin으로 당뇨를 유발시킨 생쥐에서 fructan(치커리이뉼린과 치커리이뉼린올리고당, 프럭토올리고당)이 혈당, 인슐린과 소장 및 신장의 이당류분해효소 활성 및 면역능에 미 치는 영향을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같이 요약할 수 있다. 혈당은 당뇨군들이 정상군보다 유의하게 높았으며, 치커리이뉼린군의 혈당이 당뇨대조군에 비하여 유의하게 낮았다. Fructan은 혈장 인슐린 농도에는 영향을 미치지 않았다. 소장점막의 maltase와 sucrase활성은 당뇨군들이 정상군에 비하여 유의적으로 높았으나, 당뇨군 중에서 치커리이뉼린군이 가장 낮은 경향을 보였다. 신장 maltase 활성은 정상군과 당뇨군이 유사한 수준이었으나, 신장 sucrase와 lactase 활성은 정상군에 비하여 당뇨군에서 유의하게 높은 수준을 보였으며, 치커리이뉼린군이 당뇨대조군에 비하여 유의하게 낮은 수준을 보였다. LPS에 의한 비장세포증식에서는 당뇨대조군에 비하여 치커리이뉼린올리고당군이 유의 적으로 증가하여 정상군과 비슷한 수준을 보였다. ConA에의한 비장세포증식은 군간 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았으나 LPS에 의한 증식 결과와 비슷한 경향을 보였다. 비장세포로부터의 IL-2의 분비는 당뇨군들이 정상군에 비하여 낮았으나, 당뇨군간에는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 결론적으로 당뇨 생쥐에서 프럭토올리고당, 치커리이뉼린올리고당, 치커리이뉼린을 비교한 결과, 혈당 강하에 미치는 효과가 치커리이뉼린에서 유의하게 나타났으며, 비장세포 증식능은 정상군에 비하여 당뇨군에서 감소하는 경향을 보였으나, 치커리이뉼린올리고당 섭취군이 당뇨대조군에 비해 비장세포 증식능이 유의하게 증가하여 면역능이 개선되는 효과를 보였다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.42-47
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• 2008

본 연구는 전분 가수분해효소인 ${\alpha}$-amylase의 효소활성 저해를 통해 식후 혈당조절제 개발 가능성을 확인하고자 메밀의 꽃, 잎, 줄기 및 곡립을 부위별로 분류하고 각각의 시료를 물, 40%, 70%, 100% 에탄올로 추출하고 건조한 추출건조물과 메밀건조 분말시료를 이용하여 in vitro에서 ${\alpha}$-amylase 활성 저해율을 측정하였다. 메밀부위별 물추출건조물(10%, w/w, starch basis)의 ${\alpha}$-amylase 활성 저해율은 꽃 66%, 잎 65%, 곡립 28%, 줄기 12% 순이었다. 이러한 결과는 추출 용매를 40%, 70%, 100% 에탄올로 하였을 때에도 유사하게 나타났다. 단지 잎추출건조물의 경우 70% 에탄올추출건조물의 효소활성 저해율이 100%와 40% 에탄올추출건조물보다 낮게 나타났다. 메밀 꽃과 잎 추출건조물을 기질의 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 2.5%, 5%, 10% 농도로 각각 첨가했을 때 에탄올로 추출한 꽃추출건조물의 경우 $0.5%{\sim}10%$ 농도에서 ${\alpha}$-amylase 활성을 약 90% 저해하였으며 이는 ${\alpha}$-amylase inhibitor인 acarbose와 유사한 수준이었다. 잎의 경우 100% 에탄올추출건조물에서 꽃과 비슷한 결과를 보였으며 40% 에탄올추출건조물에서는 꽃추출건조물보다 저해율이 다소 낮게 나타났다. 물추출건조물과 건조분말의 경우 에탄올추출물보다 꽃과 잎의 효소활성 저해율이 낮았다. 이러한 결과로 볼 때 메밀 꽃과 잎 추출건조물은 메밀 줄기 및 곡립 추출 건조물과 비교해서 효소활성 저해율이 높게 나타났으며, 물 추출이나 건조분말보다 100%, 40% 에탄올을 이용했을 때 추출건조물의 효소 저해율이 더욱 큰 것으로 나타나 이들 추출건조물은 식후 혈당조절제로 이용 가능성이 기대되는 소재로 사료된다.