• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.264-272
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• 2015

Understanding bird status is essential for the systematic and sustainable management of the Nakdong River Estuary, taking into consideration the relationship between ecosystems and the bird species. In this study, bird status in the Nakdong River Estuary Bird Sanctuary prior to the Four Major Rivers Project was analyzed using the bird monitoring data (2003-2011) from surveys conducted by the Busan Development Institute. The high percentage of winter visitors in terms of both species diversity (38.36%) and individual bird numbers (63.14%) suggest that the Nakdong River Estuary is an important wintering site for migratory birds. Cumulative numbers of individual birds were higher in Myungji (208,601), West Nakdong River (202,444), Eulsukdo (153,232), and Baekhap Doyodeung (150,595). The total numbers of migratory species were higher in Eulsukdo (171), Ilungdo (124), Myungji (132), and Samrak (121). Among the 232 species found in the Nakdong River Estuary, Anas platyrhynchos (17.71%) was the most common species, followed by Anas poecilorhyncha (8.85%), Larus crassirostris (6.48%), Anser fabalis (6.09%), Anas penelope (5.16%), and Calidris alpina (4.22%). Most bird taxa, except shelducks, showed annual fluctuations in individual numbers, with increasing frequency during survey periods. Of these, cormorants, swans, and gulls showed higher fluctuations than other taxa. Swans decreased drastically in numbers in 2007-2008 and 2009-2010 compared to previous years. Shore birds, gulls, wagtails, and other forest birds were also less common in 2010-2011. These results suggest that there were some environmental changes that might have affected the birds in the Nakdong River Estuary. Overall, the results suggest that habitat types affect the distribution of dominant species.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.53-64
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• 2010

Glutamate receptors may play a critical role in the refinement of developing synapses. The lateral superior olivary nucleus (LSO)-medial nucleus of trapezoid body (MNTB) synaptic transmission in the mammalian auditory brain stem mediate many excitatory transmitters such as glutamate, which is a useful model to study excitatory synaptic development. Hearing deficits are often accompanied by changes in the synaptic organization such as excitatory or inhibitory circuits as well as anatomical changes. Owing to this, circling mouse whose cochlea degenerates spontaneously after birth, is an excellent animal model to study deafness pathophysiology. However, little is known about the development regulation of the subunits composing these receptors in circling mouse. Thus, we used immunohistochemical method to compare the N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA receptor) NR1, NR2A, NR2B distribution in the LSO which project glutamergic excitatory input into the auditory brainstem, in circling mouse of postnatal (p) 7 and 16, which have spontaneous mutation in the inner ear, with wild-type mouse. The relative NMDAR1 immunoreactive density of the LSO in circling mouse p7 was $128.67\pm8.87$ in wild-type, $111.06\pm8.04$ in heterozygote, and $108.09\pm5.94$ in homozygote. The density of p16 circling mouse was $43.83\pm10.49$ in wild-type, $40\pm13.88$ in heterozygote, and $55.96\pm17.35$ in homozygote. The relative NMDAR2A immunoreactive density of LSO in circling mouse p7 was $97.97\pm9.71$ in wild-type, $102.87\pm9.30$ in heterozygote, and $106.85\pm5.79$ in homozygote. The density of LSO in p16 circling was $47.4\pm20.6$ in wild-type, $43.9\pm17.5$ in heterozygote, and $49.2\pm20.1$ in homozygote. The relative NMDAR2B immunoreactive density of LSO in circling mouse p7 was $109.04\pm6.77$ in wild-type, $106.43\pm10.24$ in heterozygote, and $105.98\pm4.10$ in homozygote. the density of LSO in p16 circling mouse was $101.47\pm11.5$ in wild-type, $91.47\pm14.81$ in heterozygote, and $93.93\pm15.71$ in homozygote. These results reveal alteration of NMDAR immunoreactivity in LSO of p7 and p16 circling mouse. The results of the present study are likely to be relevant to understand the central change underlying human hereditary deafness.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2016.05a
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• pp.58-58
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• 2016

This study aims to enhance Korea's competitiveness by taking the lead in the international standardization and relevant global market. This is to be achieved by performing the role of First Mover through the resolute investment from Fast Follower that is servile to the decision of the organization in the e-Navigation strategy that has been promoted by the IMO. The study methodology is an integrated approach. It is established by modelling LSCM G2B2C2 Platform in maritime safety/security logistics and applied to the enhancement of maritime safety/security in global LSCM. This paper externally contributes to the reduction of world maritime accidents and exalt the national prestige; internally, the enhancement of the national competitiveness through the improvement of shipping port logistics and others. These eventually contribute to Korea's economic development that is combined by both theory and practice and of practical use of the integrated approach.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.59-74
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• 2003

Prospecting for energy and mineral resources is essential kind of public fundamentals that manage the nation's economy. Most explorations in the past were concentrated in the simple structural traps in relatively shallow depth. Due to their vast exploitation, recent history has shown that the emphasis in explorations has steadily shifted toward the subtle stratigraphic traps in deeper level. Increasing exploration for the subtle stratigraphic traps in deeper level requires precise correlation and assessment of deeply buried strata in the basin. However, the descriptive strati-graphic principles used for evaluation of the simple structural traps are limited to delineate the subtle stratigraphic traps in deeper depth. As this occurs. it is imperative to establish a new stratigraphic paradigm that allows a more sophisticated understanding on the basin stratigraphy. This study provides an exemplary application of integrated stratigraphic approach to defining basin history of the Middle Ordovician Taebacksan Basin, Korea. The integrated stratigraphic approach gives much better insight to unravel the stratigraphic response to tectonic evolution of the basins, which can be utilized fer enhancing the efficiency of resources exploration and development in the basins. Thus, the integrated stratigraphic approach should be emphasized as a new stratigraphic norm that can improve the probability of success in any type of resources exploration and development project.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.436-446
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to examine the priorities of innovation activities, business performance, and maximization factors of SMEs. Support programs for each government department are operated by various industries. Various supports, including subsidies, grants, marketing, planning, and education, are provided to each company. Therefore, this study aims to analyze and identify the priorities of innovation activities that have a positive effect on business performance. The efficacy of the proposed model and the psychometric properties of structure were analyzed using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The hierarchical structure of corporate innovation activities are composed of 'R&D' and 'government support', and 'Inside R&D, Outsourcing R &D, Consortium R&D'. As a result of analyzing companies that received more than one type of R&D government support, it can be seen that 'government support' (72.1%) is more important than 'research and development' (27.8%). In addition, this study found key sub-factors loadings including Assistant Support (30.1%), Tax Support (22.7%), Funding Support (18.8%), Inside R&D (10.8%), Outsourcing R&D (10.3%), and Consortium R&D (7.2%). Analysis results suggest that the priorities of detailed innovation activities of R&D and government support affect product innovation and process innovation, which in turn, influence business performance and maximization of SMEs. This implies that SMEs who want to participate in the government support project will be helpful in setting the direction of innovation activities. This study also suggests the importance of strategic priorities among the decision elements for CEOs.

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.269-276
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• 2009

For the development and management of u-City(ubiquitous city), Ubiquitous City Construction Law was enacted(March 3, 2008) to form the legal basis of u-City plan, construction and managements afterwards. Among u-City elements, the u-City Management Center has its own meaning and importance in roles which are crucial to the u-City developments, and its legal establishment is one of the core u-City realization factors. The purpose of this study is to analyse its overall problem issues regarding the function and location of u-City Management Center and then to suggest the basic direction and enforcement strategies to form its legal basis. As a result, in order to enhance the possibility of successful realization of u-City Management Center, the classification and standardization of function type, allocation of detailed functions based on u-City project hierarchy, and practical definition and relationships among basic u-City components such as u-City Service and Infrastructure were suggested. Also, practical execution devices on revenue sources and private sector participation, as well as the legal basis stipulating the mandatory inclusion of u-City Management Center development for u-City projects, were suggested.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.228-235
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• 2020

The Drosophila transmembrane semaphorin Sema-1a mediates forward and reverse signaling that plays an essential role in motor and central nervous system (CNS) axon pathfinding during embryonic neural development. Previous immunohistochemical analysis revealed that Sema-1a is expressed on most commissural and longitudinal axons in the CNS and five motor nerve branches in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). However, Sema-1a-mediated axon guidance function contributes significantly to both intersegmental nerve b (ISNb) and segmental nerve a (SNa), and slightly to ISNd and SNc, but not to ISN motor axon pathfinding. Here, we uncover three cis-regulatory elements (CREs), R34A03, R32H10, and R33F06, that robustly drove reporter expression in a large subset of neurons in the CNS. In the transgenic lines R34A03 and R32H10 reporter expression was consistently observed on both ISNb and SNa nerve branches, whereas in the line R33F06 reporter expression was irregularly detected on ISNb or SNa nerve branches in small subsets of abdominal hemisegments. Through complementation test with a Sema-1a loss-of-function allele, we found that neuronal expression of Sema-1a driven by each of R34A03 and R32H10 restores robustly the CNS and PNS motor axon guidance defects observed in Sema-1a homozygous mutants. However, when wild-type Sema-1a is expressed by R33F06 in Sema-1a mutants, the Sema-1a PNS axon guidance phenotypes are partially rescued while the Sema-1a CNS axon guidance defects are completely rescued. These results suggest that in a redundant manner, the CREs, R34A03, R32H10, and R33F06 govern the Sema-1a expression required for the axon guidance function of Sema-1a during embryonic neural development.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.28-36
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• 1979

One of most important problems in the Monsoon Asia today is the production of rice paddy to meet the needs of the ever increasing population. Diversemeans are being employed to meet this demand, both by increasing productivity of existing farm land and by bringing further areas into cultivation. The primary step in either field is to ensure that there is sufficient moisture in the soil to suit the paddy, and at the same this means that excess moisture has to be drained off the land, while in others irrigat ion has to be employed to bring sufficient water to an area. In view of the fact that the project comprises a huge amount of earthwork, it can be carried out by extensive use of construction machinery in order to shorten the period. As farm ditch has a comparatively small section with shallow cutting depth, inaddition, there is lack of access road in the field, the excavation equipment with bulldozer or tracter-shovel (backhoe) type are not applicable because there are mostly adapted for the excavation of deep and wide section. Mini-backhoe with its bucket width not larger than 0. 3m, and width of blade not larger than 1. 00m seems to be more adaptable. About 80% of excavation of ditch section will be done by the machinery while the other 20% of excavation together with the finishing of the section are supposed to be done by man-power. The embankment of ditch section can be compacted by the crawler of backhoe when it is moving along the ditch for excavation. However, Lowland paddy field in the Monsoon Asia are made particulary in rain season, therefore, heavy machinery is not easy excavation for ditch. It is very important to know exact ground support power of the working site and select machines with corresponding ground pressure. Ground support power is variable subject to quality and water content of soil and therefore selection of machines should be made duly considering ground condition of the site at the time of construction works. Farm ditches dug and compacted by mannual labar are of poor quality and subject to destruction after one or two years of operation. On the other hand, excavation and compaction by bulldozer is not practical for ditches. Backboe is suitable for slope land, but this is required cycle time of bucket excavation and dumped out. If a small-scale farm ditch trencher adaptable to lowland paddy field is invented, such a machine could greatly accelerate the massive construction work envisaged in many countries and thus significantly speed up the most difficult part of irrigation development and management in Monsoon Asia.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2011

This study was performed for the purpose of reviewing the strategic management direction and ideas of the policy for Seoul City's Hangang Renaissance. In order to accomplish this, levels were established for each step of the policy and the policy priority by level was derived. The policy priority by level was analyzed by a decision making model through the Analytic Network Process(ANP) and the priority would be the standard to judge the order of priority. The analysis results showed that there was not a big difference between the priorities of two basic concepts: restoration and creation. The fourth level, detail plan of the third level, showed priority that development by type for waterside city in case of reorganizing city space and diversification of land utilization, utilization of riverside space in water front town for public and composit purpose, establishment of comprehensive plan on constructions in case of improving the landscape of Hangang and unified design plan rose to important element in case of forming Hangang park with the me. Based on the results of priority analysis, we would like to propose for the direction about the policy on Hangang Renaissance project, the policies forming Hangang Park with theme through unified design plan and reorganizing city space have to be proceed preferentially and connected with other plans.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.1073-1090
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• 2018

Since the domestic utility tunnels were built mainly in the development project of the new city, they are all in the form of cut-and-cover box tunnel. But, in the case of overseas construction of utility tunnels for existing urban areas, the bored tunnel types are mainly adopted. It is reasonable to install bored tunnels in a downtown area because it is difficult to block the roads or install bypass roads due to heavy traffic and civil complaints. In order to activate the utility tunnels in bored type, it is necessary to secure optimized cross-sectional design technology considering the optimal supplying capacity and mutual influencing factors (Thermal Interference, electrolytic corrosion, efficiency of the maintenance, etc.) of utilities (power cables, telecommunication cables, water pipes, etc.). The optimal cross-section design method for bored utility tunnels is ultimately to derive the optimal arrangement technique for the utilities. In order to develop the design methods, firstly, the cases of tunnel cross-section (Shield TBM, Conventional Tunneling) in overseas shall be investigated to analyze the characteristics of the installation of utilities in the section and installation of auxiliary facilities, It is necessary to sort out and analyze the criteria related to the inner cross-section design (arrangement) presented in the standards and guidelines.