• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.29 no.7
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• pp.689-699
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• 1996

An animal experiment was designed for the evaluation of in vivo performance of the newly developed electrohydraulic type ventricular assist device and its influence on the left ventricular function during pal- satile left ventricular assist. Eight adult sheep were incorporated into the study and data were collected from seven sheep. Total as- sist time ranged from 69 minutes to 7 days. The performance of the device was satisfactory both in asyn- chr nous and synchronous mode within the range of given native heart rate. More than 4 liters of device output could be reached within the range of normal left atral pressure without development of negative pressure in the left atrium. Moderate to severe degree of hemolysis was noted as evidenced by significant increase of plasma free hemoglobin level after 3 days of left ventricular support along with the presence of the small amount of thrombi around the floating disc type polymer valve apparatus reflecting that further study and refinement of the device need to be done in regard of biocompatibility and thromboresistance. The hemodynamics showed increase in heart rate (p < 0.05), cardiac output and left ventricular minute work (p < 0.05) after placement of the device at the flow rate of 2.0∼2.5 Llmin. The left atrial pressure, left ventricular pressure and LV dpldt were decreased after the device placement(p < 0.05). The endocardial viability ratio and oxygen contents of the mixed ven us blood and coronary venous blood were all increased (p < 0.05) after the device placement suggesting effective unloading of the left ventricle was accomplished. The myocardial perfusion was thought improved in synchronous counterpulsation as suggested by sig- nificant increase in endocardial viability ratio and coronary venous blood oxygen content in synchronous assist mode comparing with asynchronous mode.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.8
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• pp.1090-1094
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• 2008

Treatment effects of grape fruit stem extracts (GFSE) containing trans-resveratrol or fermented pollen (FP), and ethylene gas scavenging material (EGS) on the storage property of fresh jujube (Z izyphus jujuba forma hoonensis C.S. Yook) were investigated. Fresh jujubes were packed in different storage containers (PE film and Lock & Lock vessel), and treated with GFSE containing trans-resveratrol of 30 ppm or 1% FP, and EGS. The storage vessels were stored in refrigerator ($0{\pm}1^{\circ}C$) during 12 weeks, and then quality characteristics during storage period were analysed. Hardness slightly increased until 4 weeks and decreased afterward. Soluble solid ($^{\circ}Bx$) and total titratable acidity of fresh jujube slightly increased in all treatments during storage period. Vitamin C content of fresh jujube slightly decreased in all treatments during storage period. Number of microorganisms decreased until 4 weeks and increased afterward. The decay enzyme activity increased in all treatments during storage period. Storage stability was higher for PE film than Lock & Lock containers. Storage period of fresh jujube in this experiment ranges in $8{\sim}9$ weeks for maturity fruits treated with 30 ppm of GFSE and ethylene gas scavenging material.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.7
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• pp.1003-1007
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• 2013

In this study, the antibacterial activities of selected barleys (UB, unhulled barley; PB, pearl barley; and NB, naked barley) and wheat (WG, wheat with germ and endosperm) extracts were evaluated against the food-borne pathogens Staphylococcus aureus KCTC 1927, Escherichia coli KCTC 2593, Salmonella Typhimurium KCTC 2054, and Bacillus cereus KCTC 1014. The amount of the antibacterial biomarker, 2,6-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone (DMBQ), present in selected barleys and wheat, was measured by HPLC. Furthermore, antioxidant activity of samples was determined using the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay. WG ($22.35{\pm}0.04mm$) was found to be highly inhibitory to Staphylococcus aureus followed by UB ($17.91{\pm}0.10mm$), PB ($16.87{\pm}0.05mm$), and NB ($15.69{\pm}0.20mm$). The antibacterial activity of the selected grains was correlated with antioxidant activities and the amount of DMBQ (Pearson's correlation coefficient, 0.7831). The antioxidant activity of the selected grains was also correlated with the total phenolic content (Pearson's correlation coefficient, 0.9934). WG extract showed significantly higher antibacterial activity, compared with barley extracts such as UB, PB, and NB. The results of this study suggest that barley has a potential in the development of natural antimicrobials and food preservatives for controlling food-borne pathogens.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.945-951
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• 1999

A simple and practical method for the determination of gardenia yellow in foods was developed. In this method, analysis of gardenia yellow in food products has been carried out by the detection of crocetin and/or geniposide as indicator compounds. As a new analytical method for gardenia yellow, we adopted crocetin, which is produced from colored components of gardenia yellow by alkaline hydrolysis, as an indicator compound. The analysis of gardenia yellow was performed by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography using a Capcell pak $C_{18}$ column at wave length 240 nm (geniposide) and 435 nm (crocetin). The recovery rates of geniposide and crocetin were found to be 93.4% and 87.8% for Dan Mu Ji, 90.2% and 85.9% for milk, 92.8% and 86.5% for snack, respectively. With this method, the range of crocetin and geniposide contents $({\mu}g/g)$ were as follows: $ND{\sim}1.7$ and $ND{\sim}14.1$ for Dan Mu Ji, $ND{\sim}0.2$ and $ND{\sim}13.6$ for milk, $ND{\sim}1.6$ and $ND{\sim}0.9$ for snack, respectively. The detection limits of crocetin and geniposide were 0.07 ${\mu}g/g$ and 0.05 ${\mu}g/g$, respectively.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.53-61
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• 2014

In this study, we investigated the production process and the chemical composition of saccharogenic mixed grain beverages (SMGBs). Various SMGBs were prepared through saccharification with Aspergillus (A.) oryzae CF1003 (A), A. acidus KACC46420 (B), Rhizopus (R.) delemar KACC46149 (C), R. oryzae KACC45714 (D), R. oryzae KACC46148 (E), A~E mixed strains (F), A. oryzae CF1001 (G), A. acidus CF1005 (H) and A+H mixed strains (I)-starter at $53^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours. The saccharogenic power of the strains was higher in samples F and G. The soluble solid ($^{\circ}Brix$) of SMGBs were the highest in Sample C. The moisture, crude protein, crude lipid, and crude ash content of various SMGBs showed a range of 77.9~80.7%, 3.7~7.5%, 0.37~0.97% and 1.81~7.47%, respectively. The viscosity of various SMGBs were in the range of 60~528. Further, free amino acid contents of SMGBs were in the range of 347~1,352 ${\mu}g/$ 100 g, respectively. From these results, we could secure the possibility and basic information for the development of SMGBs products. For future studies, we need to improve the taste and functionality of the products.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.327-334
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• 2013

For the development of hardy kiwi wine, we arranged for the post-maturity of hardy kiwi fruit, treated them with calcium carbonate and a pectinase enzyme complex, investigated the resulting physicochemical properties and conducted a sensory evaluation. The period determined for creating post-maturity in the hardy kiwi fruit was determined as 5 days storage at room temperature following maturity. During this time the yield of fruit juice was increased from 22.1% to 53.5% using 0.1% (v/v) cytolase PCL5 for 2 h at room temperature. 0.1% (w/v) calcium carbonate was also added during the process of aging, for the reduction of the sour taste. The fermentation trial of the hardy kiwi wine was prepared using water (25% or 50%), sugar ($24^{\circ}brix$), 0.1% (w/v) $CaCO_3$, 0.1% (v/v) cytolase PCL5, $K_2S_2O_5$ (200 ppm), and yeast ($1.5{\times}10^7$ cell/ml). Fermentation then occurred for 2 weeks at $20^{\circ}C$. The pH value, total acidity, alcohol, and reducing sugar content of the resulting hardy kiwi wines of 25% (v/w) and 50% (v/w) water, were in a range of pH 3.4-3.7, 1.12-1.21%, 14.3-14.4%, and 15-16 g/l, respectively. Citric acid and fructose constituted the major organic acids and the free sugar of the 25% and 50% hardy kiwi wine, respectively. Volatile flavor components, including 10 kinds of esters, 8 kinds of alcohols, 5 kinds of acids, 3 kinds of others and aldehydes, were determined by GC analysis. The results of sensory evaluation demonstrated that 50% hardy kiwi wine is more palatable than 25% hardy kiwi wine.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.59 no.3
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• pp.312-318
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• 2014

We evaluated the morphological characteristics of 156 maize inbred lines, which were developed to breeding normal maize variety at Maize Experiment Station, Gangwon Agricultural Research and Extension Services, by examining 11 quantitative and three qualitative characteristics. On the evaluation of three qualitative traits for 156 maize inbred lines, most inbred lines showed yellow (85 and 84 inbred lines) at tassel color (QL1) and silk color (QL2), and showed semi erect (105 inbred lines) at plant type (QL3). While, the evaluation of 11 quantitative traits for 156 maize inbred lines, they showed the morphological variation in days of tasseling (QN1, 56.5 to 76.0 days), days of silking (QN2, 59.0 to 85.5 days), stem thickness (QN3, 12.7 to 42.9 mm), plant height (QN4, 111.8 to 239.8 cm), ear height (QN5, 48.2 to 126.5 cm), 100 kernel weight (QN6, 14.9 to 36.4 g), ear length (QN7, 10.0 to 79.0 cm), setted kernel length (QN8, 8.0 to 70.5 cm), ear thickness (QN9, 4.0 to 22.0 cm), total kernel weight (QN10, 22.0 to 490.0 kg) and water content (QN11, 9.3 to 11.9%), respectively. As a result, 11 inbred lines (00hf3, 00hf19, 00hf30, 00hf36, 02S8069, 02S8072, 02S8090, 02S8099, 05S10011, 06S8085-6, 07S8011) in the 156 normal maize inbred lines have showed comparatively high values. While, the results of PCA (principal component analysis) indicated that the ear length (QN7), setted kernel length (QN8), ear thickness (QN9) and total kernel weight (QN10) greatly contributed in positive direction on the first principal components. And also, days of tasseling (QN1), days of silking (QN2), plant height (QN4) and ear height (QN5) contributed in negative direction on the second principal component. Thus these morphological characters, which were greatly contributed in the first and second principal components, might be considered to be useful for discrimination among 156 normal inbred lines. Specifically, this study's assessment of morphological characteristics of 156 normal inbred lines will be helpful useful for normal maize breeding programs such activities as planning crosses for hybrid and line development at Maize Experiment Station, Gangwon Agricultural Research and Extension Services.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.35
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• pp.29-65
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• 2014

Visual culture art education (VCAE) seems to be the new paradigm for art education after postmodernism. Getting beyond the traditional art education, VCAE has expanded its scope of interest to include the visual environment that surrounds our life, thus pushing the boundary of art education beyond the traditional fine arts to cover pop culture and visual art. VCAE shares the issues as well as a lot of elements of culture and art education and in fact serves as a major theoretic background for culture and art education, in that it pays attention to the sociocultural context of images and emphasizes visual literacy and constructionist learning. In this paper, I have reviewed the theoretical background and related issues of VCAE with a view to presenting a direction for animation education, which is gaining in importance coming into the Age of Digital Media. VCAE was born in the progressive cultural atmosphere from the 1970s and thereafter, and its gist consists in figuring out visual artifacts and their action in order to improve individual and social life. Yet, VCAE continues with its development according to the changing aspects of visual culture, and currently, it is expanding its scope of interest to cover the esthetic, experiential education in visual culture and construction of meaning through digital story-telling. In the visual environment of the Digital Age, animation is establishing itself as the center of the visual culture, being a form that goes beyond an art genre or technology to realize images throughout the visual culture. Also, VCAE, which has so far emphasized visual communication and critical reading of culture, would need to reflect the new aspects of the visual culture in digital animation across the entire gamut from experiencing to understanding and appreciating art education. In this paper, I emphasize on Cross-Curricula, social reconstruction, the expansion of animation education, interests in animation as a digital media, and animation literacy. A study of animation education from the perspective of VCAE will not only provide a theoretical basis for establishing animation education, but also enrich the content of VCAE, traditionally focused on critical text reading, and promote its contemporary and futuristic orientation.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.303-310
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• 2007

Sweetpotato shoot tops (leaves, tips and petioles) are known to be very useful parts as vegetables because of their high nutritive values and great biomass yield. In this study, the phenolic compound contents, antibacterial activity, mutagenic activity, and antimutagenic activity were investigated in sweetpotato tips that were 10-15cm of shoot top including stems, petioles and tender leaves after sprout of storage roots. The study was done by extracting sweetpotato tips with 80% ethanol and the ethanol fraction was re-extracted with hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol and water. In ethyl acetate and butanol fractions, total phenolic compounds contained 95. 6mg/g extract and 69.3 mg/g extract, respectively, The antibacterial activity was measured using the paper disk method with concentrations of 1, 2, 5 and 10 mg/disk of butanol and ethyl acetate fractions against L. monocytogenes and S. Typhimurium strains. Higher doses of solvent extracts showed the higher antibacterial activities. In addition, 5, 10 and 20 mg/mL of the extracts were tested to determine the antibacterial activity in liquid culture. The sweetpotato leaf extract by ethyl acetate showed 1 log reduction compared to control after 24 hrs on Listeria monocytogenes, but 20 mg/ml of butanol extract completely inhibited the growth of the pathogen after 12 hrs. The extracts from ethyl acetate or butanol on Salmonella Typhimurium did less than 1 log reduction during cultivation compared to control. The numbers of S. Typhimirium TA98 and TA100 revertant colonies were 29-33 and 159-188 CFU/plate, respectively, indicating that solvent extracts were no mutagenic activity. The antimutagenic test was performed by adding direct mutagen 2-NF and MMS, and butanol and ethyl acetate showed antimutagenic effect. Thus, this study showed that sweetpotato tips had high phenolic contents and both antimicrobiol and antimutagenic properties. Sweetpotato tips would be good nutritive source because of their high nutrient content without any toxicity in consuming.

• Journal of Christian Education in Korea
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• v.62
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• pp.313-334
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• 2020

As an element of education, the educational space cannot be separated from the purpose of education. The place of education is not only the passage to deliver actual curriculum, but also the purpose itself that can be accomplished through educational content. That is because the purpose of education cannot be achieved only with instructors, students, curriculum, and methods, but requires a change in the perception of the educational space that represents the goal and the place where it all can be implemented. Nevertheless, the problem that lies with educational space is easy to be overlooked and it has been rather considered as an issue related to the finances or scale of the church. The church educational space gives birth to faith and growth, where spiritual development and experience may occur. However, the reality follows the drawbacks of conventional school classroom arrangements and structures. In addition, even if the church educational space can be arranged according to the needs of its students, it cannot deviate much from the standard uniform format. In particular, the basic environment of church educational space is similar to that of standard school system in terms of arrangement of furniture such as chairs, desks, and its physical structure. As the school system was originally designed and tailored for the purpose of delivering knowledge and standardization, the space for church education must stay away from it. Humans are born and die in a space, where encounter with God also happens. Also, communication with God causes spacial conversion to humans, changing the place of their visitation. So the church educational space must be more meticulously designed and comprehensive than that of school which pursues physical, educational, psychological, social, and artistic purposes because the church educational space pursues the liturgical elements, as well. Therefore, the Christian learning environmental arrangements must seek liturgical elements, which is the major Christian value, by placing Christian artwork or symbols for church visitors. So in this research, I want to stress the role of Christian educational space for spiritual growth and pursue intrinsic and extrinsic changes in learning environment, leading to a greater awareness of the Christian educational space.