• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.185-200
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• 1998

It has been contributed to public health that the hospital has multiplied in the aspect of number and has been a large size with development of modern medical science, meanwhile the problem of hospital infection is coming out seriously. Respiratory hospital infection among hospital infections develops, very commonly from patients having taken the operation of intubation or tracheostomy, which results from a big factor that the infection developed from medical appliances used for respiration aids, contamination of solution and infection of medical staff. This study is separated into four steps-the time to use normal saline and distillation water for storaging catheter which are the cause of the infection of solution to store distillation water and catheter, not to say the catheter used when the patient who should get tracheostomy operation takes suction. The purpose of this study is to offer the basic data which are needed to check contamination degree as time goes by and nurse intervention and grope for a new nursing intervention. The target of this study is hospitalized 1D an intensive care unit having 700 sickbeds which is located in IKSAN city and it targeted patients before 7 days passed after an operaion of a tracheostormy. Materials collected were analyzed by SPSS PC+ figures program. The result of this study were as follows ; 1. The gradual contamination levels of the normal saline used In suction are showing that colony increase in proportion to the length of time. 2. while colony increases in normal saline with the lapse of time. distillation water mixed with 5cc of potadine did not show any sign of the formation of colony from its preparation until it was used for 8 hours. 3. Such variables as the period of intubation insertion. the length of hospitalization in I.C.U. the age and the level of contamination of normal saline have no inter-relationship. Therefore. as the length of normal saline used In suction. the contamination level increases with the excelleration of the contamination speed. 4. Regarding the number of suction and the contamination level of the normal saline. We can observe correlation contamination level in the 3 step of suction(mean value:13.4) and the saline which was used for one hours(r=0.702. P=0.00l). four hours(r=0.694. P=0.00l). eight hours(r=0.488. P=0.029). Further we can observe contamination in the 4 step of suction (mean value: 17 .8) well as saline used for eight hours; [for one hours (r=0.64l. P=0.002). four hours (r=0.670. P=0.00l). eight hours (r=0.57 4. P=0.008)]. Thesedays clinics use normal saline by changing it. three times a day. however. the timing of saline change and the current suction methoed should be changed given the one hour used normal saline contamination number 79.850. Regarding the number of suction and the contamination lend of the normal saline.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.485-492
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• 2018

This study would analyze visual components in the best seller cover design in 2017. The visual components were classified through a preliminary review with editorial design experts, and the top 20 best sellers at the Kyobo Book Centre, which recorded the top rank in sales in 2017 were selected as the subjects of the study. The subjects of the survey were 50 graduates from the design-related departments, who could judge the components, and the following results were drawn as an analysis. First, most layouts were a comparison type, and The Temperature of Language took the highest position at 45.5%. Second, in the typography, having a correlation with the section, most were composed of a Serif, and 'Sapiens' took the highest position at 92.5%. Third, the image is concerned with the illustration, in which The Miracles of the Namiya General Store took the highest position at 93.2%. These visual components of the cover design act as an important factor in choosing books for readers who first encounter the books. Thus, it would be necessary to continue to conduct studies of visual components in best sellers, and hopefully, this study would be helpful for the development of the publication market as it is utilized in the marketing field based on these studies.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.115-123
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• 2013

The steel industry, a representative industry that significantly consumes raw materials and energy, produces steel as well as a large amount of by-product steel slag through the production process. The vast habitat foundation of marine life has been destroyed due to recent reckless marine development and environment pollution, resulting in intensification of the decline of marine resources, and a solution to this issue is imperative. In order to propose a method to recycle large amounts of by-product slag into a material that can serve as an alternative to natural aggregate, the engineering properties and applicability for each mixing factor of environment friendly porous concrete as a material for the composition of marine ranches were evaluated in this study. The test results for percentage of voids per mixing ratio revealed that the margin of error for all conditions was within 2.5%. The compressive strength test results showed that the most outstanding environmental friendly porous concrete can be manufactured when mixing 30% slag aggregate and 10% specially treated granular fertilizer for the optimum volume fraction. As concrete for marine applications, the best seawater resistance was obtained with mixing conditions for high compression strength. An assessment of the ability to provide a marine life habitat foundation of environmentally friendly porous concrete showed that a greater percentage of voids facilitated implantation and inhabitation of marine life, and the mixing of specially treated granular fertilizer led to active initial implantation and activation of inhabitation. The evaluation of harmfulness to marine life depending on the mixture of slag aggregate and specially treated granular fertilizer revealed that the stability of fish is secured.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea TC
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.29-39
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• 2009

The need for radio spectrum is recently considered as a huge hurdle towards the rapid development of wireless networks. Large parts of the spectrum are allocated to licensed radio services in proprietary way. However, enormous success of the wireless services and technologies in the unlicensed bands has brought new ideas and innovations. In recent years cognitive radio has gained much attention for solving the spectrum scarcity problem. It changes the way spectrum is regulated so that more efficient spectrum utilization is possible. Multi-hop relay technology on the other hand has intensively been studied in the area of ad hoc and peer-to-peer networks. But in cellular network, only recently the integration of multi-hop capability is considered to enhance the performance significantly. Multi-hop relaying can extend the coverage of the cell to provide high data rate service to a greater distance and in the shadowed regions. Very few papers still exist that combine these methods to maximize the spectrum utilization. Thus we propose a network architecture combining these two technologies in a way to maximize the system throughput. We present the throughput capacity equations for the proposed system model considering various system parameters like utilization factor by the primary users and primary users' transmission radius and through extensive numerical simulations we analyze the significance of work.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea CI
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.88-96
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• 2011

Underwater acoustic communication is applicable in various areas, such as ocean data collection, undersea exploration and development, tactical surveillance, etc. Thus, robot control system construction used for underwater-robot like AUV or ROV is essential in these areas. In this paper, we propose the Message Merging MAC($M^2$-MAC) protocol, which is suitable for real time robot control system, considering energy efficiency in important parts of underwater acoustic sensor network constitution. In this proposed MAC protocol, gateway node receives the data from robot nodes according to the time slots that were allotted previously. And messages delivered from base-station are generated to one MAC frame by buffering process. Finally, generated MAC frames are broadcasted to all robot nodes in the cluster. Our suggested MAC protocol can also be hybrid MAC protocol, which is successful blend of contention based and contention-free based protocol through relevant procedure with Maintenance&Sleep (M&S) period, when new nodes join and leave as an orphan. We propose mathematical analysis model concerned about End-to-End delay and energy consumption, which is important factor in constructing real-time robot control system. We also verify the excellence of performance according to comparison of existing MAC protocols with our scheme.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.49-54
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• 2006

The recent fingerprint recognition system has unstable factors, such as copy of fingerprint patterns and hacking of fingerprint feature point, which mali cause significant system error. Thus, in this research, we used the fingerprint as the main recognition device and then implemented the multi-biometric recognition system in serial using the speech recognition which has been widely used recently. As a multi-biometric recognition system, once the speech is successfully recognized, the fingerprint recognition process is run. In addition, speaker-dependent DTW(Dynamic Time Warping) algorithm is used among existing speech recognition algorithms (VQ, DTW, HMM, NN) for effective real-time process while KSOM (Kohonen Self-Organizing feature Map) algorithm, which is the artificial intelligence method, is applied for the fingerprint recognition system because of its calculation amount. The experiment of multi-biometric recognition system implemented in this research showed 2 to $7\%$ lower FRR (False Rejection Ratio) than single recognition systems using each fingerprints or voice, but zero FAR (False Acceptance Ratio), which is the most important factor in the recognition system. Moreover, there is almost no difference in the recognition time(average 1.5 seconds) comparing with other existing single biometric recognition systems; therefore, it is proved that the multi-biometric recognition system implemented is more efficient security system than single recognition systems based on various experiments.

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.117-129
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• 2009

South Korea has been undergoing spring drought periodically and diverse researches using vegetation index have been carried out to monitor spring droughts. The strength of the vegetation index-based drought monitoring is that the monitoring method enables efficient spatio-temporal grasp of changes in drought events. According to the development of low resolution satellite images such as MODIS, which are characterized by outstanding temporal resolution, the use of the method is expected to increase. Drought analysis using vegetation index considered only meteorological factor as a cause that affects vitality of vegetation. But many indirect and direct factors affect vegetation stress, So many uncertainties are involved in such method of analysis. To secure objectivity of drought analysis that uses vegetation index it is therefore necessary to compare the method with most representative drought analysis tools that are used for drought management. In this study, PDSI and SPI which a meteorological drought index that quantifies drought and that is used as a basic index for drought monitoring and MODIS NDVI are compared to propose correlation among them and to show usefulness of drought assessment that uses vegetation index. This study shows changing patterns of NDVI and SPI 6-month are similar and correlation between NDVI and SPI was highest in inland vegetation cover.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.340-349
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• 2007

Free flap transplantation with microvascular anastomosis has been successfully performed by development of surgical technique, materials and postoperative monitoring equipments of flap. But success rate of microvascular anastomosis is influenced by various factors, and failure rate is about 5-10%. The most influential factor for success rate is surgical technique and other factors that influence failure of microvascular anastomosis are ischemic time of free flap, thrombus formation of anastomosis region and vascular spasm. In this study, vascular patency and thrombus formation in experimental micro-venous anastomosis, and endothelial repair were observed with histologic analysis, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopic examination. The results were obtained as follows: 1. In vascular patency test in 30 minute and 7 days after micro-venous anastomosis with heparin irrigation, all of 12 anastomosis site were good vascular patency. 2. In thrombus formation in 2 weeks group(Experimental I), 2 site of 6 cases were observed thrombus, and in 4 weeks group(Experimental II), 1 site of 6 cases were observed thrombus. 3. In histologic examination, normal vein(Control Group) showed continued internal elastic lamina, well formed thick smooth muscle layer and connective tissue. The group of 2 weeks after microvenous anastomosis(Experimental I) showd locally recovered internal lamina, discontinued internal lamina, disorganized smooth muscle cells and granulation tissue around suture silk. In the group of 4 weeks after micro-venous anastomosis(Experimental II), anastomosis site showed almostly continued internal lamina, disorganized smooth muscle cells and cicartrized tissue around suture silk. 4. In scanning electron microscope examination in 2 weeks(Experimental I) after micro-venous anastomosis, mesh fibrin formation showed near to endothelial cells, and in 4 weeks after micro-venous anastomosis(EXperimental II), numerous blood cells and fibrin mesh formation was seen associated with irregular endothelial cell arrangement. 5. In transmission electron microscope examination in 2 weeks after micro-venous anastomosis(Experimental I), irregular arrangement of smooth muscle cells was seen adjacent to collagenized tissue around suture silk. In 4 weeks after micro-venous anastomosis(Experimental II), denuded venous wall composed of relatively well arranged smooth muscle cells was covered by endothelial cells, but fibroblast cells and foreign body giant cells near to suture silk was remained. From the results obtained in this study, results of good vascular patiency and anti-thrombotic effect of heparin were obtained as a local irrigation solution, and repair of venous endothelial cell was observed in 2 weeks after micro-venous anastomosis.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.654-664
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• 2006

Statement of problem: There has been a eat interest in the use of titanium for fixed and removable prostheses in recent because of its excellent biocompatibility. However, the melting temperature and chemical reactivity of titanium necessities casting system different from those used in conventional casting. The current titanium casting systems are based on an electric-arc design for melting the metal in an argon atmosphere and its exclusive investment. Despite the new development in Ti casting system, inadequate mold filling and internal porosity are frequently observed casting defects. Purpose : The purposes of this study were to compare the castibility and reaction layer of the casting titanium under the two casting machines and their investment condition. Material and method: coping and machine-milled titanium coping according to the casting methods and the marginal configurations. The total 28 specimens were used, and these are divided into 4 groups according to 2 casting machines and 2 investments. The castings were analyzed using x-ray microanalysis and microhardness testing. The reaction layer between margin of titanium casting and the investments was observed and analyzed with scanning electron microscope. Result: 1. Castabiliy of casting titanium specimen was best in the group of centrifugal casting machine and Selevest $CB^{\circledR}$ and good that of Selevest CB and pressure differential casting machine, Rematitan plus and centrifugal casting machine, Rematitan plus and pressure differential casting machine in order. 2. There was no significanct correlation in titanium castability in respect of casting machine. However ANOVA indicated that Selevest $CB^{\circledR}$ groups had significantly better castability than Rematitan $plus^{\circledR}$ groups.(p<0.05) 3. There was a significant microhardness difference between centrifugal casting machine groups and pressure differential groups.(p<0.05) Titanium castings in centifugal groups had significantly harder than those in pressure differential groups. 4. The addition of zirconia decreased interfacial reactivity. Conclusion: above result revealed that of the castability of titanium casting specimens had little correlation in casting machines and was better in magnesia-based investment contained ZrO2 groups. However in order to practice casting titanium in clininic, its castability should be improved, also there should be more research on factor of castability so that long-span prothesis and removable partial denture metla frame may be casted completly.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.17-23
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• 1977

The neutron dosimetrical parameters, i. e., the fission neutron spectrum-averaged cross-sections and the fluence-to-dose conversion factors have been calculated for some threshold detectors with the aid of a computer. The threshold detectors under investigation were the $^{115}In(n,\;n')^{115m}In,\;^{32}S(n,\;p)^{32}P$ and $^{27}Al(n,\;{\alpha})^{24}Na$ reactions. It is revealed that the average cross-sections($\bar{\sigma}$) for the $^{32}S(n,\;p)^{32}P$ reaction are independent of the spectral functions, namely, the Watt-Cranberg and Maxwellian forms. In the case of the $^{27}Al(n,\;{\alpha})^{24}Na$ reaction a variation of the $\bar{\sigma}$ values appears to be highly dependent on the fissioning types. It seems that both the average cross-section for the $^{115}In(n,\;n')^{11m}In$ reaction and the conversion factor are insensitive to the spectral deformation of fission neutrons. These phenomena make it applicable to use indium as a possible integral fast neutron dosimeter in nuclear criticality accidents provided that the virgin fission neutrons are completely free from the scattered neutrons.