• 한국주거학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국주거학회 2008년도 춘계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.285-290
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• 2008

Recently, the scale of the construction work has been increased due to the revitalization of the construction industries. therefore, the demolition work in downtown areas is increased too. Amelioration districts are deteriorating rapidly since it followed the policy which allowed a large number of constructions in a very short period of time. therefore, the quantity of construction wastes and the designated wastes such as asbestos are increased. This study was classifying and analyzing the constructions in amelioration districts to estimate quantity of the designated wastes and the unit of the designated wastes. According to the results of this research, the average annual designated wastes was increased up to 2.59% in comparison with 2,779,334 ton in 2000, there came out 3,151,653 ton of designated wastes in 2005. For the appropriate disposal of increasing designated wastes, it is necessary to study exact estimation of the quantity of wastes.

• 한국건설순환자원학회논문집
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.83-90
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• 2010

As a reinforced fabric, asbestos has been utilized as a fire-resistant material as it has a superior flexural stiffness and heat resistance up to $1500^{\circ}C$. However, due to its harmfulness, its use has been prohibited recently and the even the installed asbestos materials are being repaired or supplemented if there is a concern about flying. Asbestos is mainly used for construction panels as a reinforced fabric and coating materials to ensure the fire-resistance of steel frames. Asbestos was used as fire-resistant materials for steel frames until 1991 and then prohibited as Act on Industrial Safety and Health limits the concentration of asbestos in the air. Classified as a designated waste according to Act on Waste Control, asbestos must be buried if there is no possibility of flying (panel-type materials) or cement-solidified and then buried if there is a possibility of flying (spray coating material) In general, it is required that a new waste landfill include a certain landfill facility for designated waste, but in reality there is an absolute storage of landfill facilities for designated waste as they only install facilities of the size required by the regulations. This could result in the 2nd environmental pollution as they cannot process asbestos wastes which will be generated in large volume in the future. This study explores a method that melts asbestos wastes at $700^{\circ}C$ rather than cement-solidifying the waste asbestos from construction sites, especially asbestos-containing spray coating. The study results showed that there was no change in the composition and shape even though asbestos wastes was melted at $1300^{\circ}C$, but there was a change for the specimen which was process in advance for low temperature melting and then melt at $900^{\circ}C$.

• 환경정책연구
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.113-137
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• 2004

The objective of this study is to introduce the definitions and classification methods of wastes in international agreements and legislations, examine the concept of wastes and their classification systems in Korea, and finally analyze and compare the concept of wastes in different countries for finding better solutions and suggestions. The study summarizes the concept of wastes as introduced in the Basel Convention, OECD, EU, US, and UK. First, each of the member countries adapt to the same concepts of wastes as defined in their international agreements; second, the intention of the wastes holder and the conditions of the wastes are considered at the same time when defining the concepts. Upon close examination of the classification of wastes systems as introduced in the Basel Convention, OECD, EU, US, and UK, the wastes are classified into toxic and non-toxic wastes according to the existence of poisonous substances. Therefore, it is classified as a toxic waste when any toxic substance on its list is included in the waste, while others are considered as a non-toxic waste if they don't contain poisonous substances. Secondly, in the UK, the matter of toxic or non-toxic wastes are classified, not according to the existence of the poisonous substances, but based on the generation of sources. In Korea, the concepts of wastes are divided into the two categories - a concept as defined in actual legislations and a concept in its translation. The Korean classification of the wastes include Wastes Management Act, amended in 1995, which stipulates that toxic substances should be managed in a special way as the designated wastes. It appears that the Act utilizes the classification method that classifies the wastes according to the existence of poisonous substance. Korea's concepts of wastes should be changed after recognition of the concepts in international agreement (Basel Convention, EU) and other foreign laws(US, UK) that consider subjective and objective standards at the same time when they define the concepts. Also, the development of technology in recycling and reuse of the wastes can remove the current absolute notion of the wastes so that it also should not be passed over. Also, because a classification structure of wastes has a close relationship with a disposal structure, its classification system should be fixed gradually to come up with the development of wastes disposal technology and its policy.

• 한국재난정보학회 논문집
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.89-100
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• 2018

지정(특수)폐기물로 처리되어야 할 폭발성 폐기물이 일반폐기물 처리장에 잘못 반입되어 폐기물 처리과정에서 폭발사고로 이어졌을 때 많은 인명과 재산피해가 수반되므로 향후 폐기물 배출업체는 처리에 적합 가능한 처리시설로 폐기물을 처리하여야 한다. 본론에서 언급한 바와 같이 화약류 포장재 폐기물(고체부타디엔)의 착화재연실험에서 모두 발화위험성이 확인되었고, 작은 점화원에도 쉽게 착화되어 급속하고 폭발적으로 연소되는 형태를 나타냄을 알 수 있었다. 특히 폐기물처리장에서의 화약류 포장재에 의한 화재 폭발사고 사례와 같이 화약류 포장재 폐기물이 소각폐기물처리장에 대량으로 반입되어 유기화합물 폐기물과 혼재되어 있을 때는 상호 산화반응과 열분해 등으로 가연성, 산화성 가스가 발생되어 스파크 등 점화원에 의해 착화되며 순간적으로 폭발로 이어지는 개연성이 있음을 확인 할 수 있었다. 본연구가 화재현장에서의 현장 감식에 있어서 작은 참고자료가 되었으면 하는 바람과 과학적인 발화원인 판정으로 소방기관이 화재조사 전문기관으로서 대외적인 공신력을 인정받고 신뢰성 향상에 기여하는 계기가 되기를 기대한다.

• 한국농공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국농공학회 1999년도 Proceedings of the 1999 Annual Conference The Korean Society of Agricutural Engineers
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• pp.301-306
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• 1999

Over 4.1 billion metric tons of non-hazardous solid wastes are generated in the United States anually. Therefore, there is a need to reuse or reprocess as many products or by -products as possible. In this report, the aggregates produced from Naval Shipyard and Charlexton area dredge spoils are designated as NC and DS, respectively. The major objective of this portion was to determine the feasibility of the use of these aggregates in concrete mixtures. According to test results, the unit weight of concrete mixtures containing NC and DS (vitrified glass) was lower than the control mixture, and the control mixture produced higher compressive and bending strength compared to mixtures containing vitrified glass. However the mixtures containing vitrified glass still could be used in the field based on the minimum criteria set for the mix desgin.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.18-28
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• 2014

Renewable Portfolio Standards(RPS) is a regulation that requires a renewable energy generated from eco-friendly energy sources such as biomass, wind, solar, and geothermal. The RPS mechanism generally is an obligatory policy that places on electricity supply companies to produce a designated fraction of their electricity from renewable energies. The domestic companies to supply electricity largely rely on wood pellets in order to implement the RPS in spite of undesirable situation of lack of wood resources in Korea. This means that the electricity supply companies in Korea must explore new biomass as an alternative to wood. Palm kernel shell (PKS) and empty fruit bunch (EFB) as oil palm wastes can be used as raw materials used for making pellets after their thermochemical treatment like torrefaction. Torrefaction is a pretreatment process which serves to improve the properties including heating value and energy densification of these oil palm wastes through a mild pyrolysis at temperature typically ranging between 200 and $300^{\circ}C$ in the absence of oxygen under atmospheric pressure. Torrefaction of oil palms wastes at above $200^{\circ}C$ contributed to the increase of fixed carbon with the decrease of volatile matters, leading to the improvement of their calorific values over 20.9 MJ/kg (=5,000 kcal/kg) up to 25.1 MJ/kg (=6,000 kcal/kg). In particular, EFB sensitively responded to torrefaction because of its physical properties like fiber bundles, compared to PKS and hardwood chips. In conclusion, torrefaction treatment of PKS and EFB can greatly contribute to the implement of RPS of the electricity supply companies in Korea through the increased co-firing biomass with coal.

• 분석과학
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.276-286
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• 2013

국내 유해폐기물의 적정 관리를 위해 폐유 및 액상연료 공정에서 발생한 폐기물 중 규제 무기물질류의 배출특성을 조사하였다. 사업장은 올바로시스템에 등록된 폐기물 배출업체를 대상으로, 유럽폐기물 분류체계(EWC, European Waste Catalogue)의 폐유 및 액상연료 공정(EWC 13)과 유사한 폐기물 발생업체를 선정하였다. 조사대상 사업장 37 개 업체를 현지 방문하여 원료, 생산제품, 생산 공정, 폐기물의 종류 및 배출과정을 조사하고 생산 공정에서 배출되는 51 개의 폐기물을 채취하여 무기물질류 16 항목(Cd, Pb, Cu, Hg, As, CN, Cr, $Cr^{6+}$, Ba, Be, F, Ni, Sb, Se, V, Zn)에 대한 함량분석을 수행하였다. 분석결과, 모든 공정에서 발생된 폐기물에서 주로 Sb가 검출되었고, 6~419(평균 98) mg/kg의 농도 범위를 나타내었다. EWC 판정 절차를 통해 국내 폐유 및 액상연료 공정에서 발생된 폐기물을 판정한 결과, EWC 중분류 24공정 중 절대유해폐기물로 분류해서 관리해야할 공정은 16 개, 상대유해폐기물로 관리가 필요한 공정은 8 개로 판단되었다. 폐기물의 배출특성을 통해 유해물질 함유 자료를 확보하고 폐기물 목록에 대한 데이터베이스를 구축함으로써 유해폐기물의 안전처리를 통한 환경오염을 방지할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.157-169
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• 2020

Two lactic acid bacteria (LAB) designated J02 and J13 were recovered from fermented vegetables based on their ability to suppress soft rot disease caused by Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (Pcc) on radish. J02 and J13 were identified as Lactobacillus pentosus and Leuconostoc fallax, respectively. The ability of J02 and J13 to suppress plant diseases is highly dependent on chitosan. LAB alone has no effect and chitosan alone has only a moderate effect on disease reduction. However, J02 or J13 broth cultures plus chitosan display a strong inhibitory effect against plant pathogens and significantly reduces disease severity. LAB strains after being cultured in fish surimi (agricultural waste) and glycerol or sucrose-containing medium and mixed with chitosan, reduce three cruciferous vegetable diseases, including cabbage black spot caused by Alternaria brassicicola, black rot caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, and soft rot caused by Pcc. Experimental trials reveal that multiple applications are more effective than a single application. In-vitro assays also reveal the J02/chitosan mixture is antagonistic against Colletotrichum higginsianum, Sclerotium rolfsii, and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. rapae, indicating a broad-spectrum activity of LAB/chitosan. Overall, our results indicate that a synergistic combination of LAB and chitosan offers a promising approach to biocontrol.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제37권6호
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• pp.596-606
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• 2021

Soil-borne diseases are the major problems in mono cropping. A mixture (designated LTM-m) composed of agricultural wastes and a beneficial microorganism Streptomyces saraceticus SS31 was used as soil amendments to evaluate its efficacy for managing Rhizoctonia solani and root knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita). In vitro antagonistic assays revealed that SS31 spore suspensions and culture broths effectively suppressed the growth of R. solani, reduced nematode egg hatching, and increased juvenile mortality. Assays using two Petri dishes revealed that LTM-m produced volatile compounds to inhibit the growth of R. solani and cause mortality to the root knot nematode eggs and juveniles. Pot and greenhouse tests showed that application of 0.08% LTM-m could achieve a great reduction of both diseases and significantly increase plant fresh weight. Greenhouse trials revealed that application of LTM-m could change soil properties, including soil pH value, electric conductivity, and soil organic matter. Our results indicate that application of LTM-m bio-organic amendments could effectively manage soil-borne pathogens.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.51-65
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• 1995

Conservation of the natural environiment In chosun-Dynasty, Korea, is analysed on the basis of the of official records of the king's offices(Chosun-wangjo-sillok). In the popular ideologies of the dynasty, Seongleehak(philosophy of humanity arid natural laws) and Pungsu (geomancy) , the naturnal enviroment is defined as an entity con-sisting of Cheon (heaven) , San(mnountains) , Su (water), Geumsu (animals)and Chomok (plants) .the notion of Tacksi-Tackmul(being careful to take natural resources at the right time) was one of the Cheonmyung (eavenly decrees) . It was believed that violation of this principle resulted in natural disasters. Sasan(four mountains surrounding Hansungbu-, the capital city, now Seoul) , were strictly preserved according to geomancy practices. In areas other than the capital city, Sanlimcheontack (mountains, forests, rivers and ponds) were con-served for sustained production of building materials especially pinetrees for ship building, foods, firewoods, horses, and orter useful natural resources. Various conservation policy insturuments were adopted. Prunning trees was permitted only in October. Capturing fishes was allowed only after the spawning period. Protection areas were designated in Sasan, Seongjoesiplee (surroundings of the capital city) , Geumsan(protected mountains), Kangmujang(hunting and army training grounds), Sijang(firewood areas), Mokmajang(horse ranches) and Neungyuk(royal tombs) . Activities prohibited for conservation purposes included cutting timbers, burning, building houses or tombs, dumping wastes, farming and breaking up fresh land, grazing, hunting and trespassing. Positive actions for conservation were rituals to Heaven ennoblement of natural elements such as mountians or rivers, planting trees, Boto (supplementing soil on low ridges) , Josan (mounding) and making ponds. Boto, Josan and making ponds were to make ideal terrains for geomancy. Many government bodies and civil servants were engaged in the conservation activities. For example, Sanjik(forest keeper) was a special position with responsibility for forest management.