• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.743-752
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• 2004

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of filtered water with silicate minerals on growth performance and pork quality. A total of 64 pigs were allotted at 37.95 kg body weight to 4 treatments in a randomized complete block(RCB) design. Each treatment had 4 replicates and treatments were I) Con(basaI diet). 2) Si-I(consumed silicate mineral filtered water and silicate mineral additive during 4 weeks before market weight), 3) Si-Il( consumed silicate mineral filtered water and silicate mineral additive during 8 weeks before market weight) and 4) Si-I1I(consumed silicate mineral filtered water and silicate mineral additive during 12 weeks before market weight). Silicate complex was added at 0.8% to basal diet. All pigs were allowed to feed and water ad libitum for 12 weeks. During last 4 weeks, average daily gain(ADG) in Si-Il and Si-III group was higher than that in Si-I group(P < 0.05). However overall experimental period, there were no significant differences in growth performance among all treatments. Acceptability of cooked pork at 7th day after slaughter in Si-lII group was higher than that in Con group(P < 0.05). The value of pH of fresh pork at 6 hours after slaughter was lower in Si-I1I group than that in Con group(P < 0.05). TBA values of fresh pork at 14th day after slaughter were lower in Si-II and Si-III groups than Con group(P < 0.05). These results demonstrated that pork quality could be improved when pigs consumed both silicate mineral and silicate mineral filtered water. However, growth performance was not improved by the consumption of silicate mineral filtered water and silicate mineral.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.195-205
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• 2007

This study was conducted to determine effects of probiotics on performance, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen retention in Korean black goats fed two diets differing in forage to concentrate (F:C) ratio (30:70 and 70:30), for the establishment of their more efficient feeding management system. The probiotics employed in this trial were mixtures of different microbial species, which consisted of Lactobacillus casei, Bacillus subtilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus oryzae and Streptomyces griseus. Additional levels of probiotics to each F:C ratio (70:30 or 30:70) were 0 and 0.2%, respectively. Thus, twelve Korean black male goats were allotted to treatments in four groups of three goats per treatment and then they were housed in individual metabolism cages with a randomized complete block design for 21 days. Dry matter (DM) intakes were not affected by dietary F:C ratio and probiotics. Digestible DM amounts were significantly (p<0.05) decreased with increasing levels of dietary forage, but they were not affected by probiotics addition. Dry matter intakes per metabolic body weight and their ratio per body weight had a similar trend to DM intakes with no significant difference by F:C ratio and probiotics addition. The nutrient digestibility was significantly (p<0.05) increased with decreasing levels of forage in the diet, but it was not affected by probiotics addition. Urinary nitrogen loss was significantly (p<0.05) decreased with decreasing levels of dietary forage, but there was no significant difference between probiotics-supplemented and unsupplemented groups within the same F:C ratio. On the contrary, nitrogen retention was decreased with increasing levels of dietary forage, and probiotics supplementation to two diets differing in F:C ratio showed slightly increasing trends in the nitrogen retention. From the above results, probiotics supplementation to two diets differing in F:C ratio did not have the significant influence on feed intakes, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen retention. Consequently, these parameters of Korean black goats were dominated rather by F:C ratio than by dietary probiotics.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.527-539
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• 2010

This study was conducted to determine the effect of probiotics as an alternative for antibiotics on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, noxious gas emission and fecal microbial population in growing piglets. A total of 96 piglets ($22.5{\pm}1.3$kg average body weight) were allotted to 3 different treatment groups and replicated 4 times with 8 piglets per replicate in randomized complete block design. Treatments were T1) (Control, basal diet+0.2% antibiotics), T2) 0.2% probiotics complex and T3) 0.3% Bacillus probiotics. During the whole experiment period, there were no differences (p>0.05) in average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed efficiency. However, digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, nitrogen free extract and crude ash were showed higher in probiotics groups (T2 and T3) than those of control. In noxious gas emission, ammonia, amine, hydrogen sulfide and mercaptan were significantly (p<0.05) reduced in T2 and T3 treatments compared to those in control. Moisture content of feces was not significantly different among treatments. The colony forming units (CFU) of total bacteria, E. coli and thermoduric bacteria in feces were significantly different among treatments. The CFU of total bacteria, E. coli and thermoduric bacteria in T3 treatment were reduced by feeding probiotics B. From this study, we suggest that probiotics A and B are likely able to improve the growth performance and nutrients digestibility, reduce noxious gas emission and change the fecal microbial composition in growing piglets.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.357-364
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to efficiently produce forage crop seed of spring oat (Avena sativa L., cultivar High Speed) in Gyeongbuk area. Forage crop oats (130 kg/ha) were sown with a randomized block design. They were sown in triplicates in 2015 and 2016 using basal fertilizer of 70 kg N, 74 kg P, and 39 kg K/ha. Agronomic traits and seed production of oats were investigated to determine the influence of seeding dates (February 28/29th, March 10th, and March 20th). Heading, flowering, and maturing dates of these oats sown on February 28/29th and March 10th were almost close to each other with 1-2 days of difference for all test plots. For oats sown on the last day (28/29) of Feb., plant heights (111.6-122.6 cm) were significantly longer than those sown in March each year. In addition, panicle number ($416.7per\;m^2$) and panicle length (17.3 cm) of oats sown on the last day of February were also significantly (p < 0.05) larger than those of oats sown in March in 2015 and 2016, respectively. Based on these results, it is recommended to sow these oats on the last day of February to have better agronomic traits in terms of plant height, stem length, panicle length, and panicle number $per\;m^2$. Grain numbers (56.3 and 63.3) and kernel weights (1.72 and 2.00 g) per spike in plots of oats sown on the last day of February were also significantly (p < 0.05) larger than those of oats in other plots in 2016 and in the average of 2015~2016, respectively. The highest grain yield (6,243 kg/ha) was obtained when oats were sown on the last day of February. Feed value of harvested oats was good in terms of proximate compositions including fiber contents and TDN contents. In conclusion, sowing on the last day of February is the most effective way to increase seed production of spring oats in Gyeongbuk area of Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.43-50
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• 2007

This study was to investigate the effect of mulberry leaf water extract on lipid metabolism of rats fed high cholesterol diets. Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomly assigned to two normal groups; mulberry extract-free (N), 0.16% mulberry leaf extract (NM) groups and high cholesterol groups with four different levels of mulberry leaf extract; 0% (HC), 0.08% (HCL), 0.16% (HCM), and 0.32% mulberry leaf extract (HCH) groups. Serum levels of triglyceride, cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and AI index in mulberry leaf extract supplemented groups were significantly lower than the HC group (p<0.05). The level of HDL-cholesterol in the HC group was significantly (p<0.05) reduced, compared with N group, but it was increased by mulberry leaf extract supplementation. Mulberry leaf extract had no effect on the UDP-glucuronyl transferase activity. Also, there was no significant difference in the level of liver cholesterol between the HC and mulberry leaf extract supplemented groups, while there was significant difference in the levels of liver total lipid and triglyceride. The HCM and HCH groups had more significant reduction in the activity of lipoprotein lipase in epididymal fat tissue than the HC group. The levels of total lipid, triglyceride and total cholesterol in epididymal fat tissue of HCL, HCM and HCH groups were decreased compared to HC group. The levels of total lipid, triglyceride and total cholesterol in feces from HCL, HCM and HCH groups were higher than those of HC group.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.357-364
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• 2014

This study aimed to determine effects of the use of water-retention additive, hydrophilic polymer, for extensive green roofs on growth of Juniperus chinensis var. sargentii and Euonymus fortunei 'Emerald and Gold' for woody plants, and Carex kobomugi and Carex pumila for herbaceous plants. Five different contents of hydrophilic polymer including 0% (Control), 1.0%, 2.5%, 5.0%, and 10% (polymer: medium (w/w), dry weight basis) were added to each of the container filed with a 100 kg of growth medium. Ten of plants were transplanted in each of square container ($1m(L){\times}1m(W){\times}0.3m$ (H)) built on the roof platforms in randomized complete block design in the $20^{th}$ of May, 2013. In results, excessively high volumetric soil water content, about 97-98%, was found in the substrate under elevated hydrophilic polymer concentration of at least 2.5%, during the entire growing period. The moisture content of the substrate containing 1.0% of hydrophilic polymer was higher about 20% in the range between 70% and 80%, compared tho that of Control substrate in the range between 50% and 60%, for 27 days after transplanting prior to abundant rainfall, indicating that the application of hydrophilic polymer to the extensive green roof substrate is effective to eliminate drought condition by retaining water in the substrate. Euonymus fortunei 'Emerald and Gold' and Carex kobomugi resulting in higher plant growth with 2.5% than those of the other treatment plants. Juniperus chinensis var. sargentii was observed the highest growth under 1.0% hydrophilic polymer treatement, and Carex pumila was founded the best growth with Control respectively. Plants that grown in both the 1.0% and 2.5% hydrophilic polymer survived all, while the plants that grown in the 5.0% and 10% hydrophilic polymer died after 3 months. These results suggest that advantage of the addition of hydrophilic polymer may be greater in drought-tolerant plants, but the mixture proportion of hydrophilic polymer should be determined according to the different features of the plant species being grown.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.22-30
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• 1999

This experiment was carried out to determine the forage yield and mineral contents of silage corn(Zea mays L.), and N balance, soil chemical characteristics and nitrate-N level in infiltration water by different types and N rates of liquid manure applied. Seven treatments consisting of chemical fertilizer $200kg\;N;ha^{-1}$, liquid cattle manure 200, 320 and $440kg\;N;ha^{-1}$, liquid swine manure 200, 320 and $440kg\;N;ha^{-1}$ were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results obtained at National Livestock Research Institute, RDA, in Suweon from May 1997 to Aug. 1997 are summarized as follows : There were no significant differences in percentage of dry matter among the treatments, but significant dry matter yield differences were found (P<0.05), and also the mean dry matter yield of liquid swine manure plot was higher than that of liquid cattle manure plot. Potassium, calcium and magnesium contents of silage corn increased with increasing liquid manure application rates (P<0.05). Nitrate-N content of silage corn in the liquid cattle manure treatments was not influenced by liquid manure application rates, but that in the liquid swine manure treatments increased with increasing the N rates of liquid manure application. pH and contents of exchangeable canons of the soil after experiment were raised by increasing the amount of liquid manure application. Available $P_2O_5$ content in topsoil(0-10cm) was highest as $340mg\;kg^{-1}$ at the plot of liquid swine manure $440kg\;N;ha^{-1}$. Concentration of nitrate-N in infiltration water increased at the plot of liquid swine manure $440kg\;N;ha^{-1}$. Amount of nitrogen balance increased with increasing liquid manure application rates. Based on the results of this experiment, it is suggested that the mean dry matter yield of liquid swine manure plot was higher than that of liquid cattle manure plot, and the amount of nitrogen balance increased with increasing liquid manure application.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.165-171
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• 2011

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of copper-soy proteinate (Cu-SP) on the performance of laying hens. A total of 1,000 Hy-Line Brown laying hens of 32 wks old were assigned to one of the following 5 dietary treatments: Control, Cu-SP 50, 100, 150, 200 (50, 100, 150, 200 ppm Cu supplementation as Cu-soy proteinate). Each treatment was replicated 4 times with fifty birds per replication, housed in 2 birds cages. Fifty birds units were arranged according to randomized block design. Feeding trial lasted 5 wks under 16L : 8D lighting regimen. There were no significant differences among treatments in hen-day and hen-house egg production, egg weight, broken & soft egg production. Feed intake and feed conversion rate (FCR) were significantly (P<0.01) lower in Cu-SP treated groups than Control. Eggshell thickness was significantly (P<0.01) higher in Control than Cu-SP 100, 150 and 200. Egg yolk color index was significantly (P<0.01) higher in Cu-SP 200 than other treatments. Egg shell color index was significantly (P<0.05) higher in Cu-SP 150 and Cu-SP 200 than Cu-SP 100. Concentration of copper, iron and zinc of the egg yolk were not significantly influenced by treatment. There were no significant differences in the level of leukocytes and erythrocytes in the chicken blood. The result of this experiment showed that dietary supplementation of Cu-SP at the level of 50ppm of Cu can reduce feed intake and FCR.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.213-220
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• 2002

The growth characteristics, forage yields and nutritive values of heading and headless types of sorghum $\times$ sudangrass(Sorghum bicolar L.) hybrids were examined to evaluate the adaptability of new cultivars at Suwon and Chunahn for two years from 2000 to 2001 in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Eleven cultivars of heading type and 4 cultivars of headless type were used in this study. The dry matter(DM) yield of AG 2501 was highest in the heading type cultivars, and PAC F8350 in the headless type cultivars, respectively. The DM yields of heading types were slightly higher than those of headless types but there were not significantly different. Early growth and regrowth characteristics of heading type was highest in AG 2501 and GW 9110G, respectively. GW 9110G and DMD were early heading types, and AG 2501 and GW 9161F were middle heading types. AG 2501 was longest and GW 9161F was shortest in plant height. Cultivars with long leaf length were appeared to be larger fur leaf width and stem diameter. Brix content was highest in DMD as 9.7%, and disease and insect resistances were not significantly different among the heading types. Early growth of headless type cultivar, PAC F8350 was slightly lower than that of Jumbo but stronger in regrowth, wider in leaf width and stem diameter, and stronger in lodging. Comparisons of growth characters between heading and headless types of cultivars were not easy in general but between them, brix contents of heading types ranging from 6.7 to 7.9% were greatly higher than those of headless types ranging from 3.6 to 3.9%. Nutritive values such as crude protein, ADF, NDF and digestibility of headless type cultivars were higher than those of heading types. In conclusion, of heading type cultivars, GW 9110G, AG 2501, DMD and GW 9161F, and of headless type cultivars, Jumbo and PAC F8350 were recommended as high yielding cultivars with good adaptability in domestic environment.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.241-247
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• 2014

The objective of this experimental was to investigate the effect of dietary Cu-sulfate and Cu-soy proteinate on productive performance and small intestinal microflora. A total 1,000 Hy-Line Brown laying hens (35 weeks old) were randomly allotted to 1 of 5 dietary treatments: Control, Cu-sulfate 50, 100 (50, 100 ppm Cu supplementation as Cu-sulfate) and Cu-SP 50, 100 (50, 100 ppm Cu supplementation as Cu-soy proteinate). Each treatment was replicated 4 times with fifty birds per replication, housed in 2 birds cages. Fifty birds units were arranged according to randomized block design. Feeding trial lasted 5 weeks under 16L : 8D lighting regimen. Hen day egg production was significantly (P<0.05) higher in Cu treated groups than control. Feed intake, broken and shell-less egg production was not significantly influenced by treatment. Eggshell color, eggyolk color, haugh unit, and eggshell thickness were not significantly influenced by treatment. However, eggshell strength was significantly (P<0.05) greater in Cu treated groups than control. Concentration of copper of liver was significantly (P<0.05) greater in Cu treated groups than control. Concentration of zinc and iron of liver were not influenced by treatments. Population of Cl. perfrigens and Lactobacilli in the small intestinal content were significantly (P<0.05) influenced by treatments. Population of Cl. perfrigens decreased and that of Lactobacilli increased in the Cu supplement groups. In conclusion, dietary Cu sulfate and Cu-soy proteinate similarly improves egg production, eggshell strength, and favors intestinal microbial population of laying hens.