• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.111-118
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• 1986

Sysnthesis and accumulation pattern or nonstructural carbohydrates in orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) cv. Potomac and Baraula, perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cv. Reveille and Semperweide and meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis Huds.) cv. Cosmos 11 and N.F.G. were studied under different meteorological environments and cutting managements. The field experiments were conducted as a split plot design with three cutting regimes of 6-7 cuts at grzing stage, 4-5 cuts at silage stage and 3 cuts at hay stage in Korea and West Germany from 1975 to 1979. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Accumlation of nonstructural carbohydrates in temperate grasses was influenced by grass species and regional climatic environments. Total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) of orchardgrass, perennial ryegrass and meadow fescue in Korea, taken as average of all cutting regimes, were shown a value of 4.39%, 6.08% and 8.01%, respectively, while those under cool summer climatic condition in West Germany accumulated to 10.42% (orchardgrass), 18.02% (perennial ryegrass) and 12.73% (meadow fescue). 2. Nonstructural carbohydrates in orchardgrass were accumulated mainly as mono-and disaccharose, while those in perennial ryegrass resreved as fructosan. The contents of fructosan and mono-and disaccharose were 1.34% and 3.04% for orchardgrass, 3.25% and 2.83% for perenninal ryegrass, respectively. Meadow fescue had a concentration of 3.93% fructosan and 4.08% mono-and disaccharose. 3. Synthesis and accumulation of nonstructural carbohydrates in temperate grasses were negative associated with increasing of air temperature (P$\leq$ 0.1%). Under hot stress during summer season in Korea, the contents of fructosan, mono-and disaccharose were decreased to about 0.34% nd 1.28% from a value of 1.34% and 2.69% in spring season. In Freising and Braunschweig, the concentration of reserved carbohydrates was less influenced by growing season. 4. Synthesis and accumulation pattern of nonstructural carbohydrates were shown a great respons to cutting frequency of the plants. Frequent cutting system under high temperature lowered the accumulation of reserved carbohydrates, especially fructosan and also caused to decrease the plant regrowth. However, under cool temperature, it shows a less differences of tructosan, mono-and disaccharose in the plants at all cutting systems.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.37-48
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• 2009

The standardization of marketing has been one of the most focused research topics in international marketing. The term "global marketing" was often used to mean an internationally standardized marketing strategy based on similarities between foreign markets. Marketing standardization was discussed only within the context of traditional physical marketplaces. Since then, the digital "marketspace" of the Internet had emerged in the 90's, and it became one of the most important drivers of the globalization process opening new opportunities for the standardization of global marketing activities. On the other hand, the opinion that a greater adoption of the Internet by customers may lead to a higher degree of customization and differentiation of products rather than standardization is also quite popular. Considering this disagreement, it is notable that comprehensive studies which focus upon the marketing standardization especially in the context of global e-commerce are missing to a high degree. On this background, the two basic research questions being addressed in this study are: (1) To what extent do companies standardize their marketing in international e-commerce? (2) Is there an impact of marketing standardization on the performance (or success) of these companies? Following research hypotheses were generated based upon literature review: H 1: Internationally engaged e-commerce firms show a growing readiness for marketing standardization. H 2: Marketing standardization exerts positive effects on the success of companies in international e-commerce. H 3: In international e-commerce, marketing mix standardization exerts a stronger positive effect on the economic as well as the non-economic success of companies than marketing process standardization. H 4: The higher the non-economic success in international e-commerce firms, the higher the economic success. The data for this research were obtained from a questionnaire survey conducted from February to April 2005. The international e-commerce companies of various industries in Germany and all subsidiaries or headquarters of foreign e-commerce companies based in Germany were included in the survey. 118 out of 801 companies responded to the questionnaire. For structural equation modelling (SEM), the Partial-Least. Squares (PLS) approach in the version PLS-Graph 3.0 was applied (Chin 1998a; 2001). All of four research hypotheses were supported by result of data analysis. The results show that companies engaged in international e-commerce standardize in particular brand name, web page design, product positioning, and the product program to a high degree. The companies intend to intensify their efforts for marketing mix standardization in the future. In addition they want to standardize their marketing processes also to a higher degree, especially within the range of information systems, corporate language and online marketing control procedures. In this study, marketing standardization exerts a positive overall impact on company performance in international e-commerce. Standardization of marketing mix exerts a stronger positive impact on the non-economic success than standardization of marketing processes, which in turn contributes slightly stronger to the economic success. Furthermore, our findings give clear support to the assumption that the non-economic success is highly relevant to the economic success of the firm in international e-commerce. The empirical findings indicate that marketing standardization is relevant to the companies' success in international e-commerce. But marketing mix and marketing process standardization contribute to the firms' economic and non-economic success in different ways. The findings indicate that companies do standardize numerous elements of their marketing mix on the Internet. This practice is in part contrary to the popular concept of a "differentiated standardization" which argues that some elements of the marketing mix should be adapted locally and others should be standardized internationally. Furthermore, the findings suggest that the overall standardization of marketing -rather than the standardization of one particular marketing mix element - is what brings about a positive overall impact on success.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.151-157
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• 2014

Since recently developed Ultra-High-Performance-Concrete (UHPC) provides very high strength, stiffness, and durability, many studies have been made on the application of the UHPC to bridge decks. Due to high strength and stiffness of UHPC bridge deck, the structural contribution of top flange of steel girder composite to UHPC deck would be much lower than that of conventional concrete deck. At this point of view, this study proposes a inverted-T shaped steel girder composite to UHPC deck. This girder requires a new type of shear connector because conventional shear connectors are welded on top flange. This study also proposes three different types of shear connectors, and evaluate their ultimate strength via push-out static test. The first one is a stud shear connector welded directly to the web of the girder in the transverse direction. The second one is a puzzle-strip type shear connector developed by the European Commission, and the last one is the combination of the stud and the puzzle-strip shear connectors. Experimental results showed that the ultimate strength of the transverse stud was 26% larger than that given in the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, but a splitting crack observed in the UHPC deck was so severe that another measure needs to be developed to prevent the splitting crack. The ultimate strength of the puzzle-strip specimen was 40% larger than that evaluated by the equation of European Commission. The specimens combined with stud and puzzle-strip shear connectors provided less strength than arithmetical sum of those. Based on the experimental observations, there appears to be no advantage of combining transverse stud and puzzle-strip shear connectors.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.160-181
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to understand raters' errors in rating performance assessments of science inquiry. For this, 60 middle school students performed scientific inquiry about sound propagation and 4 trained raters rated their activity sheets. Variance components estimation for the result of the generalizability analysis for the person, task, rater design, the variance components for rater, rater by person and rater by task are about 25%. Among 4 raters, 2 raters' severity is higher than the other two raters and their severities were stabilized. Four raters' rating agreed with each other in 51 cases among the 240 cases. Through the raters' conferences, the rater error types for 189 disagreed cases were identified as one of three types; different salience, severity, and overlooking. The error type 1, different salience, showed 38% of the disagreed cases. Salient task and salient assessment components are different among the raters. The error type 2, severity, showed 25% and the error type 3, overlooking showed 31%. The error type 2 seemed to have happened when the students responses were on the borders of two levels. Error type 3 seemed to have happened when raters overlooked some important part of students' responses because she or he immersed her or himself in one's own salience. To reduce the above rater errors, raters' conference in salience of task and assesment components are needed before performing the holistic scoring of complex tasks. Also raters need to recognize her/his severity and efforts to keep one's own severity. Multiple raters are needed to prevent the errors from being overlooked. The further studies in raters' tendencies and sources of different interpretations on the rubric are suggested.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.163-188
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• 2010

This study set out to develop and evaluate an educational program for the Clothing Life of Home Economics through the theme-based integrated approach develop integrated thinking abilities for solving everyday problems. For those purposes, it selected a couple of themes in the area of Clothing Life toward which the theme-based integrated approach could be develop and evaluate an educational program. The developed program was applied and assessed in total 28 hours of field lessons given to eighth graders attending B Middle School in Busan Metropolitan City. The analysis stage involved an exploration into programs related to an integrated approach to other subjects; the design stage identification of program types; and the development stage theme selection according to the selection criteria. The previous studies were analyzed along with the Technology and Home Economics textbooks to select a theme. two themes "Clothing Management" and "Fabrics(Materials)" were selected after discussing with the students on the Messenger and with a group of experts. Then content was organized and composed around the themes by discussing connections with other subjects. There were three evaluation; one by experts, another through preliminary lessons, and the other through field lessons. Following the research procedure, a theme-based integrated program was developed for the two selected themes. It contained total 49 and 32 learning materials for "Clothing Management" and "Fabrics(Materials)," respectively. Those learning materials were comprised of experiments and practices according to the nature of the themes. Each program consisted of the goals, learning content, content organization chart, learning activities, and evaluation; learning activities experiences, practice and experiment activities, self-directed activities and problem-solving processes; and evaluations self-evaluation, teacher evaluation, peer evaluation, portfolio, and experiment reports. The program was assessed three times. The first and second evaluation results found that the program was well compatible with the current needs, was properly organized to give lessons through integration with other subjects, and continuously maintained the students' interest. They, however, requested that there should be detailed explanations about each part of the program content. In the third evaluation done by the students during field lessons, 60% of them said that the program was fun and its content was easy to understand, that they realized a theme could be connected to several other subjects, and that the program could be applied to actual life. The educational program through the theme-based integrated approach is significant in that it is an educational program for the area of Clothing Life and tries an integrated approach. It helped the students not only gather knowledge in an integrated manner, but put it to practical uses to solve various problems they faced in actual life by creatively changing integrated knowledge. The study will be hopefully used by many teachers so that the students solve problems based on the ability of integrating various knowledges organically.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.222-239
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of alcohol on the psychomotor performance and subjective assessment in healthy Korean adults with acetaldehyde dehydrogenase I(ALDH-I) isozyme variance. A total of 20 male subjects, half with active ALDH-I and the other half with inactive ALDH-I, were selected through both a self-reporting questionnaire examining alcohol sensitivity and the Higuchi's ethanol patch test detecting ALDH-I deficiency. In a doule-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over design, each subject consumed four doses of alcohol(0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0g/kg) and placebo on five separate occasions at weekly intervals, Treatment order was fully balanced using a $5{\times}5$ Latin square, Psychomotor performance tests[coritical flicker fusion threshold(CFF) and choice reaction time(CRT)] and self-estimate questionnaires were conducted at baseline and at time points of 20, 40, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 minutes after consuming the test drug for 20 minutes, Blood alcohol concentrations(BACs) using breath analyzer were measured at baseline and at time points of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, 150, 180 minutes after drinking, The BACs and the mean changes in the psychomotor performances and subjective assessments from pre-alcohol baseline, were compared between the two groups. The findings were summarized as follows : 1) BACs were tended to be higher in the inactive group than the active in all of the four alcohol doses. However significant group differences were only after the 0.5g/kg dose of alcohol. 2) The inactive group showed significant impairment in CFFT at most time points alter 0.75 and 1.0g/kg doses of alcohol. 3) In CRT, total reaction time(TRT) significantly prolonged in the inactive group than the active group at 20 minutes after 0.25 and 1.0g/kg doses of alcohol and at 40, 60, 90 minutes alter 0.75g/kg dose of alcohol. In the inactive group, recognition time component significantly increased at 20, 60, 90 minutes after 1.0g/kg dose of alcohol, while movement time component significantly increased at 40, 60 minutes after 0.75g/kg dose of alcohol. 4) Subjective evaluation of the effect of alcohol revealed that physical and mental conditions as well as a self-estimate of the effects of alcohol on performance were significantly worse in the inactive group than the active at some time points alter all of the lour alcohol doses, wihch were more pronounced after 0.75 and 1.0g/kg doses of alcohol. 5) Most of the group differences mentioned above, still remained statistically significant after BAC was entered as a covariate, These findings demonstrated that the alcohol sensitivity is higher in individuals with inactive ALDH-I than those with active ALDH-I both on the subjective assessments and the objective psychomotor performances. Furthermore, these results suggest thai the alcohol sensitivity may be determined by acetaldehyde concentration rather than BAC per se. In future studies, after more accurate genotyping for ALDH-I, the relationships between BAC, acetaldehyde concentration and alcohol sensitivities should be clearly defined.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.277-289
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• 2009

Recently, functional MRI has been used to investigate the neurobiological mechanisms of acupuncture and the specificity of acupoint. The group data tend to be regarded as more important than the individual data in the most of previous studies. This study was designed to investigate the effect of the variability of individual data on the group results. A functional MRI (fMRI) of the whole brain was performed in fifteen healthy subjects during placebo and acupuncture stimulations at the ST36 acupoint. After remaining at rest for 30 seconds, the acupuncture was inserted and twisted at the rate of 2 Hz for 45 seconds and then the acupuncture was removed immediately. This process was repeated three times. Individual and group analyses were performed by voxel-based analyses using SPM2 software. Visual inspections of the activation and deactivation maps from individual sessions have shown the large variability across fifteen subjects. This means that the group data reflected the brain activation responses of only a few subjects. We suggest that the individual data should be presented to demonstrate the effect of acupuncture.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.32 no.12
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• pp.1903-1914
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to propose an efficient and feasible global market entry strategy for the Korean apparel industry by analyzing the Italian fashion industry. In particular, the study investigated the role of foreign exhibitions and showrooms supported and organized by Italian fashion organizations. The methodology for this study was to analyze industrial reports, review previous studies and conduct in-depth interviews with 23 industry experts in Italy, Korea and LA. The results indicated that the most prominent factor in the Italian fashion industry was the fashion cluster, which is a strong and organic network of diverse fashion related areas No matter the size of the enterprise, firms can get practical, prompt and efficient support from diverse associations. The network operated by the associations provides strong support to each firm by organizing collections and exhibitions, and providing promotional activities. Showrooms and agents are another supportive "gate keeper", directly related to an enterprise's sales. However, Korean fashion firms did not have enough information or knowledge for foreign exhibitions, nor did they make aggressive promotional efforts in the global market. Despite the many fashion-related associations exist in Korea, their programs are too focused on visible accomplishments and are too oriented on "big company" and "big voice", rather than many "small firms". In conclusion, the Korean fashion industry-particularly the fashion industry in Seoul-has strong potential to become the center of the global fashion market in the future. However, the fashion support system that can act as the channel to promote firms and to meet global buyers needs to be supplemented. To feasibly create this system, government or industry associations should develop a strong and generous support system and network, and they must recognize the need for small firms to exist.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.100-105
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• 1985

To find out the optimum level of nitrogen fertilization and better distribution of application time for seed production of Festuca arundianacea S. (var. Alta), this filed experiment was performed at Livestock Experiment Station in Suweon, during 1979 to 1981. The treatments used in this study were three nitrogen fertilizing levels (120, 180 and 240kg/ha) and four different methods of nitrogen distribution (i. single application of whole amount in early Spring, ii. 50 percent each in Autumn and early Spring, iii. 50 percent each in early Spring and at begin of heading stage and iv. 50 percent in Autumn and 25 percent in early Spring and at begin of heading stage respectively). The experiment was arranged as a split-plot design with 4 replications and performed at the experimental field of the Livestock Experiment Station in Suweon, during 1979 to 1981. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Date of heading stage of Festuca arundinacea was about May 21 and that of flowering stage was June 1 to 3. The optimum stage for the seed harvesting of Festuca arundinacea (var. Alta) was June 25 about 22 to 23 days after full flowering stage. Average plant height was about 127cm and the panicle length, 24cm. 2. 1000 grain weight was 2.72g and the number of panicles were 85 to 107 per square meter. 3. The mean seed wield for two years was 678.8kg/ha with the average of whole treatments and 781.9kg/ha with the best treatment (50 percent in Autumn and 25 percent in early Spring and at begin of heading stage with 240kg/ha respectively). 4. The average germination rate of harvesting seeds was 87.0 percent and it was increasing trend according to frequent application of fertilizer. 5. The average DM yield of aftermath seed harvesting was 6155kg/ha with two cut, and it was the largest DM yield from the higher nitrogen level and also from the single application in early Spring.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.136-142
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• 1985

For better grassland development in the forest, this field experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of thirteen different fertilizer levels of nitrogen(N), phosphorus ($P_2O_5$) and potassium ($K_2O$) on the botanical composition, growth and dry matter yield of grass-clover mixtures grown under trees with 40-50% of shading level. This experiment was arranged as a randomized block design with replications, and performed on the experimental field in the suburban forest of Suweon in 1984. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Plant height and cover degree of grasses found to be high with 28 and 42kg N fertilizer per 10a, while those were the lowest with zero and N-zero fertilizer levels. The degree of bare land after the fourth cut was also high in the low N level. 2. A significant higher degree of leaf green and chlorophyll content of leaf blade was observed in the plot of 28 and 42 kg N per 10a when compared with low N fertilizer plot. However, leaf decay and plant type of grasses tended to be a little poor as the high N was applied. 3. the regrowth plant length and dry weight of grasses after the first cut increased significantly with 28 and 42 kg N fertilizer. However, those showed slightly increased regrowth in the plot of zero and N-zero fertilizer levels. 4. The dry matter yield of grasses was higher with 28 and 42 kg N than that of low N fertilizer level. Higher yields were obtained in the plot of standard ($N-P_2O_5-K_2O$=28-20-24 kg/10a), 50% increase of $N,P_2O_5K_2O$ and N-50% increase, although there were no significant differences among three fertilizer levels. 5. Growth, botanical composition, regrowth and yield of grasses grown under pine trees were significantly influenced by N fertilizer level, regardless of $P_2O_5\;and\;K_2O$. The fertilizer level of $N-P_2O_5-K_2O$ was 28-20-24 kg per 10a for more forage production in the forest. Considering economic yield in this study, however, the optimum fertilizer level of N, $P_2O_5\;and\;K_2O$ was suppose to be 21-28, 10-15, and 12-18kg per 10a, respectively.