• 보존과학연구
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• 통권19호
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• pp.109-132
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• 1998

According to excavation of Imdang site, these sites were excavated place to a various of sites from Early lron period to the Koryo Kingdom. Artifacts to be conserved were excavated from A, D and E district. Metal artifacts were excavated from D and E district and lacquer ware artifacts were excavated from Adistrict. Metal artifacts including lacquer ware iron sword, imitative bronze mirror, Osujen and bronze artifact with letter and so on. Bronze artifacts were covered with soil and rust and performed consolidation after passivation treatment with Benzotriazole solution. Also, iron artifacts performed desalting treatment with 0.1M sesquicarbonate solution. After desalinization, adhesive of these artifacts were processed with Araldite(rapid type) after consolidation with20%∼30% NAD-10 solution. Lacquer ware artifacts remained fragments of lacquer to be all corroded and soiled. Therefore these artifacts retained its original form. Fragments of lacquer joined with Caparol 1%∼3% solution and the soil of relics coated with PSNY 3%∼6% solution. There were many kinds of lacquer were. Lacquer ware artifacts presumed to a string instrument that provide important clues for lacquer ware research. As for lacquer fragments inquire, paints grain size were $2∼5\mum$ and conformed to vanished three times.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제46권5호
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• pp.303-307
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• 2013

Research reports on soil during the years from 1906 to 2012 have been analyzed to understand the role and pattern of soil research in agriculture. The number of research reports in relation with the key word of soils were 2,211 cases and classified in accordance with the criteria of research area, research subject, and research place of report papers. During the 40 years from 1906 to 1946, research work on soil chemistry was reached 62%, highest in the research area. In the case of research subject, research reports on soil fertility and soil nutrients was highest as 42.2%, and the next subject on soil salt and desalinization was about 19.5%. Research places were in the order of paddy as 34.1%, upland as 23.7%, and reclaimed soil as 22.5%. From 1953 to 2012 during 60 years, in the research area report papers were mainly concentrated on chemistry area as 32% and the next was physics as 26%, and environment as 12%. In the case of research subject during the same period, nutrient management report was reached 21.1%, and soil improvement on chemical and physical properties for optimum crop growth was 11.9%. Soil survey and data base establishment report was 8.6%. Research place were in the order of upland as 34.9%, paddy as 25.7%, and vinyl house as 12.5%, which showed reversed pattern compared to that of before 40 years.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.9-15
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• 2012

This study was performed to produce basic data for silty reclaimed tidal lands and to develop techniques of environmentally-friendly utilization in agricultural system. We chose the two sites in Saemangeum reclaimed tidal lands, one (Site I) has been treated with cultivating green manure and conducting the desalinization process through submergence since April, 2007 and the other (Site II) has been under natural condition without artificial treatment. In situ and ex situ physic-chemical properties were determined and comparisons were made for soil profiles examined at these two sites in April 2009. Surface soil of Site I had lower EC and higher field saturated hydraulic conductivity than those of Site II, uncultivated land. Especially, exchangeable sodium content was lowest in Site I Ap1 layer than in other layers. This is probably due to flooding desalination and green manure cultivation. Besides, Ap1 and A2 layers of soil profile in Site I showed brighter soil color and more root observation than those of Site II. This is probably due to green manure cultivation. By the large, for high cash upland crops and intensive agricultural use of silty reclaimed tidal land, site-specific soil ripening such as flooding desalination and green manure cultivation could be useful.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.307-321
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• 1995

Division of ecoregions having respective functions was attempted through quantitative and qualitative analysis on vegetation diversity, and heterogeneity and on soil environment of the study sites. Field research was carried out in a square of 81 ㎢ around Andongpo (126°38'E, 37°30'N), Kimpo-gun, Kyonggi provice. Conventional methods applied are as follows: classical syntaxonomy by the Zurich-Montpellier School, interpolation method to determine the degree of diversity, heterogeneity and distribution pattern of vegetation, and correlation analysis between soil properties and plant communities. 41 plant communities were identified and composed of 6 forests, 4 mantle and 31 herb communities including 6 saltmarsh plant communities. In a mesh, number of plant communities was highly correlated to the number of species. The highest number of plant community and species was 25 communities·km-2·mesh-1 and 381 species· km-2·mesh-1 ,and the highest value of vegetation heterogeneity was 28.1 species· community-1·mesh-1. Their lowest numbers were 4 communities·km-2·mesh-1. and 28 species·km-2·mesh-1. and 7 species·community-1·mesh-1, respectively. Contour map on vegetation diversity and heterogeneity enabled us to establish two regions; coastal and inland vegetation. Isoline 〔150〕,〔10〕and〔10〕and〔15〕on the species diversity, the community diversity and the vegetation heterogeneity, respectively, were regarded as ecolines in the study area. Cl- content was recognized as the most important factor from correlation analysis between soil properties. Ordination of sites indicated that the study area be divided into two edaphic types: inland and coastal habitats. It was considered that the extent of desalinization in soil played a major role in determining the species composition in the reclamed area. By matching edaphic division of habitats with division of vegetation structures, designation of ecoregion was endorsed. The approach of current study was suggested as an effective tool to implement an assessment of the vegetation dynamics by the disparity of natural environment and anthropogenic interferences.

• 농촌계획
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.3-11
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• 2000

The high salt concentration of reclaimed tidelands in the beginning of reclamation interferes with the growth of most crops. Although the crops are cultivated in the unripened tidal reclaimed paddy fields after desalinization to be arable, they we apt to be injured from salt by the resalinization through accumulated salts in the root zone during the growing period. In oder to make the reasonable irrigation plan in the unripened tidal reclaimed paddy fields, the preventive water requirements of resalinization as well as leaching requirements have to be included in irrigation water requirements. The critical salinity for the normal growth of crops should be determined to estimate the preventive water requirements of resalinization, and the changes of salinity in soil and water should be analyzed during the growing period, In this study, the growth tests of crops were conducted by soil textures and water management methods in the experimental field with lysimeters, using the samples of good drainage soils and poor drainage soils. And the changes of salinity in soil and water during the growing period, were analyzed to obtain the basic data for determining the critical salinity and making the estimation criteria of the preventive water requirements of resalinization. As the results obtained from analyzing the changes of salinity during the growing period in the unripened tidal reclaimed paddy fields, the exchanging interval of water for the prevention of resalinization was estimated to be within two weeks in good drainage soils and a week in poor drainage soils. And the total exchanging requirements of water for the prevention of resalinization during the growing period was estimated to be over 280mm in good drainage soils and 540mm in poor drainage soils.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.281-287
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• 2013

Due to its high salt content and poor physical properties in reclaimed tidal lands, it is important to ameliorate soil physical properties to improve the efficiency of desalination. The objective of this study was to evaluate the changes of soil properties at Saemangeum reclaimed tidal saline soil with various soil amendments. Field experiment was conducted at Saemangeum reclaimed tidal land in Korea and the dominant soil series was Munpo series (coarse loamy, mixed, nonacid, Mesic, Typic, Fluvaquents). Woodchips, crushed-stone, oyster shell, coal bottom ash, and rice hull were added as soil amendments and mixed into surface soil to improve soil physical properties. There was large variability in soil hardness, but oyster shell treatment was significantly lower soil hardness at surface layer. Soil hardness was not significantly different below 15 cm depth. Infiltration rate was also significantly greater at oyster shell treatment. This may be due to the leaching of Ca ions from oyster shell and improved soil properties. However, there was no statistical significant difference of the soil bulk density, moisture content, and porosity. Improved physical properties increased desalinization rate in soil and retarded the resalinization rate when evapotranspiration rate was high. Although soil salinity was significantly decreased with oyster shell amendment, soil pH was increased that should be made up as a soil amendment. Our results indicated that oyster shell application increased infiltration rate and improved soil hardness, and thus oyster shell could be used to improve soil salinity level at Saemangeum reclaimed tidal saline soil.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.96-110
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• 1994

The purpose of this study is to develop soil salt prediction model for the estimation of irrigation water requirements for dry field crops in reclaimed tidelands. The simulation model based on water balance equation, salt balance equation, and salt storage equation was developed for daily prediction of sa]t concentration in root zone. The data obtained from field measurement during the growing period of tomato were used to evaluate the applicability of this model. The results of this study are summarized as follows: 1.The optimum irrigation point which maximizes the crop yield in reclaimed tidelands of silt loam soil while maintaining the salt concentration within the tolerance level, ws found to be pF 1.6, and total irrigation requirement after transplanting was 602mm(6.7 mm/day)for tomato. 2.When the irrigation point was pF 1.6, the deviation between predicted and measured salt concentration was less than 4 % at the significance level of 1 7% 3.Since the deviations between predicted and measured values data decrease as the amount of irrigation water increases, the proposed model appear to be more suitable for use in reclaimed tidelands. 4.The amount of irrigation water estimated by the simulation model was 7.2mm/day in the average for cultivating tomato at the optimum irrigation point of pF 1.6.The simulation model proposed in this study can be generalized by applying it to other crops. This, model, also, could be further improved and extended to estimate desalinization effects in reclaimed tidelands by including meteorological effect, capillary phenomenon, and infiltration.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.2084-2089
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• 1970

간척지의 토양개량제로서 효과가 있을 것으로 기대되는 여러종류의 석회질 물질을 비교 시험하여 그 효과를 밝히고저 강화간척지 시험포장에서 실시한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 정조수량은 Ca-Humate 1.0% 구에서 제일 많았고 다음이 생고, 석고, 소석회의 순으로 되었다. 2. 석회나 유기물을 시용함으로서 증수를 가져 온 것은 수량구성 요인인 주당수수(株當穗數) 수당입수(穗當粒數), 천립중(千粒重), 등숙율(登熟率) 등을 모두 증가 시켰기 때문이다. 3. 유기물이나 석회를 시용함으로서 입단형성을 증가시켜 수도생육을 양호하게 하였다. 4. 간척지 토양을 개량하기 위하여서는 석고나 소석회 및 생고를 따로따로 분리해서 시용하는 것도 좋지마는 Ca-Humate와 같이 석회를 유기물과 함께 시용하는 것도 효과가 좋다.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.65-70
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• 2003

Shihwa tidal freshwater marsh was constructed recently to treat pollutants entering Shihwa lake. In this study, we examined the spatial and temporal patterns of heavy metal accumulation in soils of Shihwa marsh and sought correlations between several soil variables (pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter, and acid ammonium oxalate-extractable Fe and Al contents) and the heavy metal concentration of soils. Surface soil samples (0∼20 cm) were collected in June 2000, November 2000, and July 2001, and were analyzed for heavy metals (Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu, Cr, As, and Hg) and soil chemical properties. The neutral pH and water-saturated conditions of Shihwa marsh appeared to favor immobilization of heavy metal through adsorption onto soils. The concentrations of heavy metal (especially Zn, Cu, and Cr) in soils of Shihwa marsh increased along the sampling occasions, suggesting that soils of Shihwa marsh serve as a sink of heavy metal. Among the sub-marshes, metal concentrations were highest in Banweol high marshes and lowest in Samhwa marshes. The temporal and spatial variations in the heavy metal concentrations of soils were correlated positively with organic matter and oxalate extractable Fe and Al contents, but negatively with electrical conductivity. These results suggest that organic matter and hydrous oxide of Fe/Al may playa key role in removing heavy metals in soils of Shihwa marsh, and that heavy metal removing capacity would increase with desalinization. However, the removal patterns of heavy metal by reeds warrant further studies to evaluate the total removal capacity of heavy metals by Shihwa marsh.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.358-363
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• 2000

대호 간척지에서 제염진행 기간 중 우선 도입 가능한 작물을 선발하는 데에 필요한 기초자료를 제공하기 위하여 실험을 수행하였다. 대호 간척지에서 염농도별로 채취한 토양을 사용하여 8가지 작물(배추, 무, 토마토, 고추, 메밀, 콩, 참깨, 들깨)을 Pot 재배하여 염농도별 장해정도를 평가하였다. 토양 포화침출액의 염농도는 1, 3, 9, 14 및 $16\;dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ 의 5수준으로 하고 1998년 10월 작물을 파종하여 11월 수확하기까지 37일간 재배하였다. 파종 후 2주, 4주, 그리고 작물체 수확 직전에(5주) 각 작물의 최대초장, 본엽수를 조사하였고, 수확 후 생체중을 조사하였다. 공시작물의 출아율은 5개 수준 모든 염농도에서 비교적 높게 나타났으나, 작물 생육상태(초장, 엽수)의 경시적 변화는 염농도에 따라 뚜렷한 차이를 보였다. 특히 참깨의 경우 초기에는 출아율이 비교적 높았으나 3주 이후에는 모든 염농도 수준에서 고사하였다. 수확 후 작물의 건물중도 염농도에 따라 큰 차이를 나타내었다. 염류장해가 없을 때의 생장량 대비 건물중의 50%가 감소되는 염농도는 무; $14.2\;dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$, 배추; $11.4\;dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$, 고추; $10.2\;dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$, 메밀과 들깨; $8.9\;dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$, 콩; $8.6\;dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$, 그리고 토마토; $6.8\;dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ 이었다. 생육 저해가 시작되는 범위 이상의 염농도에서 메밀은 염농도가 $1\;dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ 높아질 때 건물 감소율이 7.7% 이었다. 그 다음이 들깨로 6.5% 이었고, 배추는 5.9%, 무는 5.6%, 콩은 5.2%, 그리고 토마토와 고추는 4.9%의 건물중 감소율을 보였다. 참깨를 제외한 7가지 공시 작물 모두 시험기간 중 생존이 가능한 염농도는 $15.4\;{\sim}\;23.1\;dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ 이었다.