• Journal of the Korean Institute of Navigation
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.93-102
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• 1997

History will be defined as a science on human beings in both space and time(des hommes dans le temps et l'espace). Navigational History is a premise to compose Maritime History. Maritime History is a branch of General History which is classified on the basis of space and will be definded as a branch of history to examine 'inter-realtions between maritime affairs and inland affairs'. Then, what kind of 'go by sea'can be a subject of Navigational History ? A research-subject of Navigational History must be navigation rather than sail or voyage. Because while 'sail' means to 'passive and noncommercial sailing' and voyage means to journeyin a general sense that includes sail and navigation, navigation means to indicate ' to go from one place to another in a ship' adn 'to convoy goods by water'. Then, how can we define Navigation History? Navigational History in a narrow sense is to be a field of studying 'process of development of nautical science and seamanship on the side of History ofScience and Techique, whereas Navigational History in a broad sense is to be a field of analyzing 'effects of historical navigation upon history on the side of General History. On studying Navigational History in a narrow sense, there are signifiacances of disclosing what the development of nautical instruments and arts of navigation have played a role in history. Navigational History in a broad sense is a branch of General History to study effects of historical navigation upon history. In conclusion, the significance of studying Navigation History is to disclose process of developmentof arts of navigation, and on the basis of this study is to reveal how the human elements operate in historical navigation. In short, it should not cease to study Navigational History in a narrow sense, and should enlarge its perspective of research toward Navigational History in a broad sense.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartA
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• v.9A no.4
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• pp.459-466
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• 2002

Modern embedded system employs a hybrid architecture which contains a general micro processor and reconfigurable devices such as FPGAS to retain flexibility and to meet timing constraints. It is a hard and important problem for embedded system designers to explore and find a right system configuration, which is known as design space exploration (DSE). With DES, it is possible to predict a final system configuration during the design phase before physical implementation. In this paper, we implement a timing analysis simulator for a DSE on a hybrid embedded system. The simulator, integrating exiting timing analysis tools for hardware and software, is designed by extending Y-chart approach, which allows quantitative performance analysis by varying design parameters. This timing analysis simulator is expected to reduce design time and costs and be used as a core module of a DSE for a hybrid embedded system.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.218-230
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• 2020

Net blotch of barley caused by Pyrenophora teres (Died.) Drechsler, is one of the most destructive diseases on barley in Algeria. It occurs in two forms: P. teres f. teres and P. teres f. maculata. A total of 212 isolates, obtained from 58 fields sampled in several barley growing areas, were assessed for fungicide sensitivity by target gene analysis. F129L and G137R mitochondrial cytochrome b substitution associated with quinone outside inhibitors (QoIs) resistance, and succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHIs) related mutations (B-H277, C-N75S, C-G79R, C-H134R, and C-S135R), were analyzed by pyrosequencing. In vitro sensitivity of 45 isolates, towards six fungicides belonging to three chemical groups (QoI, demethylase inhibitor, and SDHI) was tested by microtiter technique. Additionally, sensitivity towards three fungicides (azoxystrobin, fluxapyroxad, and epoxiconazole) was assessed in planta under glasshouse conditions. All tested isolates were QoI-sensitive and SDHI-sensitive, no mutation that confers resistance was identified. EC₅₀ values showed that pyraclostrobin and azoxystrobin are the most efficient fungicides in vitro, whereas fluxapyroxad displayed the best disease inhibition in planta (81% inhibition at 1/9 of the full dose). The EC₅₀ values recorded for each form of net blotch showed no significant difference in efficiency of QoI treatments and propiconazole on each form. However, in the case of fluxapyroxad, epoxiconazole and tebuconazole treatments, analysis showed significant differences in their efficiency. To our knowledge, this study is the first investigation related to mutations associated to QoI and SDHI fungicide resistance in Algerian P. teres population, as well as it is the first evaluation of the sensitivity of P. teres population towards these six fungicides.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.347-360
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• 1998

Numerical simulations for fluid flow and solute transport in a fracture rock masses are performed by using a transient flow model, which is based on the three-dimensional stochastic and discrete fracture network model (DFN model) and is coupled hydraulic model with mechanical model. In the numerical simulations of the solute transport, we used to the particle following algorithm which is similar to an advective biased random walk. The purpose of this study is to predict the response of the tracer test between two deep bore holes (GPK1 and GPK2) implanted at Soultz sous Foret in France, in the context of the geothermal researches.l The data sets used are obtained from in situcirculating experiments during 1995. As the result of the transport simulation, the mean transit time for the non reactive particles is about 5 days between two bore holes.

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.155-197
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• 2012

Nach der sog. Neue Influenza(Schweinegrippe)-Pandemie wird die Verh$\ddot{u}$tung und Bek$\ddot{a}$mpfung von Infektionskrankheiten eine essentielle Aufgabe f$\ddot{u}$r das Gemeinwesen und stellt eine komplexe Herausforderung f$\ddot{u}$r die Rechtsordnung dar. Die n$\ddot{a}$chste Pandemie ist nicht mehr eine Frage der Ob, sondern lediglich der Zeit. Zwar ist der jetzige Influenza-Pandemie Plan und der koreanische Infektionsschutzgesetz (ISchG) nicht verfassungswidrig, weil mit ihnen die Untergrenzen des Gestaltungspielraums von Gesetzgeber nicht unterschreitet und damit die grundrechtliche Schutzpflicht von Staat nicht verletzt ist. Jedoch ist aber gesetzlicher Erg$\ddot{a}$nzung bed$\ddot{u}$rftig, denn es gibt keine konkrete Regelungen, die in einer Verknappungssituation von medizinischen G$\ddot{u}$tern bei Pandemien anwendbar sind. W$\ddot{u}$rde die Knappheit von Impfstoff nicht vermeiden, dann d$\ddot{u}$rfte dar$\ddot{u}$ber entschieden werden, wem die Ressourcen in der Verwendungskonkurrenzen bevorzugt zugeteilt werden sollen. In Knappheitssituationen ist zuerst die Frage der Verteilung medizinischer G$\ddot{u}$tern von so wesentlicher Bedeutung, dass sie von Verfassungs wegen durch das Parlament zu regeln ist. Zweitens kann die Verteilung knapper medizinischer Ressourcen auf Maximierung der Uberlebendenzahl als Menschenw$\ddot{u}$rdegrundsatz und Lebensschutzpflichten vom Staat gerichtet sein. Drittens d$\ddot{u}$rfen die in Art.11 KVerf genannte Kriteien, wie Geschlecht oder Religion, weil sie als Ungleichbehandlungskriterium im koreanischen Verfassungstext verboten sind, nicht zur Verteilung und Zuteilung herangezogen werden. Nicht zuletzt darf und muss der Gesetzgeber dar$\ddot{u}$ber regeln, wer in welchem Verfahren behandelt bzw. gesch$\ddot{u}$tzt werden soll.

• ALGAE
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.101-109
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• 2014

Small red algae, especially those previously referred to as 'primitive' are often overlooked, but can be quite abundant. These 'primitive' red algae are now placed in several classes distinct from the Florideophyceae, for example the Stylonematophyceae. A brownish-red filamentous alga was collected from a sandy tide pool at Cape Tribulation, Queensland, Australia. Cultured specimens were identified as Bangiopsis and conformed to the morphological characters of the genus (multicellular base, erect filaments branched or unbranched, uniseriate to multiseriate-tubular, single multilobed purple-red to red-brown plastid with central pyrenoid, vegetative cells released directly as spores). Molecular data of two plastid genes (rbcL, psbA) support placement of the Australian isolate and isolates from India in Bangiopsis. The genetic variation between these isolates and isolates from Puerto Rico previously attributed to B. subsimplex indicates that these should be considered as a separate species. As the type locality is in the Atlantic Ocean, French Guiana, and not far from Puerto Rico, and the Puerto Rican isolate has been used often in phylogenetic analyses, we propose that the Indian and Pacific Ocean isolates be designated a new species, B. franklynottii, to acknowledge Ott's many years of research on inconspicuous freshwater and marine red algae. Our research also highlights the lack of careful descriptions in many of the records of this genus and the lack of morphological characters to distinguish species. Especially within the morphologically simple red algae, morphological distinctness does not necessarily reflect evolutionary divergences.

• Journal of Information Management
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.119-143
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• 2007

The new technology, RSS(Really Simple Syndication), allows people to send and receive a lot of up-to-date information by constant monitoring websites and databases for new information, without having to visit the site or database. The "gatekeeping" task for capturing and delivering various information influx via new digital channels as speedy as possible, is being discussed as a new form of service in the field of information service system nowadays. Given this situation, the RSS tool can be greatly useful in the gatekeeping task. This paper, by analyzing concrete cases in which RSS is actually employed in libraries and also newly applied to other diverse information services in France, expects to provide insightful ideas for developing innovative information services in other countries.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.230-236
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• 2000

(1'R, 2R)-, (1'R, 2S)-, (1'S, 2R)- and (1'S, 2S)-$\alpha$-hydroxymetoprolol; (2R)- and (2S)-O-des-methylmetoprolol; and (2R)- and (2S)-metoprolol acid are major metabolites of (2R)-and (2S)-metoprolol, $\beta$-adrenergic antagonist. The focus of most chiral separation methods until now has been on determination of the enantiomeric parent drug. However, it is just as important to be able to follow the metabolism of the enantiomers and their possible chiral metabolites. Therefore, for the study of stereoselective metabolism and pharmacokinetics of metoprolol, the chiral separation of the enantiomers of metoprolol and its metabolites has been investigated using four chiral stationary phases, i.e., Chiralcel OD, Chiral-AGP, Cyclobond I and Sumichiral OA-4900 columns. Metoprolol acid was resolved only by Sumichiral OA-4900. Chiralcel OD provided the highest separation factor and resolution value for metoprolol and O-desmethylmetoprolol and partially resolved the four stereoisomers of $\alpha$-hydroxymetoprolol. Diastereomeric $\alpha$-hydroxymetoprolols were resolved using the coupled column chromatographic system of two chiral stationary phases, Sumichiral OA-4900 column and Chiralcel OD column.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2016.05a
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• pp.65-65
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• 2016

Various types of flow conditions are developed in the region just downstream of hydraulic structures such as weir and drop structures. One of distinct flow conditions occurred downstream of drop structures is the wave type flow with undular hydraulic jump formation. We present three-dimensional numerical simulations of a wave type flow formed downstream of a stepped weir which were experimentally investigated by Kang et al. (2010). The turbulent flow over the weir structure is modeling using the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) simulation employing the Spalart-Allmaras one equation model and the detached eddy simulation. Numerical modeling and the performance of turbulence modeling approaches are evaluated by comparing with the experimental measurements in terms of the free surface variation, the shapes and sizes of undular wave, roller near at free surface, recirculation zone near the channel bottom downstream of the structures, and streamwise velocity profiles at selected longitudinal locations.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.443-465
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• 2015

In this paper, an efficient and simple trigonometric shear deformation theory is presented for thermal buckling analysis of functionally graded plates. It is assumed that the plate is in contact with elastic foundation during deformation. The theory accounts for sinusoidal distribution of transverse shear stress, and satisfies the free transverse shear stress conditions on the top and bottom surfaces of the plate without using shear correction factor. Unlike the conventional trigonometric shear deformation theory, the proposed sinusoidal shear deformation theory contains only four unknowns. It is assumed that the mechanical and thermal non-homogeneous properties of functionally graded plate vary smoothly by distribution of power law across the plate thickness. Using the non-linear strain-displacement relations, the equilibrium and stability equations of plates made of functionally graded materials are derived. The boundary conditions for the plate are assumed to be simply supported on all edges. The elastic foundation is modelled by two-parameters Pasternak model, which is obtained by adding a shear layer to the Winkler model. The effects of thermal loading types and variations of power of functionally graded material, aspect ratio, and thickness ratio on the critical buckling temperature of functionally graded plates are investigated and discussed.