• Applied Microscopy
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• v.52
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• pp.13.1-13.6
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• 2022

Microscopic structure of skin in two amphibious mudskipper fish; Boleophthalmus dussumieri Valenciennes, 1837 (B. dussumeri) and Periophthalmus waltoni Koumans, 1941 (P. waltoni) were investigated in relation to their lifestyle. The general structure of skin is the same among the two species. Epidermis in B. dussumeri was thicker significantly than P. waltoni. The dermal bulges were only well developed in the skin of B. dussumeri. Mucous cells were absent in the epidermis of P. waltoni but present in B. dussumeri. Both B. dussumeri and P. waltoni have well-developed swollen middle cells as a shared epidermal feature. The thickness of the middle cell layer of the epidermis in B. dussumeri was significantly greater than in P. waltoni. Capillaries in the dorsal and ventral parts of the body are more closely distributed to the epidermal surface in P. waltoni than in B. dussumeri. The diffusion distance in the dorsal epidermis of P. waltoni was less than that in the ventral epidermis of B. dussumeri. A comparative examination of the skin of mudskipper species suggests that, due to the more terrestrial lifestyle adopted by P. waltoni, the skin contributes more to respiration.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.29 no.2 s.43
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• pp.205-232
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• 2003

Ursolic acid (UA) and Oleanolic acid (ONA), known as urson, micromerol and malol, are pentacyclic triterpenoid compounds which naturally occur in a large number of vegetarian foods, medicinal herbs, and plants. They may occur in their free acid form or as aglycones for triterpenoid saponins, which are comprised of a triterpenoid aglycone, linked to one or more sugar moieties. Therefore UA and ONA are similar in pharmacological activity. Lately scientific research, which led to the identification of UA and ONA, revealed that several pharmacological effects, such as antitumor, hepato-protective, anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, antimicrobial, and anti-hyperlipidemic could be attributed to UA and ONA. Here, we introduced the effect of UA and ONA on acutely barrier disrupted and normal hairless mouse skin. To evaluate the effects of UA and ONA on epidermal permeability barrier recovery, both flanks of 8-12 week-old hairless mice were topically treated with either 0.01-0.1 mg/ml UA or 0.1-1 mg/ml ONA after tape stripping, and TEWL (Transepidermal water loss) was measured . The recovery rate increased in those UA or ONA treated groups (0.1 mg/ml UA and 0.5 mg/ml ONA) at 6 h more than $20\%$ compared to vehicle treated group (p<0.05). Here, we introduced the effects of UA and ONA on acute barrier disruption and normal epidermal permeability barrier function. For verifying the effects of UA and ONA on normal epidermal barrier, hydration and TEWL were measured for 1 and 3 weeks after UA and ONA applications (2mg/ml per day). We also investigated the features of epidermis and dermis using electron microscopy (EM) and light microscopy (LM). Both samples increased hydration compared to vehicle group from f week without TEWL alteration (p<0.005). EM examination using RuO4 and OsO4 fixation revealed that secretion and numbers of lamellar bodies and complete formation of lipid bilayers were most prominent $(ONA{\geq}UA>Vehicle)$. LM finding showed that thickness of stratum corneum (SC) was slightly increased and especially epidermal thickening and flattening was observed (UA>ONA>Veh). We also observed that UA and ONA stimulate epidermal keratinocyte differentiation via $PPAR\;\alpha$. Protein expression of involucrin, loricrin, and filaggrin increased at least 2 and 3 fold in HaCaT cells treated with either $ONA\;(10{\mu}M)$ or UA $(10{\mu}M)$ for 24h respectively. This result suggested that the UA and ONA can improve epidermal permeability barrier function and induce the epidermal keratinocyte differentiation via $PPAR\;{\alpha}$. Using Masson-trichrome and elastic fiber staining, we observed collagen thickening and elastic fiber elongation by UA and ONA treatments. In vitro results of collagen and elastin synthesis and elastase inhibitory activity measurements were also confirmed in vivo findings. These data suggested that the effects of UA and ONA related to not only epidermal permeability barrier functions but also dermal collagen and elastic fiber synthesis. Taken together, UA and ONA can be relevant candidates to improve epidermal and dermal functions and pertinent agents for cosmeseutical applications.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.277-290
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• 2008

The process of wound repair involves an ordered sequence of events such as overlapping biochemical and cellular events that, in the best of circumstances, result in the restoration of both the structural and functional integrity of the damaged tissue. An important event during wound healing is the contraction of newly formed connective tissues by fibroblasts. The polypeptide growth factors, like transforming growth factor-${\beta}$(TGF-${\beta}$, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF- I) and epidermal growth factor (EGF), play very important mediator roles in the process of wound contraction. Deer antlers, as models of mammalian regeneration, are cranial appendages that develop after birth as extensions of a permanent protuberance (pedicle) on the frontal bone. Antlers contain various growth factors which stimulate dermal fibroblast growth. They are involved in digestion and respiration and are necessary for normal wound healing and skin health. In order to investigate and evaluate the effects of red deer antlers on skin wound site, the speed of full-thickness skin wound healing and the expression of IGF-I, TGF-${\beta}$ and EGF in skin wounds, three groups of skin full-thickness rat models with a high concentration of antler ointment, a low concentration of antler ointment and without antler ointment were compared. At post-injury days 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 20, 32, 40 and 60, the skin wound area was measured, the expressions of IGF-I, TGF- ${\beta}$ and EGF mRNA were detected by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and collagen formation by sirius red dye and the localization of IGF-I, TGF-${\beta}$ and EGF peptides were inspected by histological immunohistochemical techniques. Wound healing was significantly more rapid in antler treated skins. In addition, the wound treated with a high concentration antler ointment, a low concentration antler ointment, and the control closed completely at post-injury day 40, day 44 and day 60, respectively. Via RT-PCR, the expressions of IGF-I (day 8 and day 16), TGF-${\beta}$(day 8, day 16 and day 20) and EGF (day 4, day 8, day 16, and day 32) were obviously up-regulated in high concentration antler-treated skins compared to control skins. Similar results could be seen in the histological detection of collagen dye and immunohistochemical methods using the corresponding polyclone antibodies of IGF-I, TGF-${\beta}$ and EGF. These results illustrate that antlers stimulate and accelerate the repair of cutaneous wounds.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.305-313
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• 2006

The primary goal of the wound healing is rapid wound closure. Recent advances in cellular and molecular biology have greatly expanded our understanding of the biologic processes involved in wound repair and tissue regeneration. This study was conducted to develop a new sponge type of biomaterial to be used for either wound dressing or scaffold for tissue engineering. We designed to make a comparative study of the wound healing effect of silk fibroin/hyaluronic acid (SF/HA) blend sponge in full-thickness dermal injury model of rat. Two full-thickness excisions were made on the back of the experimental animals. The excised wound was covered with either the silk fibroin (SF), hyaluronic acid (HA) or SF/HA (7 : 3 or 5 : 5 ratio) blend sponge. On the postoperative days of 3, 7, 10 and 14, the wound area was calculated by image analysis software. Simultaneously, the tissues were stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin and Masson's trichrome methods to measure the area of regenerated epithelium and collagen deposition. In addition, we evaluated the degree of the epithelial cell proliferation using immunohistochemistry for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). We found that the half healing time ($HT_{50}$) of SF/HA blend sponge treated groups were significantly decreased as compared with either those of SF or HA treatment group. Furthermore, SF/HA blend sponges significantly increased the size of epithelialization and collagen deposition as well as the number of PCNA positive cells on epidermal basement membrane as compared with those of control treatment. Especially, the 5 : 5 ratio group of SF/HA among all treatment groups was most effective on wound healing rate and histological studies. These results suggest that SF/HA blend sponges could accelerate the wound healing process through the increase of epithelialization, collagen deposition and basal cell proliferation in full thickness skin injury.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.373-378
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• 2008

Purpose: In full thickness burn, the depth of burn is known to increase until around 1-3 days after the burn. However, no study on how the depth increase during the first 24 hours has been conducted. Therefore, the authors investigated how the depth of burn changes within the first 24 hours after the burn by using the standardized burn model. Methods: A total of four experiments on pigs were carried out for this study. Experiment 1 was performed to examine how temperature affects the depth of burn. The digitally controlled aluminum thermal block was set at different temperatures-80, 90 and 100 degrees in Celsius, respectively. Then the pig was exposed to the block for 15 seconds each time. The time exposed to heat was set as a variable for the Experiment 2. The temperature was maintained at 80 degrees Celsius, and the pig was contacted with the thermal block for 5, 10 and 20 seconds, respectively. The biopsy of the tissues were performed in one hour, 6 hours, 24 hours, and 7 days after the burn. After hematoxylin and eosin staining a percentage of the depth from a basement membrane of epidermis to the deepest tissue damaged by the burn against total dermal thickness was measured. Results: In Experiment 1, the depth of burn increased considerably as time passed by. At all three temperatures, differences in depths measured in 6 and 24 hours, and in 1 hour and 7 days were both significant. In addition, the depth deepened as the temperature went higher. In the case of Experiment 2, the depth of burn also increased significantly as time passed by. At all three times, differences in depth measured in 6 and 24 hours, and in 1 hour and 7 days were also significant. Moreover, the depth extended with longer contact time when it was compared according to the time. Conclusion: Full thickness burn progressed rapidly from 6 to 24 hours after the burn and the depth of burn was almost decided within the first 24 hours after the burn. On the other hand, partial thickness burn also advanced from 6 to 24 hours after the burn but the depth deepened at slower level.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.638-646
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• 2014

Background The combination of polycaprolactone and hyaluronic acid creates an ideal environment for wound healing. Hyaluronic acid maintains a moist wound environment and accelerates the in-growth of granulation tissue. Polycaprolactone has excellent mechanical strength, limits inflammation and is biocompatible. This study evaluates the safety and efficacy of bio-conjugated polycaprolactone membranes (BPM) as a wound dressing. Methods 16 New Zealand white rabbits were sedated and local anaesthesia was administered. Two $3.0{\times}3.0cm$ full-thickness wounds were created on the dorsum of each rabbit, between the lowest rib and the pelvic bone. The wounds were dressed with either BPM (n=12) or Mepitel (n=12) (control), a polyamide-silicon wound dressing. These were evaluated macroscopically on the 7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th postoperative days for granulation, re-epithelialization, infection, and wound size, and histologically for epidermal and dermal regeneration. Results Both groups showed a comparable extent of granulation and re-epithelialization. No signs of infection were observed. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in wound size between the two groups. BPM (n=6): $8.33cm^2$, $4.90cm^2$, $3.12cm^2$, $1.84cm^2$; Mepitel (n=6): $10.29cm^2$, $5.53cm^2$, $3.63cm^2$, $2.02cm^2$; at the 7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th postoperative days. The extents of epidermal and dermal regeneration were comparable between the two groups. Conclusions BPM is comparable to Mepitel as a safe and efficacious wound dressing.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.229-242
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• 2018

The effects of orally administered fermented porcine placenta (FPP) and its major dipeptides, L-Leucyl-Glycine (Leu-Gly) and Glycyl-L-Leucine (Gly-Leu), on UVB-induced wrinkle formation of the skin in hairless mice was studied. Treatment with FPP, Leu-Gly or Gly-Leu increased type I procollagen synthesis and decreased MMP-1 (matrix metalloproteinase-1) in human dermal fibroblast cells (HDF-N). Hairless mice were also exposed UVB irradiation three times a week and fermented porcine placenta extract (FPP), Leu-Gly and Gly-Leu was administered once a day for eight weeks. Daily intake of FPP, Leu-Gly and Gly-Leu for eight weeks decreased wrinkles, erythema and thickness of the skin and increased skin hydration and synthesis of collagen relative to a UVB-control. Moreover, FPP, Leu-Gly or Gly-Leu intake decreased the expression of MMP-3 and MMP-13 mRNA levels and inhibited activation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 induced by UVB irradiation in hairless mice skin. These results suggest that major dipeptides of the placenta, Leu-Gly and Gly-Leu have the potential for use as a functional food ingredient with anti-wrinkling properties.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.1360-1365
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• 2013

Juvenile sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus(wet weight $1.0{\pm}0.2g$, n=250) acclimated to environmental conditions($17^{\circ}C$, 33 psu) during 4 weeks for observation of survival and structural variation of integumentary system according to various salinity concentration. After that, it was exposed 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 psu in 96h, and recovered during 7 days. In this results, The 96-h lethal concentration(LC50) for sea cucumber was a salinity of 21.05 psu. Integumentary system of the sea cucumber exposed to below the salinity of 20 psu mainly observed thickness reduction of epidermal layer, nucleus condensation of epithelial cells, decreased of mucous cells and loose arrangement of connective tissue in dermal layer. Integumentary system of the sea cucumber exposed a salinity of 40 psu mainly observed nucleus hypertrophy of epithelial cells, increase of mucous cells and tight arrangement of connective tissue in dermal layer. Also, observed secretory cells showing the alcian blue(pH 2.5) positive. During 96-h exposure, this cells decreased after increase below the salinity of 20 psu but increased in the salinity of 40 psu compared with 25-35 psu.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.201-209
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• 2007

The fine structures and histochemical features on the integumentary system of the grass puffer, Takifugu niphobles were examined by means of the light and transmission electron microscopy. Integumentary surface of the grass puffer showed irregular folds in light microscope. The folds of the ventral region are more pronounced than those in the dorsal region. Integumentary system is composed of outer epidermal layer and inner dermal layer. The stratified epidermal layer consists of epithelia, mucous cells, club cells, granular cells and multivacuolar gland. Epithelial cells are classified into superficial, intermediated and basal cell, and free surface of superficial cell is covered with microridges. Glands of the epidermal layer are divided into unicellular and multicellular gland. Mucous cells of multicellular gland contains mucosal materials of neutral glycoprotein. Multivacuolar gland is composed of numerous vacuole cells of about $20{\mu}m$ in axial diameter. Vacuole cells contains a large central vacuole and are connected to another by many desmosomes. The mucous glands and multivacuolar glands are more abundant in ventral region than dorsal integument. The thickness of dermis is more three to five times than epidermis in ventral integument. The collagen fibers, fibrocytes, nerve cells, basal plate of spine and chromatophore are observed in the dermal layer of compact connective tissue.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.36-42
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• 2005

Histological observations on the barbels of catfish (Siluridae) in Korea are reported. The mandibular barbel of Far Eastern catfish, Silurus asotus, has epidermis and dermis surrounding an axial rod of cartilage. The stratified epidermis embodies mucous cells, club cells, and taste buds. The mucous cells, which are thin rims of basophilic cytoplasm, and the taste buds, which are basophilic, are located at the surface and the distal portion of the epidermis, respectively. The basement membrane lies between the epidermis and dermis except in places of dermal papillae. The dermis is made up of loose connective tissue fibers enclosing nerve bundles and blood vessels. The central region of cartilage is innermost and enclosed within muscle layers. The mandibular barbel of slender catfish, S. microdorsalis, has an identical structure to those of the Far Eastern catfish however, the percentage thickness of epidermis in the upper and lower parts of the barbel and the number of taste buds in the upper and middle parts of the barbel are different from those of Far Eastern catfish. This study shows that the mandibular barbels in Far Eastern catfish and slender catfish are of a stiff and flexible type.