• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.28-33
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• 1994

The laser-assisted chemical vapor deposition (LCVD) is described, by which the growth of single-phase GaN epitaxy is achieved at lower temperatures. Trimethylgallium (TMG) and ammonia are used as source gases to deposit the epitaxial films of GaN under the irradiation of ArF excimer laser (193 nm). The as-grown deposits are obtained on c-face sapphire surface near 700$^{\circ}$C, which is substantially reduced, relative to the temperatures in conventional thermolytic processes. To overcome the lattice mismatch between c-face sapphire and GaN ad-layer, aluminum nitride(AlN) is predeposited as buffer layer prior to the deposition of GaN. The gas phase interaction is monitored by means of quadrupole mass analyzer (QMA). The stoichiometric deposition is ascertained by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The GaN deposits thus obtained are characterized by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and van der Pauw method.

• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.183-212
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• 2004

본 논문은 2004년에 4윌에 개정된 독일항공운송법에서의 항공운송인책임에 대해 간략히 살펴보았다. 독일은 1999년에 성립한 몬트리올 조약이 2003년 11월 발효요건을 충족한 뒤에 이를 비준하여 2004년 항공운송법 개정에 이를 반영하였다. 독일항공운송법은 항공교통에 관한 공사법적 규정을 망라한 단일한 법률이다. 그리하여 군용항공운송인 및 민간항공운송인의 항공기에 의한 지상손해책임과 운송계약책임에 관한 폭넓은 규정을 두고 있다. 또한 항공사고와 관련하여 독일항공운송법은 자국이 비준한 국제조약을 단순히 열거하는 그치지 않고 그 내용을 반영하되, 별도의 입법을 마련하여 국내항공운송에 관해서도 국제항공운송에서와 동일한 법적용을 도모하고 있다. 이와 같은 점은 일본과 마찬가지로 국내항공여객운송인의 민사책임에 관한 별도의 입법이 없는 우리나라에 많은 시사점이 된다. 현재 우리나라는 국내의 항공교통에 관한 항공공법(航空公法)은 있으나, 항공운송인의 책임에 관해서는 별도의 입법을 하지 않고 있다. 다만 국제항공운송인의 책임에 관한 것은 관련 국제조약을 비준하여 국내법적효력을 부여하고 있을 뿐이다. 그러므로 국내에서 항공운송 중 항공기사고가 발생하였을 때, 일반사법(一般私法)인 민법과 상법의 규정 및 국내항공운송약관에 제한적으로 의존하여 처리할 수밖에 없다. 이는 다시 국내항공사측과 피해자 사이에 책임원인과 한계 및 손해배상액에 대한 분쟁이 장기화되는데 일정한 영향을 주고 있다. 이를 볼 때 가까운 장래에 독일의 항공운송법을 참고하여, 항공운송에 관한 국제조약 중 우리나라경제 및 법실정에 알맞은 부분을 수용한 '항공운송법(航空運送法)'을 제정하는 것이 바람직하다.

• 철학연구
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• 제117권
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• pp.373-397
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• 2011

철학에서 뿐만 아니라, 정신과학 영역 대부분에서 '놀이' 개념이 갖는 중요성은 계속해서 커지고 있다. 그런 이유로 놀이는 다양한 영역에서 매우 다양하게 정의되고 있으며, 또한 그러한 정의들 역시 매우 다양한 방식으로 활용되고 있다. 그러나 놀이에 관련된 그런 '다양함'들에도 불구하고, 놀이의 정의나 이론들의 밑바탕에는 언제나 동일한 전제가 놓여있는데, 그것은 바로 놀이가 예외 없이 몰입(행위)라는 것이다. 다시 말해서, 몰입하지 않는다면, 그것은 놀이가 아니라는 것이다. 하지만 이러한 견해는 일차적으로 서양의 경우에나 유효할 뿐이며, 그것이 동양의 경우에도 마찬가지로 적용될 수 있을지는 의심의 여지가 충분하다. 그것은 바로 다음과 같은 이유에서이다; 삶에 대한 전통적인 정서나 태도는 오랜 기간에 걸쳐 형성된 것이기 때문에, 그것은 자연스럽게 삶과 관련된 모든 것에, 특히 놀이에 대해서도 직접적인 영향을 미치게 될 것이다. 그렇다고 한다면 놀이를 바라보는 시각에도 당연히 그러한 정서나 태도가 반영되어 있을 수밖에 없다. 이러한 판단으로부터 이 논문에서는 서양의 '몰입' 개념에 대해서 동양의 '거리두기' 개념을 마주세울 것인데, 만약 거리두기가 몰입 외에 놀이의 또 다른 성격으로 간주될 수 있다고 한다면, 놀이에 대한 학문적 접근에 있어서도 그런 면이 균형 있게 고려되어야 할 것이다.

• 혜화의학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.147-169
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• 2007

To evaluate the therapeutic effects of BGG on atopic dermatitis, we investigated the composition of immune cells of lymph node, PBMC and skin of Dermatophagoides farinae-induced NC/Nga mice. The levels of immunoglobulins in serum were analyzed at the protein level and the amount of pathologic cytokines were investigated using CD3/CD28 stimulated splenocytes. The results are summarized below; 1. BGG showed no cytotoxic effect up to $200\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ on mLFC in vitro. 2. BGG showed no hepatotoxicity in vivo based on the levels of ALT and AST. 3. Atopic dermatitis was improved through naked eye examination. BGG reduced the skin clinical index from 2.9 to 1.3 (p<0.01). 4. H&E and toluidine blue staining of tissue biopsies revealed that BGG inhibited the infiltration of lymphocytes and mast cells to skin. 5. BGG reduced the number of CD19 positive B cells in PBMCs by 16% (p<0.01), whereas cells were increased by 26% (p<0.05) in lymph nodes. 6. BGG reduced the numbers of B220+/CD23+ cells by 15% (p<0.01) and 33% in PBMCs and lymph node, respectively. 7. BGG reduced the numbers of B220+/IgE+ cells in PBMCs and lymph node by 21% and 33% (p<0.01), respectively. 8. BGG suppressed the levels of IgE (13%, p<0.001) as well as IgM (34%, p<0.001), IgG2a (40%, p<0.001) and IgG2b (26%, p<0.05). 9. BGG reduced the levels of IL-4 and IFN-$\gamma$ by 7% (p<0.05) and 13% (p<0.001) in anti-CD3 and anti-CD28-activated splenocytes, respectively. 10. BGG considerably inhibited the production of TNF-$\alpha$ and IL-6 by 42% (p<0.01) and 15% in the serum, respectively. Based on the results above, we concluded that BGG has therapeutic effects on atopic dermatitis by regulating the differentiation of B cells and isotype switching of IgE. Further investigations on the molecular mechanisms of BGG on atopic dermatitis are anticipated.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.27-32
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• 2010

The indoor environmental condition was assessed in houses with allergy (asthma and atopy) patients by use of a fungal detector. The fungal index was calculated from the growth rate of the sensor fungi in a fungal detector encapsulating the spores, Alternaria alternata S-78, Eurotium herbariorum J-183 and Aspergillus penicillioides K-712. Fungal indices were higher in asthma patient's houses than in control houses and Eurotium herbariorum showed the highest growth response among the sensor fungi. Dust mites allergen, Der f1, was also significantly high in allergy patient's houses where fungal indices above 10 were detected. A correlation was observed between the fungal indices and dust mite allergen proliferations in examined houses. Therefore, the fungal index can be a useful tool as an indirect indication for detecting chronic dampness that brings both contaminations by fungi and dust mite.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.293-300
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• 2005

ZnO:Li epilayers were synthesized on sapphire substrates by the pulesd laser deposition (PLD) after the surface of the ZnO:Li sintered pellet was irradiated by the ArF (193 nm) excimer laser. The growth temperature was fixed at $400^{\circ}C$. The crystalline structure of epilayers was investigated by the photoluminescence (PL) and double crystal X-ray diffraction (DCXD). The carrier density and mobility of epilayers measured by van der Pauw-Hall method are $2.69\times10cm^{-3}$ and $52.137cm^2/V{\cdot}s$ at 293 K, respectively. The temperature dependence of the energy band gap of epilayers obtained from the absorption spectra is well described by the Varshni's relation, $E_g(T)=3.5128eV{\cdot}(9.51\times10^{-4}eV/K)T^2/(T+280K)$. After the as-grown ZnO:Li epilayer was annealed in Zn atmospheres, oxygen and vaccum the origin of point defects of ZnO:Li has been investigated by PL at 10 K. The Peaks of native defects of $V_{zn},\;V_o,\;Zn_{int},\;and\;O_{int}$ showned on PL spectrum are classified as a donors or accepters type. We confirm that $ZnO:Li/Al_2O_3$ in vacuum do not form the native defects because ZnO:Li epilayers in vacuum existe in the form of stable bonds.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.165-167
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• 2014

The Dutch construction industry has introduced a compulsory preemployment medical examination (PE-ME). Best-evidence contents related to specific job demands are, however, lacking and need to be gathered. After the identification of job demands and health problems in the construction industry (systematic literature search and expert meeting), specific job demands and related requirements were defined and instruments proposed. Finally, a work ability assessment was linked to the instruments' outcomes, resulting in the modular character of the developed PE-ME. Twenty-two specific job demands for all Dutch construction jobs were identified, including kneeling/squatting, working under time pressure, and exposure to hazardous substances. The next step was proposing self-report questions, screening questionnaires, clinical tests, and/or performance-based tests, leading to a work ability judgment. "Lifting/carrying" is described as an example. The new modular PE-ME enables a job-specific assessment of work ability to be made for more than 100 jobs in the Dutch construction industry.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 2005년도 제36회 하계학술대회 논문집 C
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• pp.1884-1886
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• 2005

KrF 펄스 레이저 증착법(pulsed laser deposition: PLD)으로 ZnO 박막을 증착하여 평판 디스플레이 소자 구동용 박막 트랜지스터(thin film transistor) 소자를 제작하였다. 전도성이 높은 실리콘웨이퍼(c-Si, 하부전극) 기판 위에 LPCVD 법으로 silicon nitride 박막을 절연막으로 형성하고, 다양한 공정 조건에서 펄스 레이저 증착법으로 제작한 ZnO 박막을 증착하여 채널층으로 하였으며, Al 박막을 증착하고 패터닝하여 소스 및 드레인 전극으로 하였다. ZnO 박막의 증착 시에 기판 온도를 다양하게 조절하고 산소 분압을 변화시켜 ZnO 박막의 특성을 조절하였다. 제작된 박막의 표면특성은 AFM(atomic force microscopy)로 분석하고, 결정특성은 XRD(X-ray diffraction)로 조사하였다. ZnO 박막의 전기적 특성은 Hall-van der Pauw 법으로 측정하였고, 광학 투과도(optical transparency)를 UV-visible photometer로 조사하였다. ZnO-TFT 소자는 $10^6$ 수준의 on-off ratio와 $2.4{\sim}6.1cm^2/V{\cdot}s$의 전계효과이동도(field effect mobility)를 보였다.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.209-215
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• 1988

The three-dimensional structures of piroxicam crystallized from two different solvents, toluene and toluene/hexane mixture respectively, are proved identical: $C_{15}H_{13}N_3O_4S,\;M\;=\;331.35$, monoclinic, a = 7.128(1), b = 15.146(2), c = 13.956(2) ${\AA},\;{\beta}=\;97.33(1)^{\circ},\;V\;=\;1494.37{\AA}^{3},\;Dx\;=\;1.472\;g/cm^{3},\;Z\;=\;4,\;space\;group\;P2_{1}/c,\;Mo\;K{\alpha}(\lambda=\;0.71073\;{\AA})$, F(000) = 688, T = 295 K, R = 0.0611 for 1993 unique observed reflections. The thiazine ring exhibits a half chair conformation. An amide group is involved in an intramolecular hydrogen bond to the hydroxy group, O(17)-H(17)${\cdots}O(15){\AA}$. The molecule is planar within 2 ${\AA}$ with the interplanar angle $127.9(4)^{\circ}$ between pyridine and benzene rings. A molecular chain parallel to [011] is formed by two intermolecular hydrogen bonds N(16)-H(6)${\cdots}O(11)$ and C(6)-H(6)${\cdots}O(11)$, and the molecular chains are held together by van der Waals forces.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2003년도 추계학술대회 논문집 Vol.16
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• pp.160-162
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• 2003

ZnO epilayer were synthesized by the pulesd laser deposition(PLD) process on $Al_2O_3$ substrate after irradiating the surface of the ZnO sintered pellet by the ArF(193nm) excimer laser. The substrate temperatures was $400^{\circ}C$. The crystalline structure of epilayer was investigated by the photoluminescence and double crystal X-ray diffraction (DCXD). The carrier density and mobility of ZnO epilayer measured with Hall effect by van der Pauw method are $8.27{\times}10^{16}\;cm^{-3}\;and\;299\;cm^2V{\cdot}s$ at 293 K, respectively. The temperature dependence of the energy band gap of the ZnO obtained from the absorption spectra was well described by the Varshni's relation, $E_g(T)\;=\;3.3973\;eV\;-\;(2.69{\times}10^{-4}\;eV/K)T^2/(T\;+\;463K)$. After the as-grown ZnO epilayer was annealed in Zn atmospheres, oxygen and vaccum the origin of point defects of ZnO atmospheres has been investigated by the photoluminescence(PL) at 10 K. The native defects of $V_{Zn}$, Vo, $Zn_{int}$, and $O_{int}$ obtained by PL measurements were classified as a donors or accepters type.