• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.133-143
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• 2013

Objectives : We carry out the simultaneous quantification for quality control of four components in Bangpungtongseong-san (BPTSS) sample. In addition, we assessed the antioxidant effects of BPTSS sample. Methods : The used column for separation and analysis of four compounds was Luna C18 column and column oven temperature was maintained at $40^{\circ}C$. The mobile phase for simultaneous determination consisted of two solvent systems, 1.0% acetic acid in water and 1.0% acetic acid in acetonitrile. High performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array (HPLC-PDA) method for analysis was performed at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min with PDA detection at 254 and 280 nm. The injection volume was 10 ${\mu}L$. The antioxidant activities of BPTSS were evaluated by measuring free radical scavenging activities on 2,2'-Azinobis-3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) and 1-1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The inhibitory effects on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation were evaluated by the formation of thiobarbituric acid relative substances (TBARS) and relative electrophoretic mobility (REM). Results : Calibration curves were acquired with $r^2{\geq}0.9999$. The values of limit of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were 0.06-0.29 ${\mu}g/mL$ and 0.20-0.98 ${\mu}g/mL$, respectively. The amounts of geniposide, liquiritin, baicalin, and glycyrrhizin in BPTSS were 5.06, 7.33, 27.56, and 7.81 mg/g, respectively. The BPTSS showed the radical scavenging activity in a dose-dependent manner. The concentration required for 50% reduction (RC50) against ABTS and DPPH radicals were 72.51 ${\mu}g/mL$ and 128.49 ${\mu}g/mL$. Furthermore, GMGHT reduced the oxidation properties of LDL induced by CuSO4. Conclusions : The established HPLC-PDA method will be helpful to improve quality control of BPTSS. In addition, BPTSS has potentials as therapeutic agent on anti-atherosclerosis.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.425-436
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• 2010

We established a stochastic 3-D fracture network system for fractured rock masses located in Il-Gwang Mine, Busan, to explore the relationship between the acidity of mine drainage and fracture geometry. A field scanline survey and borehole image processing were performed to estimate the best probability distributions of fracture geometry parameters. The stochastic 3-D fracture network system constructed for the rock masses was validated and deemed to be successful. The 3-D fracture network model was suitable for developing conceptual ideas on fluid flow in fractures at a field experimental site. An injection well and three observation wells were drilled at the field experimental site to monitor the acidity of mine drainage induced by the injection of fresh water. The field experiment, which was run for 29 days, yielded a significant relationship (with a high coefficient of determination) between the fracture geometry parameters and the acidity of mine drainage. The results show that pH increased with increasing relative frequency of fracture strike, and decreased with increasing fracture density. The concentration of $SO^{2-}_4$ decreased with increasing relative frequency of fracture strike, and increased with increasing fracture density.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.379-393
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• 2006

Objectives: We are aimed to identify anti-tumor effects of Curcuma aromatics on some kinds of cancer cells through molecular biologic methods. Materials & Methods: We used 4 kinds of cancer cell lines such as lung cancer cells(AS49), cervical cancer cells(HeLa), glioma cancer cells(A172) and prostate cancer cells(PC3). We treated the boiled extract of Curcuma aromatica $5{\mu}g,\;10{\mu}g$ to cultural media(ml) for 24 hours. We measured the cytotoxicitv on 4 kinds of cancer cells through tryphan blue exclusion test and the suppressive effect on viability of 4 kinds of cancer cells via MTT assay. We measured change of mitochondria membrane potential via flow cytometry. The quantitative RT-PCR was used to examine the effect on the revelation of Bcl-2 and Bax which are genes related to apoptosis. We examined the effect on the revelation of Bcl-2 Protein and Bar protein by western blot analysis. Results : In the experiment of tryphan blue exclusion test, the extract of Curcuma aromatica showed more significant killing effect on AS49, HeLa than the control group with density dependent manner, which was statistically significant. In the experiment of MTT assay the extract of Curcuma aromatica showed more suppressive effect on viability of A549, HeLa than the control group with density dependent manner, which was statistically significant. Curcuma aromatica induced apoptosis by decreasing the membrane potential of mitochondria in A549, HeLa. In the experiment of the revelation of genes related to apoptosis, the revelation of Bcl-2 decreased and the revelation of Bax increased in A549, HeLa treated with Curcuma aromatica with dose dependent manner. In the experiment of the revelation of protein related to apoptosis, the protein levels of Bcl-2 decreased and the protein levels of Bax increased in AS49, HeLa treated with Curcuma aromatica with dose dependent manner. Conclusions: From this study, we can infer that Curcuma aromatica has anti-tumor effect on lung cancer cells and uterine carcinoma cells but not on glioma cells and prostate cancer cells.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Advanced Composite Structures
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.1-11
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• 2011

The typical truss-lattice material successively packed by repeated cubic symmetric unit cells consists of sub-elements (SE) proposed in this study. The representative continuum model for this truss-lattice material such as the effective strain and stress relationship can be formulated by the homogenization procedure based on the notation of averaged mechanical properties. The volume fractions of micro-scale struts have a significant influence on the effective strength as well as the relative density in the lattice plate with replicable unit cell structures. Most of the strength contribution in the lattice material is induced by axial stiffness under uniform stretching or compression responses. Therefore, continuum based constitutive models composed of homogenized member stiffness include these mechanical characteristics with respect to strength, internal stress state, material density based on the volume fraction and even failure modes. It can be also recognized that the stress state of micro-scale struts is directly associated with the continuum constitutive model. The plastic flow at the micro-scale stress can extend the envelope of the analytical stress function on the surface of macro-scale stress derived from homogenized constitutive equations. The main focus of this study is to investigate the basic topology of unit cell structures with the cubic symmetric system and to formulate the plastic models to predict pressure dependent macro-scale stress surface functions.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.290-299
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• 2003

Background : Nowadays many researches about it s cure are going on world widely since cancer is one of the most human health threatening diseases. In Chinese and North Korean medicine, Duchesnea india(Audra.) Foche. is practically used to treat many kinds of cancer, but in Korea it is rarely used. So, we need to scientifically identify anti-tumor effects of Duchesnea india(Audra.) Foche. Objective : We are aimed to identify anti-tumor effects of Duchesnea india(Audra.) Foche. on the stomach cancer cells through molecular biologic methods. Material & Methods : We used AGS as stomach cancer cells from American Type Culture Collection. We added the boiled extract of Duchesnea india(Audra.) Foche. $5{\mu}l$(Sample I), $10{\mu}l$(Sample II) to cultural media(ml)for 0,6, 12, 24, 48 hours. We measured the killing effect on stomach cancer cells through Tryphan blue exclusion test and the suppressive effect on viability of stomach cancer cells via MTT assay. the quantitative RT-PCR was used to examine their effect on the revelation of Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, and Bax, which are genes related to apoptosis. We measured change of mitochondria membrane permeability and membrane potential via flow cytometry. Result : 1. The killing effect on stomach cancer cells showed that each test groups killed more stomach cancer cells than the control group with a time(6 hours later) and density dependent manner, which was statistical significance. 2. The suppressive effect on viability of stomach cancer cells showed that each test groups had more suppressive effects on viability of stomach cancer cells than the control group with a time(6 hours later), which was statistical significance. 3. In the test about the revelation of genes related to apoptosis, the revelation of Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL decreased with a density manner which was statistical significance. but the revelation of Bax was not changed with statistical significance. 4. As a result of this test, Duchesnea india(Audra.) Foche. caused apoptosis by decreasing the absorbance of mitochondria with statistical significance. and also induced apoptosis by decreasing the membrane potential of mitochondria. Conclusion : This experiment showed that Duchesnea india(Audra.) Foche. has anti-tumor effect with statistical significance. This is in vitro experiment and basic experiment on Duchesnea india(Audra.) Foche. We hope more progressive researchs on Duchesnea india(Audra.) Foche. will go on and its anti-tumor effects will be more practically identified.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.363-363
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• 2008

The development of dry etching process for sapphire wafer with plasma has been key issues for the opto-electric devices. The challenges are increasing control and obtaining low plasma induced-damage because an unwanted scattering of radiation is caused by the spatial disorder of pattern and variation of surface roughness. The plasma-induced damages during plasma etching process can be classified as impurity contamination of residual etch products or bonding disruption in lattice due to charged particle bombardment. Therefor, fine pattern technology with low damaged etching process and high etch rate are urgently needed. Until now, there are a lot of reports on the etching of sapphire wafer with using $Cl_2$/Ar, $BCl_3$/Ar, HBr/Ar and so on [1]. However, the etch behavior of sapphire wafer have investigated with variation of only one parameter while other parameters are fixed. In this study, we investigated the effect of pressure and other parameters on the etch rate and the selectivity. We selected $BCl_3$ as an etch ant because $BCl_3$ plasmas are widely used in etching process of oxide materials. In plasma, the $BCl_3$ molecule can be dissociated into B radical, $B^+$ ion, Cl radical and $Cl^+$ ion. However, the $BCl_3$ molecule can be dissociated into B radical or $B^+$ ion easier than Cl radical or $Cl^+$ ion. First, we evaluated the etch behaviors of sapphire wafer in $BCl_3$/additive gases (Ar, $N_2,Cl_2$) gases. The behavior of etch rate of sapphire substrate was monitored as a function of additive gas ratio to $BCl_3$ based plasma, total flow rate, r.f. power, d.c. bias under different pressures of 5 mTorr, 10 mTorr, 20 mTorr and 30 mTorr. The etch rates of sapphire wafer, $SiO_2$ and PR were measured with using alpha step surface profiler. In order to understand the changes of radicals, volume density of Cl, B radical and BCl molecule were investigated with optical emission spectroscopy (OES). The chemical states of $Al_2O_3$ thin films were studied with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and depth profile anlysis of auger electron spectroscopy (AES). The enhancement of sapphire substrate can be explained by the reactive ion etching mechanism with the competition of the formation of volatile $AlCl_3$, $Al_2Cl_6$ or $BOCl_3$ and the sputter effect by energetic ions.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.269-285
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• 2022

The interaction between ocean and ice shelf is a critical physical process in relation to water mass transformations and ice shelf melting/freezing at the ocean-ice interface. However, it remains challenging to thoroughly understand the process due to a lack of observational data with respect to ice shelf cavities. This is the first study to simulate the variability and circulation of water mass both overlying the continental shelf and underneath an ice shelf and an ice tongue in the Terra Nova Bay (TNB), East Antarctica. To explore the properties of water mass and circulation patterns in the TNB and the corresponding effects on sub ice shelf basal melting, we explicitly incorporate the dynamic-thermodynamic processes acting on the ice shelf in the Regional Ocean Modeling System. The simulated water mass formation and circulation in the TNB region agree well with previous studies. The model results show that the TNB circulation is dominated by the geostrophic currents driven by lateral density gradients induced by the releasing of brine or freshwater at the polynya of the TNB. Meanwhile, the circulation dynamics in the cavity under the Nansen Ice shelf (NIS) are different from those in the TNB. The gravity-driven bottom current induced by High Salinity Shelf Water (HSSW) formed at the TNB polynya flows towards the grounding line, and the buoyance-driven flow associated with glacial meltwater generated by the HSSW emerges from the cavity along the ice base. Both current systems compose the thermohaline overturning circulation in the NIS cavity. This study estimates the NIS basal melting rate to be 0.98 m/a, which is comparable to the previously observed melt rate. However, the melting rate shows a significant variation in space and time.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.1108-1117
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• 2007

To investigate the possible mechanism of ${\alpha}-spinasterol$ as a candidate of anti-cancer drug, I examined the effects of ${\alpha}-spinasterol$ on the apoptosis of U937 cells MTT assay, flow cytometric analysis, SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, Western blot analysis, and RT-PCR were performed. ${\alpha}-spinasterol$ treatment reduced the cell viablilty of U937 cells in a dose-dependent manner, which was associated with the induction of apoptotic cell death. ${\alpha}-spinasterol$ treatment also reduced the levels of Bcl-xL anti-apoptotic protein expression and increased the levels of caspase-3, p53, pro-apoptotic protein, in U937 cells. After treatment the level of Bcl-xL, anti-apoptotic gene expression was decreased and the level of ICE pro-apoptotic gene expression was increased. These findings suggest that ${\alpha}-spinasterol$ induced the apoptotic cell death via regulation of several growth regulatory gene products. The abbreviations used are: FBS, fetal bovine serum; PBS, phosphate buffered saline; PI, propidium iodide; OD, optical density; DiOC6, 3,3-dihexyloxa carbcyanine iodide; MTT, 3 [4-5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl] -2-diphenyltetrazolium bromide.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.293-303
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• 2008

Reservoir turbidity flows degrade the efficiency and sustainability of water supply system in many countries located in monsoon climate region. A decision support system called RTMMS aimed to assist reservoir operations was developed for the real time monitoring, modeling, and management of turbidity flows induced by flood runoffs in Daecheong reservoir. RTMMS consists of a real time data acquisition module that collects and stores field monitoring data, a data assimilation module that assists pre-processing of model input data, a two dimensional numerical model for the simulation of reservoir hydrodynamics and turbidity, and a post-processor that aids the analysis of simulation results and alternative management scenarios. RTMMS was calibrated using field data obtained during the flood season of 2004, and applied to real-time simulations of flood events occurred on July of 2006 for assessing its predictive capability. The system showed fairly satisfactory performance in reproducing the density flow regimes and fate of turbidity plumes in the reservoir with efficient computation time that is a vital requirement for a real time application. The configurations of RTMMS suggested in this study can be adopted in many reservoirs that have similar turbidity issues for better management of water supply utilities and downstream aquatic ecosystem.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.49-56
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• 2010

Developments of radioprotective agents are important issues for minimizing the troubles and the effective treatments in radiotherapy. But few agents are useful in clinical and practical fields. It was shown that trace elements in alcohol beverages might have radioprotective effect. In this study, the types of cell death of lymphocytes according to the commercial alcohol beverage was investigated. Normal healthy volunteers ingested distilled water, beer or soju containing $81.5mg{\cdot}dl^{-1}$ ethyl ahcohol, respectively. After 2 hours, their blood were sampled with their consents. Fraction of lymphocytes was isolated by density gradient method with Histopaque-1077 (Sigma) and irradiated with dose from 0.5 to 5 Gy. After 60 hour incubation, the cells were harvested and analysed by flow cytometry. Cell viability was decreased by dose dependent manner. Cell viability of beer group was reduced about 15% compared with control group. Apoptosis in soju group was reduced about 20% compared with control group. Apoptosis of beer and control groups are similar. Necrosis of soju group significantly increased about 35% compared with control group. Early apoptosis of beer group was increased compared with control group. Early apoptosis of soju group was decreased about 25% compared with control group. Late apoptosis of beer and control group was increased by dose dependent manner. Late apoptosis of soju group was increased about 20-30% compared with control group. Late apoptosis of soju was increased and the radioprotective effect of soju was minimal because late apoptosis induced the cell necrosis. In case of soju trace elements, total cell apoptosis was decreased about 20% and early cell apoptosis was remarkably low. In this case, mitotic cells death may be dominant mechanism. Therefore, trace elements in soju may not be effective radioprotective agents.