• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
• /
• v.27 no.2
• /
• pp.261-269
• /
• 2003

This study examined the effects of store density levels on consumers'crowding perception and the effects of perceived retail crowding on consumer emotions and in turn shopping behavior. In addition, the study investigated the effects of perceived price value and store type on the segmented dimensions of perceived retail crowding. Results of an experimental test with 3 density levels and 2 store types confirmed the effects of density on social crowding and spatial crowding. While social crowding positively affected arousal, spatial crowding negatively did pleasure which in turn affected approach-avoidance behavior. Though two store types showed the same pattern in such relationships, the effect of perceived price value on retail crowding was different by store type.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
• /
• v.32 no.3
• /
• pp.245-251
• /
• 2014

As delineating market areas of retail businesses has become an interesting topic in marketing field, Lee and Lee recently suggested a noteworthy method, which applied the hydrological analysis of geographical information system (GIS), based on Christaller's central place theory. They used a digital elevation model (DEM) which inverted the kernel density of retail businesses, which was measured by using bandwidths of pre-determined 500, 1000 and 5000 m, respectively. In fact, their method is not a fully data-based approach in that they used pre-determined kernel bandwidths, however, this paper has been planned to improve Lee and Lee's method by using a kind of data-based approach of the L-index that describes clustering level of point feature distribution. The case study is implemented to automobile-related retail businesses in Seoul, Korea with selected Kernel bandwidths, 1211.5, 2120.2 and 7067.2 m from L-index analysis. Subsequently, the kernel density is measured, the density DEM is created by inverting it, and boundaries of market areas are extracted. Following the study, analysis results are summarized as follows. Firstly, the L-index can be a useful tool to complement the Lee and Lee's market area analysis method. At next, the kernel bandwidths, pre-determined by Lee and Lee, cannot be uniformly applied to all kinds of retail businesses. Lastly, the L-index method can be useful for analyzing the space structure of market areas of retail businesses, based on Christaller's central place theory.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
• /
• v.32 no.3
• /
• pp.225-231
• /
• 2014

When a spatial regression model that uses kernel density values as a dependent variable is applied to retail business data, a unique model cannot be selected because kernel density values change following kernel bandwidths. To overcome this problem, this paper suggests how to use the point pattern analysis, especially the L-index to select a unique spatial regression model. In this study, kernel density values of retail business are computed by the bandwidth, the distance of the maximum L-index and used as the dependent variable of spatial regression model. To test this procedure, we apply it to meeting room business data in Seoul, Korea. As a result, a spatial error model (SEM) is selected between two popular spatial regression models, a spatial lag model and a spatial error model. Also, a unique SEM based on the real distribution of retail business is selected. We confirm that there is a trade-off between the goodness of fit of the SEM and the real distribution of meeting room business over the bandwidth of maximum L-index.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
• /
• v.39 no.4
• /
• pp.613-624
• /
• 2015

This study examined: 1) the effect of store density on perceived crowding 2) the difference of perceived price benefit of sale by store density 3) the effect of perceived price benefit and store density on perceived crowding and 4) the effect of perceived crowding and price benefit on shopping behaviors. Store density and perceived crowding were categorized into social and spatial dimensions. Data were collected with 6 (high, medium, and low social and spatial densities) * 2 (sale and no-sale) between-subjects experimental designs. A total of 395 responses were analyzed. The results revealed that social density affected social crowding, but spatial density had no effect on perceived crowding. Price benefit of sale was not different by store density. The sale itself did not affect perceived crowding. Under the social density situation, perceived price benefit reduced spatial crowding and social crowding showed a positive effect on purchase behavior while spatial crowding had a negative effect. However, the most important effect on purchase behavior was price benefit. The study implies that social density (not spatial density) is important for consumer behavior and retail strategies.

• Journal of Distribution Science
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.59-67
• /
• 2020

Purpose: This study examines the relationship between formation of employment subcenters and regional industrial structures in Incheon. Research design, data, and methodology: We used the five-year panel data from 2012 to 2016 in 146 basic municipal units of Incheon to analyze panel regression models. Gross employment density and employment to population ratio were used as indicators of employment subcenters formation. The entropy index and Hachman index were used for analyzing the diversity and heterogeneity of industrial structures. Result: The analyses of two panel regression models showed that for the formation of employment subcenters, both the Entropy and Hachman index were significantly negative in most models. But tertiary industry was shown to have a significant positive relationship in all models. In the wholesale and retail sector, it was found that the average number of employees in the employment subcenters is significantly higher than that in the non-employment subcenters. Conclusions: The specialization of the industrial structure rather than the diversification contributes to the formation of the employment subcenters in Incheon. In particular, it can be considered that the wholesale and retail sector plays a very important role in forming the employment subcenters in many areas of Incheon.

• Journal of Distribution Science
• /
• v.16 no.9
• /
• pp.59-63
• /
• 2018

Purpose - It has already been proved that 'mood' as the physical environment of shopping affects consumers' main sensory channels such as sight, hearing, smell, touch. However, there is no consensus on how the olfactory cue influences the customers in the shopping environment. In this study, we examine the previous studies on how the olfactory cue affects the customers in the shopping environment and present a clear direction as a suggestion for progressive research. Research design, data, and methodology - It is not important to use a lot of unconditional fragrance, but it should be exposed to the environment that suits the proper fragrance. In recent years, meaningful research on store fragrance has been slowly increasing. As a result, studies on the fragrance effects of retail stores have been conducted to verify the relevance of fragrance suitability in stores and consumer spending scale. Results - The fragrance appropriate for each store can not be uniformly specified as any fragrance. This is because external variables such as time, season, temperature, lighting, density of shoppers, and music in the store also affect customer evaluation. For example, using an unsuitable fragrance may encourage customers to leave the store quickly by restraining impulsive purchases or by disturbing concentration. The store manager should also be interested in using fragrances that are proven and effective in the store environment, but they should also have the ability to easily manipulate and manage the fragrances very appropriately according to changes in the store environment. Store managers should observe consumer preferences and responses according to their goals and strategies, and then systematically manage and store information about the fragrance appropriate to the store. Conclusions - In the future, the fragrance marketing researcher needs to consider the spatial form and density of the customer. In practice, managers operating a retail store should check the most appropriate store density(congestion) according to the size and spatial characteristics of the store and maintain the ideal conditions. To do this, it is necessary to pay attention to how to select and control sensory elements such as fragrance(olfactory), music(auditory), and lighting(visual).

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
• /
• v.17 no.3
• /
• pp.538-553
• /
• 2014

The aim of this study is to consider the degree of supply-demand balance in relation to the characteristics of retail sale activities in depopulation aging regions and the degree of aging by using simple regression analysis. The major findings of this study are as follows. While aging society, and aged society regions show a similar major retail sale industries, super-aged society shows fewer major industries and different industry composition. These characteristics are seen by different phenomenon and the background of the particular retail structure. The first one is that the number of employees per establishment increases when the aging phenomenon is not accelerated, and the annual sales per capita purchasing power decrease because their purchasing power becomes lower when the aging phenomenon is severe, but it also shows a high density of establishments because disperse location of establishment within depopulation aging region. The second one is the retail structure with high labor productivity in a aged and superaged society region. We identify the extent of demand and supply in general retails, fuel retails, food and beverage, and tobacco retails which represent the highest sales rates in depopulation aging region. As a result, general retails are seen as 'supply-demand balance region' in aged and super-aged society, fuel retail sales in aged and super-aged society which generally shows less sales, and food and beverages, and tobacco retails in super-aged society. The higher the degree of aging is, the less the regional differences in the gap between demand and supply is. This is because the difference in purchasing power between these regions is small.

• Journal of Distribution Research
• /
• v.1 no.2
• /
• pp.221-251
• /
• 1996

The retail industry of Korea has, owing to the increase of purchasing power of her people and the changing pattern of consumption appetite, marked a considerable development. Nevertheless the retail industry of Korea is still in primitive stage with its smallness of size, density of stores and inefficiency of management compared to those in the developed countries. It is a high time for Korean distribution market to boost its competitive power in the wake of the opening of distribution industry since January of 1996. Accordingly, it should be the goal of these markets to maximize its positive aspects while trying their best to minimize the negative aspect in this transition time for globalization.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
• /
• v.24 no.4
• /
• pp.411-424
• /
• 2021

The purpose of this study is to analyze the location characteristics of convenience stores, a consumption industry that forms a new retail environment and implements unattended, and reveals the geographic factors that affect its location. For this purpose, we first examine the growth and regional distribution of manned convenience stores and then construct a gamma generalized linear regression model that explains the distribution of the unmanned convenience stores as well as the manned and unmanned combined convenience stores. As the result, it was observed that the unmanned convenience stores and the unmanned discount stores are located close to public transportation facilities and they have relatively little movement of the population but they are distributed in areas with a higher density of young residential population and densely distributed retail stores and restaurants. The effects of demographic factors on the location of the unmanned convenience stores and the unmanned discount stores differed according to the scope and characteristics of their sales items. Our findings provide an empirical basis for subsequent academic research as an initial study that identified geographic factors influencing the selection of opening locations for unmanned stores.

• Spatial Information Research
• /
• v.22 no.6
• /
• pp.81-90
• /
• 2014

This study analyzed an impact relationship between the variable of street based on the walking enhancement factors and the street revitalization. In detail, walking enhancement factors include a physical environment, accessibility and a density which was derived from previous studies. In addition, This study also analyzed the diversity of the profession which was emphasized by Jacobs(1961) and the influence of the specific space on street revitalization that was emphasized by Ray Oldenburg (1989) and Richard MacCormac (1983). The anlaysis by types showed the walking enhancement factors, including street envirnoment, accessibility, density and diversity, which were emphasized by Jacobs(1961) possessed similararites between weekdays and weekends. On contrast, the spatial distribution of stores showed a major difference of influences on street revitalization between weekdays and weekends as Ray Oldenburg (1989) and Richard MacComac (1983) has insisted.