• Journal of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.59-66
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• 2013

Spray characteristics of single round jet with liquid nitrogen and coaxial spray with liquid nitrogen and gaseous argon were observed. Shadowgraph method was used for spray visualization, and density gradient magnitude image was used to analyse the result. In subcritical condition, irregularity of the jet surface was harder in the coaxial spray. In supercritical condition, diffusion of nitrogen injected from shear coaxial injector was faster than single jet. Jet diameter was induced by averaging images, in supercritical condition, difference of diameter of coaxial jet was rapidly decreased than that of single jet.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.61-68
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• 2015

Reactive sprays of two propellant combinations(GOx/kerosene and $GN_2O$/ethanol) were observed and compared with each other as a basic research of visualizing supercritical combustion. A shadowgraph imaging method was used to visualize the reactive sprays, and shadowgraph images were converted to density gradient magnitude images to analyse the structure of reactive sprays. The gas-liquid interface of GOx/kerosene spray showed rougher boundary and steeper density gradient near the injector face than the $N_2O$/ethanol at similar combustion chamber pressure. Spray core length was calculated from averaged density gradient magnitude images and it was revealed that spray core length of GOx/kerosene was shorter than that of $GN_2O$/ethanol, although momentum flux ratio of GOx/kerosene propellant combination was lower.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.41 no.8
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• pp.17-24
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• 2004

Quantum effects in the poly-gate are analyzed in two dimensions using the density-gradient method, and their impact on the short-channel effect of double-gate MOSFETs is investigated. The 2-D effects of quantum mechanical depletion at the gate to sidewall oxide is identified as the cause of large charge-dipole formation at the corner of the gate. The bias dependence of the charge dipole shows that the magnitude of the dipole peak-value increases in the subthreshold region and there is a large difference in carrier and potential distribution compared to the classical solution. Using evanescent-nude analysis, it is found that the quantum effect in the poly-gate substantially increases the short-channel effect and it is more significant than the quantum effect in the Si film. The penetration of potential contours into the poly-gate due to the dipole formation at the drain side of the gate corner is identified as the reason for the substantial increase in short-channel effects.

• Publications of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.231-253
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• 1992

A model for the distribution of stars in the disk and the spheroid of our Galaxy is reexamined from an edge-on view of the Galaxy obtained by selecting infrared sources from the IRAS Point Source Catalog. The sources are counted as a function of galactic latitude. longitude and $12{\mu}m$ apparent magnitude. The source counts are reasonably separated into the disk component and the spheroid component contributions and each of the contributions is further interpreted as a convolution of a spatial density distribution and a luminosity function based on the least-square fit method. The spatial density of the disk component has an exponential radial scale length of $h_R{\sim}2.6\;kpc$ and the vertical distribution follows a canonical $sech^2$ law with a scale height $h_z{\sim}240\;pc$. The distribution of the spheroid component can be represented by an oblate spheriod with an axis ratio $k{\sim}0.61$ and a de Vaucouleurs' $r^{1/4}$ law with an effective radius of $R_e{\sim}120\;pc$. The steep density gradient of the spheroid component is consistent with that of late M giants in the central bulge. The luminosity functions of the disk and the spheroid component stars resemble respectively those of the K luminosity function of disk M giants (Garwood and Jones 1986) and the bolometric luminosity function of M giants in bulge fields (Frogel et al, 1990).

• Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.155-171
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• 1988

We have examined how sensitively the extinction value determined by the method of star-count depends on such factors as the plate limit, the size of counting reseau, the non-linearity in the number distribution of stars with magnitude, and the angular resolution demanded by the given problem. We let the Poisson distribution portray the statistical nature of the countings, and chose the region containing the globule Barnard 361 as an example field. Uncertainties due to various combinations of the factors are presented in graphic forms: (1) Dynamic range in the extinction measurements is evaluated as a function of reseau size for varying plate limits. (2) Statistical errors involved in the star-count are analized in terms of the signal-to-noise ratio, the plate limit and the reseau size. (3) Systematic error due to the non-linearity in the number distribution are thoroughly analized. (4) Finally, a methodology is presented for correcting the systematic error in the observed radial density gradient. These graphs are meant to be used in selecting proper size of the reseau and in estimating errors inherent to the star-count analysis.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.230-240
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• 1990

An exprimental research has been carried out to find the intermittent flow pattern in the transition region of a turbulent round jet in order to elucidate detailed turbulence structure and to accumulate basic data necessary for computational turbulence modelling. Turbulent signals were processed digitally to obtain conventional or conditional velocity components. The high-order conditional correlations obtained in this study showed similar trends as those of other free shear flows. It was found that the non-turbulent fluid contributes negligibly to the turbulent kinetic energy production and its diffusive transport and that the diffusion by bulk convection has the same order of magnitude as the gradient diffusion in the free boundary region. The statistical analyses such as flatness factor, skewness factor and probability density functions of turbulent and non-turbulent zone durations have also been performed.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.15 no.11
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• pp.1369-1376
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• 2012

In this paper, we propose 2D industrial image registration method for the detection of defects. Proposed method performs preprocessing to smooth the original image with the preservation of the edge for the robust registration against general noise. Then, x-direction gradient magnitude image and corresponding binary image are generated. Density analysis around neighborhood regions per pixel are performed to generate feature image for preventing mis-registration due to moire-like patterns, which frequently happen in industrial images. Finally, 2D image registration based on phase correlation between feature images is performed to calculate translational parameters to align two images rapidly and optimally. Experimental results showed that the registration accuracy of proposed method for the real industrial images was 100% and our method was about twenty times faster than the previous method. Our fast and accurate method could be used for the real industrial applications.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers Conference
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• 2010.11a
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• pp.729-732
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• 2010

The present study has been motivated by the development of a reliable numerical methodology for simulation of kerosene/LOx coaxial swirl injectors. To deal with thermodynamic non-ideality and anomalies of transport properties pronounced at supercritical pressures, a set of subroutine libraries has been constructed based on the cubic equations of state, and applied to an existing flamelet analysis code. For computational efficiency, two-dimensional axisymmetric RANS formulation with swirl was adopted and validated successfully against an isothermal coaxial swirling jet. For the actual problem with high pressure combustion, however, numerical results show that the RANS models yield excessive production of turbulence probably due to high density gradient magnitude in the vicinity of mixing layer of swirling film flow, and imply strongly further improvement of the turbulence models.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers Conference
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• 2017.05a
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• pp.905-911
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• 2017

Effects of injector position and momentum flux ratio on a vertical jet in a cross flow field were studied qualitatively and shown by using air and water. The experiment was carried out by fixing the momentum flux ratio and varying the position of the injector hole. Conversely, the injector hole position was fixed and the momentum flux ratio was varied. Image visualization was performed by a Shadowgraph technique using a high speed camera. The visualized images were compared for finding differences in spraying through Density Gradient Magnitude Image. It is observed that as the x/d of the apparatus increased the jet break up height decreases and the spray angle also decreases. When x/d is 0, the spray reaches the floor and ceiling at any momentum flux ratio.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.88-96
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• 2018

Effects of injector position and momentum flux ratio on a vertical jet in a cross-flow field are qualitatively studied and displayed using air and water. The position of the injector hole and the momentum flux ratio is changed and image visualization is performed using a shadowgraph technique and a high-speed camera. The visualized images are compared to find differences in spraying using density gradient magnitude image. It is observed that, as the x/d of the apparatus increases, the jet break-up height decreases. When x/d is 0, the spray reaches the bottom and ceiling at any momentum flux ratio.