• 한국임상수의학회지
• /
• 제26권5호
• /
• pp.490-494
• /
• 2009

A 2-year-old Maltese and a 5-month-old Yorkshire terrier were presented with ataxia. Tetraparesis was observed in a 9-year -old Yorkshire terrier. The localizations of the lesions suggested brain or cervical spinal cord by the neurological examination, and the following images was achieved: radiography, axial images of computed tomography (CT), reconstruction image of CT such as multi-planar reformation(MPR) and 3-dimensional(3D) reconstruction and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). On radiography, the misalignment between atlas (C1) and axis (C2), absent dens of axis, and increased space between the dorsal arch of C1 and spinous process of C2 were found. The discontinuation between dens and body of C2 was identified through axial CT images, and the fragmentation of dens separated from axis was observed through MPR and 3D image in all case. The hyperintense lesions and the spinal cord compression on T2-weighted MR images were represented in a dog with tetraparesis, the others represented only spinal cord compression. Three dogs were diagnosed as atlantoaxial instability (AAI) by dens fracture of C2. The dog with tetraparesis was euthanized due to guarded prognosis. The others were recovered completely. It is difficult to differentiate dens fracture of C2 from abnormal dens such as agenesis and hypoplasia. We thought that CT is very useful to evaluate the dens of C2 and differentiate the causes of AAI, and the reconstruction images of CT such as MPR and 3D make the translation of the fragmented dens or axis of AAI more precisely evaluate.

• 대한수의학회지
• /
• 제35권1호
• /
• pp.19-28
• /
• 1995

The histological and histochemical study of the axis body of piglet was performed in order to clarify the ossification process. These experimental animals collected from after birth to 52 days were used for this study. The results were summarized as follows; 1. The epiphysis, the intercentrum 2 and the centrum of proatlas were appeared in the axis body and dens of piglet after birth. 2. In 39 days of age piglet, the ossification of the intercentrum 2 was first observed but the epiphysis was already initiated. The centrum of proatlas was observed cranioventral part of the dens of the 52 days piglet axis. 3. The notochordal remnants revealed distinctively in the part between the centrum 1 and the centrum2, in the apical cartilaginous tissue of dens and in the caudal cartilaginous part of body of axis. 4. Intramembranous ossification occurred in the adjacent area of perichondrium of centrum 2. These ossified trabeculae show the woven bone configuration.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
• /
• 제29권2호
• /
• pp.107-114
• /
• 2011

목 적: 뇌 두경부 종양의 방사선치료에서 전자조사문영상장치(electronic portal imaging device)를 이용한 조사문 영상에서 제2경추 치상돌기(dens)의 좌우 위치변화를 측정하고 이것이 치료에 미치는 임상적 의의에 대해 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 2009년 1월 1일부터 2010년 6월 30일까지 뇌 두경부 종양으로 해당 부위에 3차원 입체조형방사선치료 또는 세기조절방사선치료를 받았던 21명의 환자를 대상으로 하였다. 모의치료 시 획득한 디지털재구성사진과 방사선치료 기간 중 정기적으로 촬영한 전면 조사문영상에서 코중격과 치상돌기의 X축 방향에서 위치오차를 측정하였다. 또한 방사선치료 계획용 프로그램을 이용하여 위치오차가 발생하였을 때, 주변 정상 장기 및 치료 표적의 선량 분포에 미치는 영향을 알아보았다. 결 과: 총 확인한 조사문영상은 400개였다. 평균 위치오차는 절대값으로 측정하였을 때 코중격에서 0.16 mm, 치상돌기에서 0.33 mm였다. 3 mm 이상 오차를 보인 경우가 코중격에서는 43번(10.7%), 치상돌기에서는 133번(33.1%)이었고, 5 mm 이상 오차를 보인 경우는 코중격에서는 없었으나 치상돌기에서는 11번(2.7%) 확인 되었다. 5 mm 이상 dens의 위치오자가 발생한 경우를 방사선치료 계획용 프로그램을 이용하여 재현해 보았을 때, 임상표 적체적의 선량조사 감소(V95: 100%${\rightarrow}$87.2%), 척수의 과도한 선량 조사가 이루어지는 것으로 나타났다(V45: <0.1%${\rightarrow}$12.6%). 결 론: 뇌 두경부의 방사선조사 시에 전자조사문영상장치를 이용하여 일부 환자들에서 치상돌기 오차를 비교적 쉽게 발견할 수 있는데, 코(얼굴의 앞면) 부분이 잘 맞더라도 5 mm 이상의 치상돌기 위치 오차가 발생할 수 있으므로 주의가 필요하겠다.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
• /
• 제55권4호
• /
• pp.212-214
• /
• 2014

The synchondrosis between the dens and the body of axis normally fuses between 5 and 7 years of age. Until this age, synchondrosis fractures can occur in children. Most synchondrosis fractures are conventionally treated by external immobilization alone. We report a 10-year-old child with odontoid synchondrosis fracture who was treated by C1 lateral mass and C2 pars screw rod fixation with a successful outcome and discuss the possible reasons for occurrence of odontoid synchondrosis fracture in this older child as well as the indications for surgery in this condition.

• 한국임상수의학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국임상수의학회 2009년도 춘계학술대회
• /
• pp.225-225
• /
• 2009

• 턱관절균형의학회지
• /
• 제2권1호
• /
• pp.13-16
• /
• 2012

Objectives: The quadrant theorem is a theorem proposed by C. M. Guzay in the field of functional, holistic dentistry. There are not much of scientific literature on the quadrant theorem. This study briefly reviewed basic concepts of quadrant theorem. Methods: A publication by Guzay and research articles were searched and reviewed. The quadrant theorem is depicted as a series of illustrations and accompanied explanations. Results: The primary concept of the quadrant theorem was presented in 1952. Based on geometric biophysics of the occlusion and related anatomical functions, physiological pivotal axis of the mandible is analyzed to occurs at the dens (the sub-atlas area). Composite muscular activity links the mandibular posture with C1-C2, which is then linked with the spinal posture. Twenty illustrations are progressively presented on the physiognomy, occlusion, and analysis of anatomical functions. The balanced distribution of the forces gives the durability of the functions in life. Conclusions: The quadrant theorem provides a functional linkage between the mandibular posture and the upper cervical vertebrae.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
• /
• 제21권1호
• /
• pp.197-206
• /
• 1996

This study ws performed to investigate the relationship between cervical curvature and the spatial position of the posterior part of the atlas imaged in the lateral cephalograph. Sixty six patients with temporomandibular disorders(TMD) and twenty dental students were selected for patients group and control group, respectively. The average age of patients group was 26.3 years, and 24.9 years in control group. Measured variables were cervical depth, upper space between the atlas and the base of the occiput, lower space between the atlas and the spinous process of the axis, rea of the posterior part of the atlas imaged in the lateral cephalograph, and the cervical curvature passing through the uppermost point in dorsal side of Dens of the Axis to the lowermost and rearmost point of the 5th cervical vertebra. The reliability of the method used for measuring cervical curvature with curved ruler was also tested. The results obtained were as follows : 1. Cervical depth of patients group was 122.9mm and significantly shorter than that of control group, in which cervical depth was 131.9mm, and cervical depth was significantly correlated with other variables in all subjects. 2. Upper space was greater in patients group, but total space including upper and lower space showed no difference between the two groups. The average value of total space was 26.5mm. 3. Area of the posterior part of the atlas was 168.2$\textrm{mm}^2$ in patients group, and 186.5$\textrm{mm}^2$ in control group with significant difference between the two groups. 4. Average range of radius of cervical curvature were 33-40cm and there was no difference between the two groups. 5. There was no significant correlation between the cervical curvature and the area of the posterior arch of the atlas. 6. The method using curved ruler for measuring cervical curvature could be accepted as a reliable method.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
• /
• 제58권5호
• /
• pp.454-461
• /
• 2015

Objective : In this study, we aimed to investigate the underlying ethiological factors in chiari malformation (CM) type-I (CMI) via performing volumetric and morphometric length-angle measurements. Methods : A total of 66 individuals [33 patients (20-65 years) with CMI and 33 control subjects] were included in this study. In sagittal MR images, tonsillar herniation length and concurrent anomalies were evaluated. Supratentorial, infratentorial, and total intracranial volumes were measured using Cavalieri method. Various cranial distances and angles were used to evaluate the platybasia and posterior cranial fossa (PCF) development. Results : Tonsillar herniation length was measured $9.09{\pm}3.39mm$ below foramen magnum in CM group. Tonsillar herniation/concurrent syringomyelia, concavity/defect of clivus, herniation of bulbus and fourth ventricle, basilar invagination and craniovertebral junction abnormality rates were 30.3, 27, 18, 2, 3, and 3 percent, respectively. Absence of cisterna magna was encountered in 87.9% of the patients. Total, IT and ST volumes and distance between Chamberlain line and tip of dens axis, Klaus index, clivus length, distance between internal occipital protuberance and opisthion were significantly decreased in patient group. Also in patient group, it was found that Welcher basal angle/Boogard angle increased and tentorial slope angle decreased. Conclusion : Mean cranial volume and length-angle measurement values significantly decreased and there was a congenital abnormality association in nearly 81.5 percent of the CM cases. As a result, it was concluded that CM ethiology can be attributed to multifactorial causes. Moreover, congenital defects can also give rise to this condition.

• 척추신경추나의학회지
• /
• 제3권1호
• /
• pp.1-7
• /
• 2008

Objectives : The os odontoideum is an uncommon abnormality which is due to non fusion of axis and odontoid process that exists as a separate ossicle apart from a hypoplastic dens. Its clinical significance lies in its potential to produce serious neurologic symptoms after cervical Chuna Manipulation Treatment. We experienced a patient diagnosed as os odontoideum which corresponds to absolute contra-indications of chuna manipulation treatment and report it. Methods : The patient was diagnosed as os odontoideum through cervical spine CT and MRI. Results and Conclusion : During cervical physical examination, we encountered L'hermitte's phenomenon from the patient and suspected one of contra-indications of chuna manipulation treatment. We could diagnose the patient as os odontoideum through cervical spine CT, MRI and prevent him from severe sequelae caused by chuna manipulation treatment.