• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제18권8호
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• pp.367-377
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• 2017

본 연구는 수산물가공폐수 내 포함된 염분이 황 탈질조에 미치는 영향을 파악하고자 수행되었다. 황 탈질조의 탈질효율 검토결과, 유입 T-N 농도 20mg/L 이하에서는 EBCT 1hr, 30mg/L에서는 EBCT 2~3hr가 최적 EBCT로 조사되었다. 또한 그 이상의 T-N이 유입될 경우 생물학적 처리공정으로 반송을 통하여, 유입 T-N 농도를 30mg/L 이하로 유지해야 한다. 질소 부하에 따른 탈질효율 검토결과, 유입부하를 $0.496kg/m^3{\cdot}day $ 이내로 유지하였을 때 방류수질 기준을 만족하였지만, 현장 적용시 반응조 용적이 증가되는 문제점이 발생하기 때문에 탈질효율과 경제성을 고려하였을 때 유입부하를 $0.372kg/m^3{\cdot}day$이내로 운전해야 한다. 황 탈질 반응속도 상수를 산정한 결과, 유입부하 $0.248{\sim}0.628kg/m^3{\cdot}day$에서 k은 $0.0890{\sim}0.5032hr^{-1}$로 유기물 생분해도의 반응속도 상수보다 높게 조사되었다. $Cl^-$ 농도에 따른 회분식 실험 결과, 유입 질소농도 30.0mg/L 에서 염분농도 $7,000mgCl^-/L$ 이하에서는 탈질효율의 영향은 크지 않으나, $9,000mgCl^-/L$ 이상에서는 저해가 발생하는 것으로 조사되었다. 연속식 반응실험에서 $Cl^-$농도에 따른 반응속도 상수 산정결과, raw wastewater${\sim}5,000mgCl^-/L$에서의 반응속도 상수는 $0.1049{\sim}0.2324hr^{-1}$로 조사되었다. 그러나 $7,000mgCl^-/L$의 경우 k은 $0.1588hr^{-1}$로, $9,000mgCl^-/L$는 k은 $0.1049hr^{-1}$로 염분 농도가 증가할수록 반응속도 상수는 감소되었다.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.62-69
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• 2014

In the results of monitoring nitrate concentration in more than 8,000 groundwater wells around agro-livestock, the average and maximum nitrate concentration was 9.4 mg/L and 101.2 mg/L, respectively. Since about 31% of the monitoring wells was exceed the quality standard for drinking water, nitrate control such as remediation or source regulation is required to conserve safe-groundwater in South Korea. Typical nitrate-treatment technologies include ion exchange, reverse osmosis, and biological denitrification. Among the treatment methods, biological denitrification by indigenous microorganism has environmental and economic advantages for the complete elimination of nitrate because of lower operating costs compared to other methods. Major mechanism of the process is microbial reduction of nitrate to nitrite and nitrogen gas. Three functional genes (nosZ, nirK, nirS) that encode for the enzyme involved in the pathway. In this work, we tried to develop simple process to determine possibility of natural denitrification reaction by monitoring the functional gene. For the work, the functional genes in nitrate-contaminated groundwater were monitored by using PCR with specific target primers. In the result, functional genes (nosZ and nirK) encoding denitrification enzymes were detected in the groundwater samples. This method can help to determine the possibility of natural-nitrate degradation in target groundwater wells without multiplex experimental process. In addition, for field-remediation application we selected nitrate-contaminated site where 200~600 mg/L of nitrate is continuously detected. To determine the possibility of nitrate-degradation by stimulated-natural attenuation, groundwater was sampled in two different wells of the site and nitrate concentration of the samples was 300 mg/L and 616 mg/L, respectively. Fumarate for different C/N ratio was added into microcosm bottles containing the groundwater to examine denitrification rate depending on carbon concentration. In the result, once 1.5 times more than amount of fumarate stoichiometry required was added, the 616 mg/L of nitrate and 300 mg/L of nitrate were completely degraded in 8 days and 30 days. The nitrite, byproduct of denitrification process, was also completely degraded during the experimental period.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.896-902
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• 2015

Milking center wastewater (MCW) has a relatively low ratio of carbon to nitrogen (C/N ratio), which should be separately managed from livestock manure due to the negative impacts of manure nutrients and harmful effects on down-stream in the livestock manure process with respect to the microbial growth. Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) is linked to inhibition of the second nitrification and reduces around 40% of the carbonaceous energy available for denitrification. Thus, this study was conducted to find the optimal operational conditions for the treatment of MCW using an attached-growth biofilm reactor; i.e., nitrogen loading rate (NLR) of 0.14, 0.28, 0.43, and $0.58kg\;m^{-3}\;d^{-1}$ and aeration rate of 0.06, 0.12, and $0.24\;m^3\;h^{-1}$ were evaluated and the comparison of air-diffuser position between one-third and bottom of the reactor was conducted. Four sand packed-bed reactors with the effective volume of 2.5 L were prepared and initially an air-diffuser was placed at one third from the bottom of the reactor. After the adaptation period of 2 weeks, SND was observed at all four reactors and the optimal NLR of $0.45kg\;m^{-3}\;d^{-1}$ was found as a threshold value to obtain higher nitrogen removal efficiency. Dissolved oxygen (DO) as one of key operational conditions was measured during the experiment and the reactor with an aeration rate of $0.12\;m^3\;h^{-1}$ showed the best performance of $NH_4-N$ removal and the higher total nitrogen removal efficiency through SND with appropriate DO level of ${\sim}0.5\;mg\;DO\;L^{-1}$. The air-diffuser position at one third from the bottom of the reactor resulted in better nitrogen removal than at the bottom position. Consequently, nitrogen in MCW with a low C/N ratio of 2.15 was successfully removed without the addition of external carbon sources.

• 환경생물
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.136-143
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• 2019

안정된 바이오플락 사육수에는 대량의 미생물들이 존재하고 있으며 사육수온이 높아 재사용이 가능할 경우 빠른 수질안정화 및 에너지 절약을 할 수 있다. 바이오플락 사육수 내 부유하고 있는 자가 및 타가 영양세균은 호기성과 혐기성 세균을 모두 포함하고 있어 탄소원을 넣고 산소를 공급하지 않는 혐기성 상태로 만들면 탈질과정이 가능하다. 본 연구에서 바이오플락 탈질수의 특성은 암모니아(6.9 mg L^-1), 아질산(0.3 mg L^-1), 질산농도(9.2 mg L^-1), 높은 pH(8.42), alkalinity (590 mg L^-1)였으며 이 탈질수를 첨가한 사육수의 물리적 환경 변화가 어린새우의 생존 및 생리적 특성에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 그 결과 탈질수를 100% 사용하여도 생존율의 변화를 보이지 않았으나 혈림프를 포함한 체액 분석결과 탈질수 혼합에 의한 조직손상 및 스트레스 지표인 크레아틴, 혈중 요소성 질소의 증가가 관찰되었고 탈질수 혼합비율이 높을수록 새우 체내 이온(Na⁺, K⁺, Cl^-)의 농도가 유의적으로 감소하여 향후 삼투압조절에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 것으로 나타남에 따라 탈질수를 일정비율로(50% 미만) 혼합하여 사용하는 것이 바람직한 것으로 사료된다.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.32-37
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to investigate the created liquid post-acid fermentation of usability of denitrification as exterior carbon sources by pH control. The time of acid fermentation of food waste, the slower loading capacity of organic matter, the faster decomposition rate, but the density of generation Volatile Fermentation Acids(VFAs), was weak and, $SBOD_{5}$ : ST-N rate and $SBOD_{5}/SCOD_{Cr}$ rate was low. Between TS and VS, VS was decreased to 4.5th day fast, and then was decreased slowly. 1.5 days after stating the experiments, $SCOD_{Cr}$, $SBOD_{5}$, STOC and $VFA_{s}$ was decreased of increased slowly, and then increased fast. And after showing the highest density, it was tended to decreased fast. At the time of $SBOD_{5}$ with the highest density, at $SBOD_{5}$ : ST-N ratio, $R_1$ was 303:1, $R_2$ was 319:1, $R_3$was the highest. After studying $SBOD_{5}$ : ST-N ratio and $SBOD_{5}/SCOD_{Cr}$ ratio, as a carbon source of biological denitrification it was profitable composition ratio.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.83-89
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• 1998

The drinking water supply in Cheju entirely depends on the ground water and recently the polluted ground water bores are increasing. In 1993 Cheju Province Health-Environment Institute reported that the ground water quality of 26 of 98 bores under the drinking water quality standard. Therefore there are many investigation in the needs of the nitrate removal in the drinking water in the regin with no alternative water resources. In this study, the following results are obtained to remove the nitrate in biofilm filtration process in which uses ethanol as external carbon source. Over 90% of nitrate is removed after 10 days of experiment. The nitrate removal rate on filtration velocity is about 100% at 50m/day and 100m/day, and about 56% at 200m/day. The removal rate is reduced in 27% at 400m/day. Using ethanol as the external carbon source, denitrification kinetic is 1st-order. Denitrification constant k is 8.004($hr^{-1}$). The amount of the denitrificated-Nitrogen is increased as the contact time increased. Deoxydation rate constant ${\gamma}$ is 11.895($hr^{-1}$). 0.968g of ethanol(as TOC) is needed to remove 1g of nitrate and 0.291g is required to remove 1g of dissolved oxygen.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.44-56
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• 1998

This study was performed to investigate the reaction characteristics of piggery wastewater for biological nutrient removal. The reaction characteristics were discussed the fraction of organics, the behavior of nitrogen, nitrification, denitrification, and the behavior of phosphorus. The fraction of readily biodegradable soluble COD was 11-12 percent. The ammonia nitrogen was removed via stripping, nitrification, autotrophic cell synthesis, and heterotrophic cell synthesis. The removal percents by each step were 12.1%, 68.9%, 15.0%, and 4.0%, respectively. Nitrification inhibition of piggery wastewater was found to occur at an influent volumetric loading rate over 0.2 NH$_{3}$-N kg/m$^{3}$/d. Denitrification rates were the highest in the raw wastewater and the lowest in the anaerobic effluent. The denitritation of piggery wastewater came out to be possible, and the rate of organic carbon consumption decreased about 10 percent. The phosphorus removed was released in the form of ortho-p in the aerobic fixed biofilm reactor, it was caused by autooxidation. The synthesis and release of phosphorus were related to the ORP and the boundary value for the phase change was about 170mV. In the synthesis phase, the phosphorus removal rate per COD removed was 0.023mgP$_{syn}$/mgCOD$_{rem}$. The phosphorus contents of the microorganism were 4.3-6.0% on a dry weight basis.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.42-54
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• 2019

Biodegradation of an explosive compound, glyceryl trinitrate (GTN), was studied with a denitrifying microbial culture grown in a sequencing batch reactor and a GTN acclimated denitrifying culture. The GTN acclimated culture, which were fed on GTN for 1 month, degraded GTN regioselectively via denitration on C1 position as compared to C2 position denitration by denitrifying culture that has never been exposed to GTN. Accumulation of two isomeric glyceryl dinitrates (GDNs) in both culture medium suggests that GDN denitration is the rate-limiting step in GTN biodegradation. The first order GTN degradation rate normalized to cell concentration of the acclimated culture was calculated to be 0.045 (${\pm}0.002$) L/g-hr. Increasing concentration of electron acceptor(nitrate) resulted in discouraged GTN degradation. According to microbial community analysis, prolonged GTN exposure resulted in 25% increase in the genus level of the GTN acclimated culture with the disappearance of two dominating denitrifying microbial species of Methyloversatilis universalis and Hyphomicrobium zavarzinii in the denitrifying culture.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.35-44
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• 1999

In this study, it was attempted to remove nitrate and carbon in a single-stage reactor using acetate as substrate. Hybrid type upflow sludge baffled filter reactor was adopted using anaerobic sludge. Sludge bed in the bottom of reactor was intended to remove carbon and nitrate by denitrification and methanogenesis. And floating media in the upper part of reactor were intended to remove remaining carbon which was not removed due to the inhibition of nitrogen oxide on methane producing bacteria. The reactor removed over 96% of COD and most of nitrate with volumetric loading rate of $4.0kgCOD/m^3{\cdot}day$, hydraulic retention time of 24hr, 4,000mgCOD/L, and $266mgNO_3-N/L$. Nitrate in anaerobic sludge was converted to nitrogen gas(denitrification) or ammonia (ammonification) according to pH of influent, COD removal efficiency was easily affected by the change of volumetric loading rates and nitrate concentration. And when influent pH was about 4.7, most nitrate changed to ammonia while when influent pH was about 6.8~7.0, most nitrate denitrified independent of $COD/NO_3-N$ ratio. Most granules were gray and a few were black. In gray-colored granule, black inner side was covered with gray substance and SEM illustrated Methanoccoci type microorganisms which were compact spherical shape. Anaerobic filter removed residual COD effectively which was left in sludge bed due to the inhibition of nitrogen oxide.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.257-263
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• 2005

A batch and a continuous type experiments were conducted to test the conditions for simultaneous phosphorus release and uptake, and denitrification, taking place in one process. The bacteria able to denitrify as well as to remove phosphorus were evaluated for the application to biological nutrient removal(BNR) process. In the batch-type experiment, simultaneous reactions of phosphorus release and uptake, and also denitrification were observed under anoxic condition with high organic and nitrate loading. However the rate and the degree of P release were lower than that occurred under anaerobic condition. BNR processes composed of anaerobic-anoxic-oxic(AXO), anoxic-anaerobic-oxic(XAO) and anoxic-oxic(XO) were operated in continuous condition. The anoxic reactors in each process received nitrate loading. In the AXO process, P release in anaerobic reactor and the luxury uptake in oxic reactor proceeded actively regardless to nitrate loading. However in XAO and XO processes, P release and luxury uptake occurred only with the nitrate loading less than $0.07\;kg{NO_3}^--N$/kgMLSS-d. With higher nitrate load, P release increased and the luxury uptake decreased. Therefore, it appeared that the application of denitrifying phosphorus-removing bacteria (DPB) to BNR process must first resolve the problem with decrease of luxury uptake of phosphorus in oxic reactor.