• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.379-388
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• 2014

A sewage was treated using a serially combined vertical(VFCW) and horizontal flow double media (sand and zeolite for VFCW and sand and waste oyster-shell for HFCW) reed constructed wetland(HFCW) with intermittent feeding (see Fig. 1). The sewage was fed into the reed constructed wetland for 10 minutes every 6 hours at the hydraulic load of $314L/m^2{\cdot}day$. The summarized results were as follows: pH values in the effluent depended very heavily on oyster-shell height filled in the HFCW. They were maintained at less than pH 6.24 when the height of the oyster-shell layer was 200 mm. Influent DO(oxygen demand) values(average 0.19 mg/L) were increased in the VFCW(average 7.65 mg/L) and decreased again in the HFCW(average 6.49 mg/L). They were higher in the winter than in the summer. The OTR(oxygen transfer rate) was $57.15g\;O_2/m^2{\cdot}day$ in the VFCW and $5.65g\;O_2/m^2{\cdot}day$ in the HFCW. The removal efficiency of $NH_4{^+}$-N was 80.17%(6.01 $NH_4{^+}$-N mg/L in the effluent). It was lower than that in the case where only zeolite was filled in the reed constructed wetland. But it was expected that treated sewage effluent using a double media reed constructed wetland with 300 mm zeolite layer could stably meet the Korean treated sewage effluent standard(20 mg T-N/L). Average removal efficiencies were SS 88.09%, BOD 88.12%, $COD_{Cr}$ 83.11%, $COD_{Mn}$ 85.58%, T-N 57.21%, $NH_4{^+}$-N 80.17%, T-P 86.73%. Nearly, The concentration of $NO_3{^-}$-N in the effluent of the VFCW was decreased in that of the HFCW. More than half of T-N in the effluent was $NO_3{^-}$-N(7.92 mg/L) but the concentration of $NO_2{^-}$-N in the effluent was average 0.90 mg/L. The removal efficiencies of T-P were 93.24%, 86.30% and 55.44% at the height of the oyster-shell-filled constructed wetland of 800 mm, 500 mm and 200 mm, respectively and therefore, they were proportional to oyster-shell height filled in the HFCW.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.1000-1007
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• 2005

The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship of maternal factors such as knowledge, attitude and practice of weaning with infant feeding. The subjects were 103 mothers visiting a public health center in Gumi, Kyungbook who filled out self-administered Questionnaires. First of all, about $90\%$ of the participants recognized the importance of complementary foods and proper weaning practices. The response for the recognition of the importance of infant weaning process showed a significant difference by education levels. Concerning an appropriate time for the introduction of weaning foods, $53\%$ of mothers had commenced weaning at age $4\~6$ months, while $38\%$ had done so at age $6\~8$ months. Approximately $76\%$ of mothers fed their babies without the knowledge of age-related weaning method and type of weaning foods. There were no statistical differences in maternal weaning knowledges between levels of education and house income. Mothers with higher levels of education and family income tended to show high perception scores regarding possibility of food allergies caused by baby foods. A demand for reliable sources and education related to nutritious weaning foods and weaning practices were strong in the group with higher education. Knowledge of weaning method and baby foods were obtained by 59 of the 103 mothers from mass media, 35 from friends caring babies, and 9 obtained advice from health professionals or family. Advice from the heath professionals was not the main influence on their decision to introduce weaning foods. Although commercial baby foods are the most commonly used as first weaning foods, those with higher education groups considered commercial baby food are not nutritionally better than home-maid foods. The current findings suggest to us that to improve weaning process, mothers should be educated on the selection and preparation of nutritious, balanced weaning foods and on good weaning practices. It is advised that supportive health professionals from community public health centers should lead the education of infant feeding practices based on maternal characteristics and on basic food and nutritional knowledge.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.203-212
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• 2008

A nutritional demand of oyster, Crassostrea gigas larva as part of research for improving of utilization of microalgae being used for the artificial oyster seed production. The change of body growth and biochemical compositions of larvae were investigated during larvae rearing in hatchery. The larvae were cultured in 60 M/T tank and fed mixture 6 different phytoplankton species, Isochrysis galbana (30%), Cheatoceros gracilis (20%), Pavlova lutheri (20%), Phaeodactylum triconutum (10%), Nannochryis oculata (10%) and Tetraselmis tetrathele (10%). The initial feeding amount was $0.3{\times}10^4cells/mL$ at three times a day to D-shaped larva and the feeding amount had been increased 30% gradually every two day since the larvae were raising. The larvae were developed from D shape to pediveliger stage for 12 days. The daily growth of shell length and hight were $5.8{\sim}30.8\;{\mu}m$ and $8.7{\sim}31.4\;{\mu}m$, respectively and weight gains were changed from D shape to pediveliger as follow: wet weight was $0.52{\sim}15.0\;{\mu}g/larva$, dry weight was $0.2{\sim}6.5\;{\mu}g/larva$, and ash free dry weight was $0.1{\sim}8.5\;{\mu}g/larva$. The larvae growth pattern shown a logarithmic phase from D shape to umbone stage but after that stage shown a exponential growth aspect. The crude protein, crude lipid and nitrogen free extract (NFE) of larvae during rearing periods were analyzed as $6.1{\sim}10.6%$, $0.6{\sim}1.1%$ and 1.0-2.7%, respectively. And the total amino acid contents of the larvae during rearing periods were in order as glutamic acid $1.26{\sim}2.24%$, aspartic acid $0.97{\sim}1.70%$, and methionine $0.12{\sim}0.33%$. Of the total fatty acid in the analyzed larvae, the saturated fatty acid (SSAFA) was decreased from 54.3% (D shaped larvae) to 17.1 % (pediveliger) as larvae development but the total mono-unsaturated fatty acid (${\Sigma}MOFA$) and Poly-unsaturated fatty acid (${\Sigma}PUFA$) were increased from 29.9% and 7.8% to 40.6% and 45.6%, respectively. By the way the each fatty acid of the larvae were composed of palmitic acid $9.89{\sim}36.95%$, oleic acid $12.17{\sim}32.29%$, linoleic acid $1.96{\sim}33.55%$, EPA $2.17{\sim}11.58%$ and DHA $1.95{\sim}4.51%$. As a result of this study, the larvae of oyster were demanded a various nutrients for healthy growth and the feeding control, expecially after umbone stage larvae are a rapidly growing time, is very important for success of artificial seed production.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.59 no.12
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• pp.28.1-28.8
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• 2017

Background: Major amino acids in pig diets are Lys, Met, Thr, and Trp, but little is known about the requirements for the other essential amino acids, especially on odorous compounds and microbial characteristics in feces of growing-finishing pigs. To this end, different levels of amino acid composition added to diets to investigate the effects of amino acid composition on microbial characteristics and odorous compounds concentration. Methods: A total eight (n = 8) barrows (Landrace ${\times}$ Yorkshire ${\times}$ Duroc) with an average bodyweight of $89.38{\pm}3.3kg$ were individually fed diets formulated by Korean Feeding Standards 2007 (old version) or 2012 (updated with ideal protein concept) in metabolism crates with two replication. After 15-day adaptation period, fresh faecal samples were collected directly from pigs every week for 4 weeks and analysed for total volatile fatty acids (VFA), phenols and indoles by using gas chromatography. The nitrogen was determined by Kjeldahl method. Bacterial communities were detected by using a 454 FLX titanium pyrosequencing system. Results: Level of VFA tended to be greater in 2012 than 2007 group. Among VFAs, 2012 group had greater (p < 0.05) level of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) than control.Concentration of odorous compounds in feces was also affected by amino acid composition in pig diet. Levels of ammonium and indoles tended to be higher in 2012 group when compared with 2007 group.Concentration of phenols, p-cresol, biochemical oxygen demand, and total Kjeldahl nitrogen, however, were lower (P < 0.05) in 2012 treatment group compare to 2007. The proportion of Firmicute phylum were decreased, while the Bacteriodetes phylum proportion increased and bacterial genera includingCoprococcus, Bacillus, and Bacteroides increased (p < 0.05) in 2012 compare to 2007 group. Conclusion: Results from our current study indicates that well balanced amino acid composition reduces odor by modulating the gut microbial community. Administration of pig diet formulated with the ideal protein concept may help improve gut fermentation as well as reduce the odor causing compounds in pig manure.

• Quality Improvement in Health Care
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.76-88
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• 2014

Objectives: Parents of a premature baby feel a pressure on their baby's growth and they are highly in need for proper education. However, the lack of proper education can cause the difficulty of follow-up care and rehospitalization. Currently, methods of education among each nurse are based on verbal explanation and can be often different. Therfore, it is true that the psychological burden is great during education. Hence, by enforcing discharge education activities, we intend to provide information; induce participation of parents; promote the level of performance; standardize education program; and increase the job satisfaction of nurses. Methods: NICU conducted a questionnaire survey of the demand and satisfaction for discharge education among mothers that left hospital. And before and after the improvement activity, the satisfaction level of mothers and nurses were studied, and rehospitalization rate were analyzed. Results 1)The survey results of the satisfaction level of mothers towards education program as followes: The level of understanding of content, general babysitting, special situation, education method, and educator attitude showed statistically significant increase. 2)The survey results of the satisfaction level of nurses towards education program as followes: While, the need for education program decreased, the adequacy of education content and method, consistency of education, understanding of learner, and learner's performance increased. All the factors except for the need for education program and the adequacy of education content showed statistically significant difference. 3)Rehospitalization rate of premature babies decreased. According to analysis of the cause of rehospitalization, breast-feeding related apnea turned out to be the highest. Conclusion: Through QI, satisfaction of mothers and nurses improved more than 10%. And rehospitalization rate of premature babies decreased by the same amount as well. Therefore, with the help of the standardized discharge education program, mothers who is not easy to take care of after leaving hospital can be seen to significantly affect their healthy growth and development.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.200-207
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• 2017

A new approach to the solubilization of waste activated sludge (WAS) using alginate-quaternary ammonium complex beads was investigated under controlled mild alkaline conditions. The complex beads were prepared by the reaction of sodium alginate (SA) with 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl-octadecyldimethylammonium chloride (TSA) in acid solution, followed by crosslinking with $CaCl_2$. Treatment of WAS with SA-TSA complex beads was effective for enhancing the efficacy of WAS solubilization. The highest value of soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) concentration (3,900 mg/L) was achieved after 10 days of treatment with 30% (v/v) SA-TSA complex beads. The WAS solubilization efficacy of the complex beads was also evaluated by estimating the concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFAs). The maximum value of VFAs was 2,961 mg/L, and the overall proportions of VFAs were more than 75% of SCOD. The main components of VFAs were acetic, propionic, iso-butyric, and butyric acids. These results suggest that SA-TSA complex beads might be useful for enhancing the solubilization of WAS. The potential use of VFAs as the external carbon substrate for the production of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) by a mixed microbial culture (MMC) was also examined. The enrichment of PHA-accumulating MMC could be achieved by periodic feeding of VFAs generated from WAS in a sequencing batch reactor. The composition of PHA synthesized from VFAs mainly consisted of 3-hydroxybutyrate. The maximum PHA content accounted for 25.9% of dry cell weight. PHA production by this process is considered to be promising since it has a doubly beneficial effect on the environment by reducing the amount of WAS and concomitantly producing an eco-friendly biopolymer.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.19 no.11
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• pp.1407-1421
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• 2010

This study was carried out to elucidate the relation between water quality and structure of the aquatic ecosystem in the agriculture reservoir Otae-ji from January to December in 2009. The proportion of forest was 46.98%, which means that non-point sources are major contributor of water pollution in this area. The annual mean COD(Chemical Oxygen Demand) in Otae-ji was $3.6mgL^{-1}$, indicating, level II of environmental standards and the trophic state was mesotrophic. Although total phosporus concentration in the reservoir was high in August due to large inflow of nutrients from outside the reservoir during monsoon season, there was no break out of significant algal bloom in the summer. The seasonal succession of phytoplankton showed that the dinophyta dominated in the the spring, chlorophyta in the summer, chrysophyta and chlorophyta in the autumn and chrysophyta in the winter. In case of zooplankton, rotifers dominated in the most seasons, but cladoceran(Bosmina longirostris) dominated in June and copepod(Nauplii) in August. The macrophyte plants showed diverse species compositon consisted of 3 varieties, 24 species, 23 genera, 15 families and 14 orders. The macroinvertebrates also showed various FFG(Functional Feeding Groups) such as GC(Gathering-Collector), P(Predator), SH(Shedder), FC(Filter-Collector) and PP(Plant-Piercer). Ecosystem stability analysis using aquatic insects was classified as Group I, which has high resilience and resistance indices. A total of 14 species of fish was collected but exotic species such as Lepomis macrochirus and Micropterus salmoides were not found in Otae-ji. In conclusion, the preservation of healthy food wed in the reservoir ecosystem is closely related to water quality management as well as effective prevention of algal bloom by helping good material circulation in aquatic ecosystems.

• World Technopolis Review
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.74-81
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• 2019

Cities will soon host two third of the population worldwide, and already today 80% of the world energy is used in the 20 largest cities. Urban areas create 80% of the greenhouse gas emission, so we should take care that urban areas are smart and sustainable as implementations have especially here the greatest impact. Smart Cities (SC) or Smart Sustainable Cities (SSC) are the actual concepts that describe methodologies how cities can handle the high density of citizens, efficiency of energy use, better quality of life indicators, high attractiveness for foreign investments, high attractiveness for people from abroad and many other critical improvements in a shifting environment. But if we talk about Entrepreneurship Ecosystem and Innovation, we do not see a lot of literature covering this topic within those SC/SSC concepts. It seems that 'Smart' implies that all is embedded, or isn't it properly covered as brick stone of SC/SSC concepts, as they are handled in another 'responsibility silo', meaning that the policy implementation of a Science and Technology Park (STP) is handled in another governing body than SC/SSC developments. If this is true, we will obviously miss a lot of synergy effects and economies of scale effects. Effects that we could have in case we stop the siloed approaches of STPs by following a more holistic concept of a Smart Sustainable City, covering also a continuous flow of innovation into the city, without necessarily always depend on large corporate SSC solutions. We try to argue that every SSC should integrate SP/STP concepts or better their features and services into their methodology. The very limited interconnectivity between these concepts within the governance models limits opportunities and performance in both systems. Redesigning the architecture of the governance models and accepting that we have to design a system-of-systems would support the possible technology flow for smart city technologies, it could support testbed functionalities and the public-private partnership approach with embedded business models. The challenge is of course in complex governance and integration, as we often face siloed approaches. But real SSC are smart as they are connecting all those unconnected siloes of stakeholders and technologies that are not yet interoperable. We should not necessarily follow anymore old greenfield approaches neither in SSCs nor in SP and STP concepts from the '80s that don't fit anymore, being replaced by holistic sustainability concepts that we have to implement in any new or revised SSC concepts. There are new demands for each SP/STP being in or close to an SC/SCC as they have a continuous demand for feeding the technology base and the application layer and should also act as testbeds. In our understanding, a big part of STP inputs and outputs are still needed, but in a revised and extended format. We know that most of the SC/STP studies claim the impact is still far from understood and often debated, therefore we must transform the concepts where SC/STPs are not own 'cities', but where they act as technology source and testbed for industry and new SSC business models, being part of the SC/STP concept and governance from the beginning.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.56 no.5
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• pp.631-640
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• 2018

The application of an oxy-combustion circulating fluidized bed combustor (Oxy-CFBC) for low grade coals has recently developed in the world to meet the continuous increase of energy demand and to achieve the reduction of greenhouse gases. Since demo plants for Oxy-CFBC have been developed, the combustion properties of Oxy-CFBC in various operation conditions, such as gas flow rates, combustion temperature, fuel, and so on, should be investigated to develop design criteria for a commercial Oxy-CFBC. In this study, a computational simulation tool for Oxy-CFBC was developed on the basis of the IEA-CFBC (International Energy Agency Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustor) model. Simulation was performed under various conditions such as reaction temperature ($800^{\circ}C{\sim}900^{\circ}C$), oxygen contents (21%~41%), coal feeding rate, Ca/S mole ratio (1.5~4.0), and so on. Simulation results show that the combustion furnace temperature is higher in oxy 1 than air fired. However, the temperature gradient tended to decrease with increasing oxy mixing percent. In case of $SO_x$, the higher the Ca/S mole ratio and oxy mixing percent, the higher the desulfurization efficiency.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.12
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• pp.523-531
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• 2018

The purpose of this paper is to derive priorities and implications for the organic resource conservation policy in the livestock sector. We conducted a survey on the importance-performance of the organic waste resource reclamation of livestock sector using a 5-point Likert scale. The importance average for the resource recycling of livestock organic waste was 3.63 and the average of performance was 3.04. As a result of the IPA on livestock manure recycling measures, it is necessary to improve feed quality, establish a local recycling system, increase demand for compost and liquid, enhance customer linkages, and develop cost reduction technologies. It requires intensive support for promoting the spread of odor reduction technologies and integrated management of biomass. It is necessary to introduce mid- and long-term measures such as the revival of feed in tariff, promote by-product feeding, establish solid fuel process management standards, create hygiene safety standards, develop eco-beads and promotion of feed conversion. It is required to strengthen support for the development of odor reduction technologies and prepare consultative organizations among related departments, develop eco-friendly solid fuel technology, and support policies for renewable energy certification.