• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
• /
• v.43 no.2
• /
• pp.201-210
• /
• 2010

In this study, new methodology to estimate the reliability of a water distribution system using HSPDA model is suggested. In general, the reliability of a water distribution system can be determined by estimating either the ratio of the required demand to the available demand or the ratio of the number of nodes with sufficient pressure head to the number of nodes with insufficient pressure head when the abnormal operating condition occurs. To perform this approach, hydraulic analysis under the abnormal operating condition is essential. However, if the Demand-Driven Analysis (DDA) which is dependant on the assumption that the required demand at a demand node is always satisfied regardless of actual nodal pressure head is used to estimate the reliability of a water distribution system, the reliability may be underestimated due to the defect of the DDA. Therefore, it is necessary to apply the Pressure-Driven Analysis (PDA) having a different assumption to the DDA's which is that available nodal demand is proportion to nodal pressure head. However, because previous study used a semi-PDA model and the PDA model which had limited applicability depending on the characteristics of a network, proper estimation of the reliability of a water distribution system was impossible. Thus, in this study, a new methodology is suggested by using HSPDA model which can overcome weak points of existing PDA model and Available Demand Fraction (ADF) index to estimate the reliability. The HSPDA can simulate the hydraulic condition of a water distribution system under abnormal operating condition and based on the hydraulic condition simulated, ADF index at each node is calculated to quantify the reliability of a water distribution system. The suggested model is applied to sample networks and the results are compared with those of existing method to demonstrate its applicability.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
• /
• v.31 no.1
• /
• pp.33-42
• /
• 2022

The objective of this study is to determine the appropriate size of the inlet pipe diameter and thereby conduct hydraulic analysis for the Korean water distribution network. To this end, the data tables for equivalent pipe diameters and outflow rates presently employed in Korea were adopted. By incorporating the table of equivalent pipe diameters, it was found that the size of the inlet pipe diameter was overestimated, which can cause shortage of water pressure and malfunctioning or insufficiency of outflow rate in the corresponding adjacent region. However, by conducting hydraulic analysis based on the table of outflow rates, relatively reasonable flow rates were observed. Furthermore, by comparing the real demand-driven analysis (RDDA) approach and demand-driven analysis (DDA) approach toward managing the huge water demand, it was observed that DDA could not effectively respond to real hourly usage conditions, whereas RDDA (which reflects the hourly effects of inlet pipe diameter and storage tanks) demonstrated results similar to that of real water supply.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
• /
• v.36 no.6
• /
• pp.421-428
• /
• 2014

For the analysis of water supply network, demand-driven and pressure-driven analysis methods have been proposed. Of the two methods, demand-driven analysis (DDA) can only be used in a normal operation condition to evaluate hydraulic status of a pipe network. Under abnormal conditions, i.e., unexpected pipe destruction, or abnormal low pressure conditions, pressure-driven analysis (PDA) method should be used to estimate the suppliable flowrate at each node in a network. In order to carry out the pressure-driven analysis, head-outflow relationship (HOR), which estimates flowrate at a certain pressure at each node, should be first determined. Most previous studies empirically suggested that each node possesses its own characteristic head-outflow relationship, which, therefore, requires verification by using actual field data for proper application in PDA modeling. In this study, a model pipe network was constructed, and various operation scenarios of normal and abnormal conditions, which cannot be realized in real pipe networks, were established. Using the model network, data on pressure and flowrate at each node were obtained at each operation condition. Using the data obtained, previously proposed HOR equations were evaluated. In addition, head-outflow relationship at each node was analyzed especially under multiple pipe destruction events. By analyzing the experimental data obtained from the model network, it was found that flowrate reduction corresponding to a certain pressure drop (by pipe destruction at one or multiple points on the network) followed intrinsic head-outflow relationship of each node. By comparing the experimentally obtained head-outflow relationship with various HOR equations proposed by previous studies, the one proposed by Wagner et al. showed the best agreement with the exponential parameter, m of 3.0.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
• /
• 2007.05a
• /
• pp.2084-2088
• /
• 2007

상수관망의 수리해석기법은 demand-driven analysis(DDA)와 pressure-driven analysis(PDA)로 구분할 수 있다. 관거 파괴나 용수수요 급증과 같이 용수공급시스템이 비정상상태인 경우 절점의 용수수요는 항상 만족한다는 가정을 사용하는 DDA의 경우 비현실적인 결과를 줄 수 있으며, 절점수요와 절점수두를 동시에 고려하는 PDA의 개념을 이용한 관망의 수리해석이 필요하다. PDA의 개념을 사용하여 개발된 기존의 많은 모형들은 복잡한 실제관망에는 적용이 불가능한 문제점들을 가지고 있으며, 본 연구에서는 화음탐색법(Harmony Search, HS) EPANET의 toolkit을 연계하여 개발된 HSPDA모형의 실제 대규모 상수관망에의 적용성을 검토하였다. 실제 대규모관망에의 적용성 향상을 위해 화음탐색법의 새로운 인자인 PIR를 제안하였으며 적용결과 새롭게 제안된 PIR은 HSPDA모형의 최적해탐색효율을 획기적으로 향상시켰으며, HSPDA모형을 이용한 실제 대규모관망의 비정상상태 수리모의가 가능한 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
• /
• v.9 no.6
• /
• pp.133-141
• /
• 2009

The main objective of water distribution system is to supply enough water to users with proper pressure. Hydraulic analysis of water distribution system can be divided into Demand Driven Analysis (DDA) and Pressure Driven Analysis (PDA). Demand-driven analysis can give unrealistic results such as negative pressures in nodes due to the assumption that nodal demands are always satisfied. Pressure-driven analysis which is often used as an alternative requires a Head-Outflow Relationship (HOR) to estimate the amount of possible water supply at a certain level of pressure. However, the lack of data causes difficulty to develop the relationship. In this study, effective supply, which is the possible amount of supply while meeting the pressure requirement in nodes, is proposed to estimate the serviceability and user's convenience of the network. The effective supply is used to calculate Subsystem Importance Index (SII) which indicates the effect of isolating a subsystem on the entire network. Harmony Search, a stochastic search algorithm, is linked with EPANET to maximize the effective supply. The proposed approach is applied in example networks to evaluate the capability of the network when a subsystem is isolated, which can also be utilized to prioritize the rehabilitation order or evaluate reliability of the network.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
• /
• 2017.05a
• /
• pp.271-271
• /
• 2017

상수관망 수리해석 기법은 절점의 사용량 및 누수량을 기지의 값으로 고려하여 총 수요량이 모두 공급될 수 있다고 가정하여 해석하는 수요기반해석(Demand Driven Analysis, DDA)과 사용량과 누수량은 절점 압력수두에 의해 달라질 수 있어, 공급가능량 및 누수량과 절점의 압력수두 모두를 미지수로 고려하여 해석하는 수압기반해석(Pressure Driven Analysis, PDA)으로 구분될 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 수압기반사용량 모의(Pressure Dependent Demand, PDD)와 수압기반누수량 모의(Pressure Dependent Leakage, PDL)기능이 모두 구현되고, 다양한 시나리오 분석이 가능한 소프트웨어(SW)인 K-NRisk를 개발하였다. K-NRisk는 2016년 7월에 공개된 상수관망 해석범용모형인 EPANET3 소스코드 기반으로 개량 개발되었으며, 기존 EPANET2와 비교하였을 경우 사용자 편의성 증대를 위한 입출력 기능 및 SW 활용도 제고를 위한 대표업무분석 기능이 신규 개발, 강화되었다. 개발된 SW를 관망정비 및 공급안정성 확보 목적을 위한 수리해석 시 적용하여 그 결과를 분석하였다. 적용결과 기존 수요기반해석이 가지고 있는 한계점을 보완하고, 실제업무 시 활용가능함을 확인하였다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
• /
• 2021.06a
• /
• pp.428-428
• /
• 2021

상수관망 내 수질사고는 매우 다양한 원인과 상황에서 시·공간적으로 광범위하게 발생가능하다. 일반적인 수질사고의 정성적 정의는 "정상적인 운영에 비하여 상대적으로 비정상적인 활동이나 행동에 의해 발생되는 수질문제"라고 할 수 있으나, 이는 매우 광의적이라 할 수 있으며 실제 현장에서는 발생 가능한 모든 수질사고 시나리오를 미리 예측하여 대비하기에 한계가 있다. 본 연구에서는 국외 및 국내 지자체, 그리고 K-water 등의 자료를 확보하여, 상수도 공급계통에서 발생한 수질사고 사례 및 발생 빈도 등을 분석하였다. 이를 상수도 관망 내에서 발생빈도가 잦고 피해영향이 큰 대표 수질사고 발생 시나리오 선정에 활용하였다. 과거 사례를 분석한 결과, 관망 내 대표적인 수질사고는 정상적 운영조건 (예, 정수처리문제에 의한 유출수내 고탁도 발생)뿐 만 아니라, 비정상적인 운영조건 (수계전환, 밸브조작 등에 의한 유속, 수압 변동에 의한 고탁도 발생)에서 발생 가능함을 확인하였다. 이와 같은 대표적 수질사고는 수리학적 조건의 변화에 따라 관망 내 수질이 변화되어 발생되므로, 수질사고의 현실적인 모의를 위해서는 합리적인 수리학적 관망해석이 수반되어야 한다. 상수관망 시스템의 수리해석 기법은 크게 수요기반해석(Demand Driven Analysis; DDA)과 수압기반해석(Pressure Driven Analysis; PDA)로 구분 가능하다. 기본적으로 정상적 운영조건은 수요기반해석의 수행이 적절하며, 비정상적 운영조건은 수압저하에 의한 수리적상태가 변동하므로 수압기반해석이 필수적이라 할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 대표적 수질사고의 모의 시 필요한 적정수리해석 기법을 제안하고, 각 적정 해석기법 별 검·보정이 필요한 인자들에 대해 제시하였다. 이와 같은 수리해석 기법을 적절히 활용할 경우, 관망 내 탁수사고 발생 가능성이 높은 지점 등을 결정하는 방법론의 정확도가 높아질 것으로 기대된다.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
• /
• v.52 no.10
• /
• pp.719-728
• /
• 2019

Valve in water distribution network (WDN), that controls the flow in pipes, is used to isolate a segment (a part of WDN) under abnormal water supply conditions (e.g., pipe breakage, water quality failure event). The segment isolation degrades pressure and water serviceability in neighboring area during the water service outage of the segment. Recent hydraulic and water quality failure events reported encouraging WDN valve installation based on various abnormal water supply scenarios. This study introduces a scenario-based optimal valve installation approach to optimize the number of valves, the amount of undelivered water, and a shortest water supply path indicator (i.e., Hydraulic Geodesic Index). The proposed approach is demonstrated in the valve installation of Pescara network, and the optimal valve sets are obtained under multiple scenarios and compared to the existing valve set. Pressure-driven analysis (PDA) scheme is used for a network hydraulic simulation. The optimal valve set derived from the proposed method has 19 fewer valves than the existing valve set in the network and the amount of undelivered water was also lower for the optimal valve set. Reducing the reservoir head requires a greater number of valves to achieve the similar functionality of the WDN with the optimal valve set of the original reservoir head. This study also compared the results of demand-driven analysis (DDA) and the PDA and confirmed that the latter is required for optimal valve installation.