• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.239-247
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• 1994

Background: T cell mediated immunity is important in the defense mechanism of tuberculosis. Since ${\gamma}{\delta}$ T cell receptor was found to react with 65 kD heat shock protein of M.tuberculosis, there have been some reports on the role of ${\gamma}{\delta}$ T cells in the defense against M.tuberculosis. But until now, the role of the ${\gamma}{\delta}$ T cells in tuberculosis is not clear. Methods: We therefore measured the percentage of ${\gamma}{\delta}$ T cells of peripheral blood by flowcytometry before and after stimulation with Con-A, PPD and H37Ra lysate and compared between tuberculosis patients and healthy controls. Results: ${\gamma}{\delta}$ T cells of pheripheral blood in pulmonary tuberculosis patients was $7.5{\pm}5.2%$, showing no difference compared with healthy control($10.0{\pm}4.8%$). But IL-2R(+) ${\gamma}{\delta}$ T cells were higher in tuberculosis compared with healthy control($4.8{\pm}5.1%$ vs. $1.8{\pm}2.8%$). After stimulation with PPD or Con-A, the percentage of ${\gamma}{\delta}$ T cells showed no significant change, but IL-2R(+) ${\gamma}{\delta}$ T cells increased significantly in both tuberculosis($17.9{\pm}13.4%,\;57.6{\pm}20.2%$ respectively) and healthy control group($11.5{\pm}9.1%,\;80.8{\pm}9.3%$). After stimulation with H37Ra lysate, percentage of ${\gamma}{\delta}$ T cells showed increasing tendency in healthy control group, but it was not statistically significant. Conclusion: In this study, we could not demonstrate the role of ${\gamma}{\delta}$ T cells in the peripheral blood of pulmonary tuberculosis. It is suggested that further studies will be needed in the regional sites of M.tuberculosis infection.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.143-151
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• 2001

We have fabricated mixed-ionic conducting membranes, L $a_{0.6}$S $r_{0.4}$ $Co_{0.2}$F $e_{0.8}$ $O_{3-}$$\delta$/ and L $a_{0.7}$S $r_{0.3}$G $a_{0.6}$F $e_{0.4}$ $O_{3-}$$\delta$/ by the solid state method. Ceramic membranes consisted of perovskite-type structures and exhibited high relative density, >95%. Especially, dense L $a_{0.6}$S $r_{0.4}$Co $O_{3-}$$\delta$/ layer was coated on the L $a_{0.7}$S $r_{0.3}$G $a_{0.6}$F $e_{0.4}$ $O_{3-}$$\delta$/ membranes by using screen printing technique in order to improve oxygen ion flux. We measured oxygen ion flux on uncoated L $a_{0.6}$S $r_{0.4}$ $Co_{0.2}$F $e_{0.8}$ $O_{3-}$$\delta$/, uncoated L $a_{0.7}$S $r_{0.3}$G $a_{0.6}$F $e_{0.4}$ $O_{3-}$$\delta$/, and coated L $a_{0.7}$S $r_{0.3}$G $a_{0.6}$F $e_{0.4}$ $O_{3-}$$\delta$/ membranes. The L $a_{0.6}$S $r_{0.4}$ $Co_{0.2}$F $e_{0.8}$ $O_{3-}$$\delta$/ membranes showed the highest flux, 0.26 mL/min.$\textrm{cm}^2$ at 90$0^{\circ}C$, after steady state had been reached. The oxygen flux of coated L $a_{0.7}$S $r_{0.3}$G $a_{0.6}$F $e_{0.4}$ $O_{3-}$$\delta$/ membranes showed higher value, 0.19 mL/min.$\textrm{cm}^2$ at 95$0^{\circ}C$. This flux was as much as 2 or 3 times higher than those of uncoated L $a_{0.7}$S $r_{0.3}$G $a_{0.6}$F $e_{0.4}$ $O_{3-}$$\delta$/ membranes. 3-$\delta$/ membranes.X> 3-$\delta$/ membranes.membranes.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.133-152
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• 2005

1. 목적 Prostaglandin은 치주질환과 관련된 국소적 골 대사에 중요한 역할을 한다. ${\Delta}^{12}PGJ_2$는 생체 내에서 혈장의 존재 하에 형성되는 천연 $PGD_2$ 대사산물이며 peroxisome- proliferator에 의해 활성화되는 감마 수용체 (PPAR ${\Gamma}$)에 대해 높은 친화성을 갖는 리간드로서 핵 수용체군에 속하는 전사조절인자이다. 이 연구의 목적은 골화 과정에서 ${\Delta}^{12}PGJ_2$의 역할을 규명하기 위해, 조골세포주의 증식과 분화에 미치는 영향과 그에 관련된 세포기전을 조사하는 데에 있다. 2. 방법 인간 골육종세포주인 Saos-2 (ATCC.HTB 85)와 쥐의 조골세포주 (MC3T3-E1)를 배양한 후 실험군에 농도가 각각 $10^{-5}$, $10^{-6}$, $10^{-7}$, $10^{-8}$, $10^{-9}$ 몰인 ${\Delta}^{12}PGJ_2$와 ciglitazone (합성 PPAR 감마 길항체)를 첨가하였다. 조골세포에서 PPAR 감마의 발현을 관찰하기 위해 역전사효소-중합효소연쇄반응(RT-PCR)을 특정한 primer를 이용하여 시행하였다. 세포 증식은 1일, 2일, 3 일째에 MIT 분석법으로 측정하였고, 2 일째에 알칼리성 인산효소 (ALPase) 생산을 측정하였다. 위의 결과에서 얻은 적정한 농도에서 다양한 조골세포 분화의 표지자들-제 1 형 교원질, 알칼리성 인산효소, osteopontin 및 bone sialoprotein-에 대한 간이 정량적 역전사효소-중합효소연쇄반응 (semiquantitative RT-PCR)을 실시하였으며 골결절 형성에 대한 효과를 알아보고자 석회화 분석도 시행하였다. 3. 결과 ${\Delta}^{12}PGJ_2$와 ciglitazone 모두 Saos-2 세포주의 증식을 촉진시켰다 .$10^{-8}$ 몰의 ${\Delta}^{12}PGJ_2$와 $10^{-6}$몰의 ciglitazone을 첨가한 실험군을 대조군과 비교했을 때, 시간에 비례하여 세포 증식률이 증가되었다. 알칼리성 인산효소의 활성화 검사에서도 증식률에서와 유사한 결과를 보여주었다. 간이 정량적 RT-PCR에서는 ${\Delta}^{12}PGJ_2$로 처리한 군의 경우 제 1 형 교원질, 알칼리성 인산효소, osteopontin, 그리고 bone sialoprotein의 상대적 mRNA 수준이 유의하게 높았다. 석회화 분석에서는 MC3T3-E1 세포를 $10^{-6}$ 몰의 ${\Delta}^{12}PGJ_2$로 처리한 군과 $10^{-5}$ 몰의 ciglitazone으로 처리한 군에서 현저한 골결절 형성을 보였다. 이러한 결과들은 ${\Delta}^{12}PGJ_2$가 유용한 골 유도물질이 될 수 있으며 또한 그 작용기전이 PPAR 감마-의존형 경로와 연관되어 있음을 보여준다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.109-112
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• 1980

Ultraviolet spectrophotometric investigations were carried out on monoalkylbenzene-iodine systems in carbon tetrachloride. The results reveal the formation of one-to-one molecular complexes. On the basis of the equilibrium constants for these complexes of representative monosubstituted benzenes, the following order of increasing stability is obtained: i-propyl- ${\Delta}$H, ${\Delta}$G and ${\Delta}$S for the interaction of a number of monoalkyl substituted benzenes with iodine have been determined. In general, it can be said that as ${\Delta}$H becomes increasingly negative, corresponding decreases in the ${\Delta}$G and the ${\Delta}$S values are observed, and these variations are linear. The thermodynamic constants become increasingly negative with increasing monoalkyl substitution of the aromatic donor nucleus. The complex bond is therefore weak, and its formation is accompanied by relatively small entropy changes. Thus, analysis of these findings is discussed.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.11-14
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• 1966

The thermodynamic parameters for the solvolysis of the p-nitrobenzyl chloride which take place in the ethanol-water mixture media were determined. From the application of this data to the formula ${\delta}_M{\Delta}H^{\neq} = a'Y + b{\delta}_M{\Delta}S^{\leq}$ the following conclusion was obtained. The substrate constant a' for this reaction was not varied in the media which contain more than 50% alcohol and less than 50% alcohol. From this, it is clear that the mechanism of this reaction is the same both in the water-rich solvent and in the alcohol-rich solvent.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.7-13
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• 1997

The composition and chemical structures of same individual components of essential oils from ginger flavor plants were estimated by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spetrometric analysis with the aid of NBS and Wiley library and RI indice searches. Through gas chromatography and gas chromatography /mass spetrometry analysis of 43, 41, 32 essential oil components from flowers, leaves and stems from Lindera obstusiloba., respectively were identified, among which sabinene, $\beta$-myrcene, ι-limonene, phelandrene, ${\gamma}$-selinene, $\alpha$-terpinene, 2, 4a, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 9a -octahydro benzocycloheptane, $\delta$-cadinene, ${\gamma}$-terpinene, (Z) -3-hexen-1-ol acetate, ${\gamma}$-elemene, l-boreneol, $\delta$-guaiene, ledene, cis-3-hexanal, elemol, $\alpha$-chamigrene, $\beta$-endesmol: 9-octadecanal, 1-(1, 5-diMe-4-hexenyl)-4-Me. benzene were estimated to be major components.

• Honam Mathematical Journal
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.85-91
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• 2011

We introduce and investigate the notions of super (g,g')-continuous functions and strongly $\theta$(g,g')-continuous functions on generalized topological spaces, which are strong forms of (g,g')-continuous functions. We also investigate relationships among such the functions, (g,g')-continuity and (${\delta},{\delta}'$)-continuity.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.149-156
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• 1992

Levels of total lipids in the seeds of three species of the Pinaceae family were determined and their fatty acid compositions were also analyzed by a gas-chromatograph equipped with a capillary column coated with Carbowax 20M. The results are summarized as follows: Lipid contents of the seeds amounted to 56.9% in P. koraiensis, 29.9% in P. thunbergii, and 21.2% in P. rigida. In all lipids 19${\sim}$20 fatty acid were detected and, surprisingly, fatty acids having ${\Delta}^5$-non-methylene interrupted conjugate double bond such as ${\Delta}^{5, 9}-C_{18:2},{\Delta}^{5, 9, 12}-C_{18:3}\;and\;{\Delta}^{5, 11, 14}-C_{20:3}$ occurred in appreciable amounts. In the lipids of P. koraiensis, the main component was $C_{18:2}{\omega}_6(45.0%)$, followed by $C_18:1{\omega} _9(26.9%)$ and ${\Delta}^{5, 9, 12}-C_{18:3}(14.6%)$, and then ${\Delta}^{5, 9}-C_{18:2}(2.2%)$ and ${\Delta}^{5, 11, 14}-C_{20:3}$ were also present. Levels of saturated fatty acid such as $C_{16:0}\;and\;C_{18:0}$ were as low as 7.5%. The seed oil of P. thunbergii predominantly comprised $C_{18:2}{\omega}_6(45.2%)$, and was then occupied by equal amounts ${\Delta}^{5, 9, 12}-C_{18:3}(18.1%)$ and $C_{18:1}{\omega}_9(18.1%)$. Its ${\Delta}^5, 11, 14}-C_{20:3}(5.8%)$ level was the highest in the samples tested. ${\Delta}^{5, 9}-C_{18:2}(2.8%)$ was also detected with other minor components. In the oils from the seeds of P. rigida, $C_{18:2}{\omega}_6$ was present as a main component, accompanied by $C_{18:1}{\omega}_9(21.6%)$ and ${\Delta}^{5, 9, 12}-C_{18:3}(20.3%)$. The latter showed higher level than in any other samples. A minor component corresponding to ${\Delta}^{5, 9, 12, 15}-C_{18:4}$(not confirmed by GC-Mass) occurred in P. thunbergii and P. rigida.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.384-392
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• 1995

Steady-state sublimation vapour pressures of anhydrous bismuth trichloride have been measured by the continuous gravimetric Knudsen effusion method from 370.6 to 488.8 K. Additional effusion measurements have also been made from 438.2 to 495.7 K by the torsion effusion method. Based on a correlation of ${\Delta}_H0298$.15 and ${\Delta}_H0298$.15, a recommended p(T) equation has been obtained for BiCl3(s); log(p/Pa)=－C/(T/K)－2.838log(T/K)－8.097${\times}$10-2(K/T)2＋22.588, where p is in Pa, T in Kelvin and ${\Delta}_H0298$.15 in kJmo1-1 and C=(${\Delta}_H0298$.15＋5.9988)/1.9146${\times}$10-2. Condensation coefficients and their temperature dependence have been derived from the effusion measurements.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.259-264
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• 1984

The rate constants for the hydrolysis of benzenesulfonylimido phosgene at various pH were determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometry in 1 : 4 dioxane-water mixed solvents at 25$^{\circ}$C and a rate equation which can be applied over a wide pH range was obtained. Based on the Grunwald-Winstein equation, m = 0.4 was obtained. The thermodynamic activation parameters for the hydrolysis were ${\Delta}H^{\neq}$ = 15kcal mol$^{-1}$, ${\Delta}S^{\neq}$ = 21e.u. at pH 4.0 and $ {\Delta}H^{\neq}$ = 8kcal. mol$^{-1}$, ${\Delta}S^{\neq}$ = -39e.u. at pH 11.0, respectively. It was concluded that the hydrolysis of benzenesulfonylimido phosgene in 1 : 4 dioxane-water mixed solvents proceed via nucleophilic addition-elimination.