• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.350-357
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• 2014

BACKGROUND: Deicers such as calcium chloride ($CaCl_2$) and sodium chloride (NaCl) in Korea have been commonly used to reduce traffic accidents as well as injuries. However there have been adverse effects of deciders such as pollution of water and soil, and reduced productivity of agriculture as well as forest. This study aimed to investigate biological effects of the deicers against wheat, barley, and spinach. METHODS AND RESULTS: The germination of tested crop seeds exposed to chloride-deicers, $CaCl_2$ and NaCl was significantly reduced at over 3% concentration of chloride-deicers compared to the control. In spraying deicers to the seedlings of the crops, there was no symptom such as inhibition of growth rate or leaf elongation. However the germination of tested crop seeds was affected at 2% concentration of deicers when they were exposed continuously to deicers in soils. The growth of the shoot against $CaCl_2$ and NaCl treatments was very similar in wheat and barley whereas the shoot of spinach was the most susceptible. Based on these results, the sensitivity of the crops to the tested deicers was as follows: NaCl > $CaCl_2$ > mixture ($CaCl_2$ + NaCl). The length of shoots and roots of the seedlings grown in 1% treated soil was decreased. The biomass of all the seedlings decreased 1.5 to 4 times at 1%. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that the effects of salt deicers by inputting into soil against growing tested crops are more severe in germination and growth inhibition as well as biomass decrease.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.25-34
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• 2016

OBJECTIVES : This is a basic research for the domestic production of airport-airside deicers. This research selected basic materials for deicers appropriate for the pavement of domestic airports by evaluating the deicing performances of basic materials used in international-standard airport deicers and their impacts on pavements. METHODS : Laboratory investigation was conducted to evaluate the asphalt surface tensile strength, concrete scaling impact, ASR impact, and deicing performances of sodium formate (NaFm), potassium formate (KFm), sodium acetate (NaAc), and potassium acetate (KAc), which are the basic de-icing materials commonly used at international airports, approved by the FAA. In addition, the analyses were also performed on the airside deicer urea, which is currently used in domestic airports. RESULTS : Laboratory investigation confirmed that sodium formate, potassium formate, sodium acetate, and potassium acetate had superior surface tensile strength, concrete scaling impact, and deicing performance compared to airside urea, but they also had greater impacts on concrete ASR. Among these materials, sodium formate had the best asphalt surface tensile strength, concrete scaling impact, and deicing performance, while also having the greatest impact on ASR; hence, mitigation plans for ASR were needed, if it were to be used as airport-airside deicer. CONCLUSIONS : It is necessary to consider additional additives to prevent ASR of concrete pavements when developing airport-airside deicers using sodium formate, potassium formate, sodium acetate, and potassium acetate.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2008.04a
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• pp.593-596
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• 2008

Domestic area of most be happened chloride deicer damage. Because daily mean temperature is below 0$^{\circ}C$ from the area of domestic most. Use of deicing chemicals has been and will continue to be a major part of concrete structure in the highway. Chloride-containing chemicals such as calcium chloride or rock salt are main deicers for the road. Extensive use of chloride deicers is, however, not only the source of substantial cost penalties due to their corrosive action and ability to deterioration roadway surface materials but also the source of environmental damages. Chloride-containing chemicals such as calcium chloride or rock salt are main deicers for the road. Extensive use of chloride deicers is, however, not only the source of substantial cost penalties due to their corrosive action and ability to deterioration roadway surface materials but also the source of environmental damages. In this study, Use of deicing chemicals has been and will continue to be a major part of highway freeze-thaw durability and carbonation of concrete surface protecting materials

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.31-37
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• 2001

Deicers have used for melting snow on the road during winter season, but they have largely influenced on environment and public assets and human health. The pollution level of snow and soil contained deicer was analyzed and evaluated the characteristics of deicers. The results were as follows 1. In the result of measurement of pollutants in snow contained deicer, the pH was a little higher than a comparative group and the concentration of $Cl^{-}$ ranged from 0.5% to 0.87%, and the electric conductivity ranged 12.4 to 24.6 mmho/cm. The concentration of Cd, As, and Hg was not detected, but those of Cu, Pb, Cr was higher than a comparative group. 2. In soil of the road spreaded with deicer, the pH is getting alkalized and the concentration of $Cl^{-}$ was high in January and returned the level of a comparative grout) in November by physical and chemical reaction with deicer, but the concentration of heavy metals were not connected with deicers. 3. In comparison of deicing efficiency, the concentration of $Cl^{-}$ was 3.3~5times high in spreading with deicer before snowing than after snowing. The concentration of $Cl^{-}$ in NaCl was higher than $CaCl_2$, but the deicing efficiency of Nacl was better than that of $CaCl_2$. Moreover, the new deicer have no salt, but deicing efficiency of new deicer was less than that of NaCl and $CaCl_2$.

• Proceedings of the KOR-KST Conference
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• 1999.10a
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• pp.291-296
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• 1999

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.523-526
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• 2005

In order to traffic safety during winter season, snowfall and cold area has been spread the deicing chemicals, and the spraying amount is increasing every year. Use of deicing chemicals has been and will continue to be a major part of highway snow and ice control methods. Chloride-containing chemicals such as calcium chloride or rock salt are main deicers for the road. Extensive use of chloride deicers is, however, the source of substantial cost penalties due to their corrosive action and acceleration to deterioration concrete structures. Deterioration due to de-icer salt occurs in practice in concrete pavement, dike, barrier and similar structure. This paper reports the results of effect of de-icer salt on durability of concrete structure in winter. To protect concrete structure from damage by de-icer salt in winter, the exposure test was performed using three methods such as increase in design strength upto 32MPa application of granulated blast furnace slag powder, and concrete sealer. Of these, the method of increase in design strength upto 32MPa showed better durability for deterioration by de-icer salt.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2006.04a
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• pp.226-229
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• 2006

Use of deicing chemicals has been and will continue to be a major part of highway snow and ice control methods. Chloride-containing chemicals such as calcium chloride or rock salt are main deicers for the road. Extensive use of chloride deicers is, however, not only the source of substantial cost penalties due to their corrosive action and ability to deterioration roadway surface materials but also the source of environmental damages. Finding the deicing chloride agents impacts on the environment and develop the minimizing strategies, we evaluated that chloride deicing agents influence on highway roadside soil and establish the optimun strategies.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2005.05b
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• pp.221-224
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• 2005

In order to traffic safety during winter season, snowfall and cold area has been spread the deicing chemicals, and the spraying amount is increasing every year. Use of deicing chemicals has been and will continue to be a major part of highway snow and ice control methods. Chloride-containing chemicals such as calcium chloride or rock salt are main deicers for the road. Extensive use of chloride deicers is, however, the source of substantial cost penalties due to their corrosive action and acceleration to deterioration concrete structures. Deterioration due to de-icer salt occurs in practice in concrete pavement, dike, barrier and similar structure. This paper reports the results of effect of de-icer salt on durability of concrete structure in winter. To protect concrete structure from damage by de-icer salt in winter, the exposure test was performed using three methods such as increase in design strength upto 35MPa application of granulated blast furnace slag powder, and concrete sealer. Of these, the method of increase in design strength upto 35MPa showed better durability for deterioration by de-icer salt.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.509-512
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• 2004

This research is targeting that estimate the effect on cement concrete pavement with type of chloride deicers. In order to this study objective, when chloride deicers were spread on road surface, thermal characteristics test was conducted. Also, skid resistance test according to types and concentration of chloride deicier, road surface conditions were investigated. As a test results, thermal characteristics with kind of chloride deicier could know that sodium chloride(NaCl) is exothermic reactive material, calcium chloride$(CaCl_2)$ is endothermic reactive material. And, in case of mixed salt of the calcium and sodium chloride, it could know that can change to the exothermic or endothermic reaction according to dosage ratios. Skid value by British Pendulum Tester(BPT) has shown that it is seldom difference between the types($CaCl_2$, NaCl, mixed salt) and solution concentrations(0.5, 0.8, 1.0, 4.0, $10\%$) of chloride deicier comparing with tap water except mixed salt($10\%$ solution concentration).

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.149-158
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• 2008

This study was estimated on performance of deicers, corrosion inhibitors and low corrodible deicer used for removal of snow or ice on the road and on influence on structure. The weight loss rate after freezing and thawing of low corrodible deicer is lower than one of deicer, corrosion inhibitors and these combination. Relative dynamic elastic modulus of all except water, low corrodible deicer and NaCl+JF-1004 was radically reduced after freezing and thawing 150 cycles. And concretes after freezing and thawing were showed severe surface damage. It was found that individual use of low corrodible deicer and corrosion inhibitors had a problem of field application because of lack of early ice melting effect and considerably low durability. Products combined with NaCl was showed rapid weight loss by metal corrosion. Therefore, It will need to circumspectly select combination of deicers having low effect on concrete pavement and bridge if possible.