• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.7-13
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• 1999

The stimulatory effect of recombinant human basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on wound healing was evaluated in healing-impaired animal models. Full-thickness wounds were made in prednisolone-treated mice, streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats and mitomycin C (MMC)-treated rats. Saline or bFGF at a dose of 1, 5, or $25\mu\textrm{g}$ per wound was applied to the open wound once a day for three to five days. The degree of wound healing was assessed using wound size and histological parameters such as degree of epidermal and dermal regeneration. Local application of bFGF accelerated wound closure significantly in a dose-dependent manner in all healing-impaired wounds (p<0.05). The wound healing effect of bFGF was further confirmed by histological examination in MMC-treated rats. Epidermal and dermal regeneration were enhanced in bFGF-treated wounds with a dose-related response. Dermal regeneration parameters such as collagen matrix formation and angiogenesis were significantly increased in $5\mu\textrm{g}$, or $\25mu\textrm{g}$ of bFGF-treated wounds when compared to saline-treated wounds (p<0.05). pectin immunostaining on day 8 for vascular endothelium showed an increased number of neovessels in bFGF-treated wounds. These results suggest that topical application of bFGF has beneficial effects on wound healing by angiogenesis and granulation tissue formation in healing-impaired wounds.

• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.15-43
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• 1997

This paper investigates empirically the relationship between various business portfolio properties (particularly technological properties) and chaebol's performance using data on the 50largest chaebols in Korea. In addition to the traditional indexes to measure diversification such as entropy index, we calculated inter-industry technological similarity using R'||'&'||'D expenditure data by industry and 1990 Input-output Table in korea, and obtained chaebol-level technological relatedness and internal transaction proportion from chaebols' business profile, inter-inustry technological similarity and 1990 input-output table. We applied factor analysis on 13 business portfolio property indexes and showed that they could be grouped into 3 dimensions. diversification scope, inter-business relatedness and degree of vertical integration. In this paper, using 50 largest chaebols' financial data (1989-1994), we analyzed empirically the effect of business portfolio properties on ROS(Return On Sales) which is conventional index for firm performance and on TFP(Total Factor Productivity) growth which is a pure measure of firm performance. To utilize the advantage of panel data, FEM(Fixed Effect Model) and REM(Random Effect Model) were used. The empirical result shows that the entropy index as a measurement of inter-business relatedness in not significant but technological relatedness index is significant. OLS estimates on pooled data were considerably different from FEM or REM estimates on panel data. By introducing interaction effect among the three variables for business portfolio properties, we obtained three findings. First, only VI(Vertical integration) has a significant positive correlation with ROS. Second, when using TFP growth as an dependent variable, both TR(Technological Relatedness) and VI are significant and positively related to the dependent variable. Third, the interaction term between TR and VI is significant and negatively affects TFP growth, meaning that TR and VI are substitutes. These results suggest strategic directions on restructuring business portfolio. As VI is increased, chaebols will get more profit. A higher level of either TR or VI will increase TFP growth rate, but increase in both TR and VI will have a negative effect on TFP growth. To summarize, certain business portfolio properties such as VI and TR can be considered "resources" themselves since they can affect profit rate and productivity growth. VI and TR have a synergy effect of change in profit rate and productivity growth. VI increases ROS and productivity growth, while TR increases productivity growth representing a technological synergy effect.t.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.409-419
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• 2017

Although Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora) forests near temples are valuable as forests of the cultural landscape, they are likely to be deteriorated because of vegetation succession and climate changes. The purpose of this study is to investigate the vegetation structure, the pine vitality, and the site environmental characteristics of the pine forests near temples to identify the correlation between pine tree growth and location environment. We selected Chuneunsa, Wonhyosa, Jeungsimsa, and Taeansa Temples since these four areas still had the healthy pine forests. In all four studied area, the pine trees dominate the canopy layers while the deciduous broadleaf trees mostly inhabited appeared in the lower layers. The growth of pine trees in Jeungsimsa and Wonhyosa areas was not as good as Chuneunsa area where the pine trees tended to be older. We found higher total nitrogen content in soil in Jeungsimsa area than other areas, maybe because of increase in total nitrogen caused by the development of low vegetation in the area. This peculiarity may have led to the pine trees in the area to fall behind the deciduous broadleaf trees in competition for nitrogen nutrient and thus to show deteriorated growth. The altitude and the twig length showed a negative correlation as did the degree of slope and the mean importance percentage of the pine tree. In other words, the growth environment such as soil became poorer when the altitude and the degree of slope increased, and thus the growth amount and dominance of the pine trees were lower. The degree of slope showed a positive correlation with the twig length of the pine tree. Within boundaries of location environment where the pine tree forests were dominant, it seemed that growth of the pine trees was more favorable as the slope was steeper because the trees could avoid competition with deciduous broadleaf trees. On the other hand, the growth of pine trees deteriorated as the electrical conductivity of soil increased; increase in soil nutrients might have accelerated vegetation development of deciduous broadleaf trees and thus aggravated the growth environment of pine trees to negatively affect maintaining the health of the pine tree forests.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.170-177
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• 1997

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of different extrusion conditions of corn and soybean meal on physico-chemical properties, ileal digestibility of amino acid and growth performance in weaned pigs. In Expt. 1, to compare physico-chemical properties and ileal digestibility of extruded corn and soybean meal, ground corn (2 mm screen) and soybean meal were separately extruded in four different conditions: (1) no preconditioning, low water supply (3.0 l/min) (NCLW), (2) no preconditioning, high water supply (7.0 l/min) (NCHW). (3) preconditioning (steam 3.0 l/min) with low water supply (3.0 l/min) (CLW), and (4) preconditioning (steam 3.0 l/min) plus high water supply (7.0 l/min) (CHW). Twenty-five cannulated pigs ($L{\times}Y{\times}D$, 7.62 kg BW for soybean meal, 8.80 kg BW for corn) were employed to determine nutrients digestibility of the extruded feedstuffs. In Expt. 2, a total of 90 pogs ($L{\times}Y{\times}D$, 9.18 kg BW) were used for a 28 d feeding trial to compare growth performance of pigs as affected by different extrusion conditions. Before mixing, corn and soybean meal were blended and extruded by the same conditions as described in Expt. 1. corn extruded with NCLW showed the highest (p < 0.05) degree of gelatinization (DG), compared to the lowest values observed for NCHW. Extrusion of corn with preconditioning (CLW and CHW) increased (p < 0.05) the DG as compared to the extrusion condition of NCHW. Extruded SBM with NCLW showed the lowest (p < 0.05) degree of texturization among treatments. The ileal digestibility of GE in SBM was higher with NCHW and CHW as compared to NCLW. The ileal digestibility of CP was lower in extruded corn, but was higher in extruded SBM, compared to untreated sample. Lysine digestibility of extruded corn (except corn with NCHW) was in general significantly improved. Extrusion of SBM resulted in no improvements in ileal digestibility of amino acids, but extruded SBM with NCLW had lower lysine digestibility compared to other treatments. In growth responses, pigs fed a diet with CLW had higher, but not significant, average daily gain (ADG) than other treatments during first 2 weeks. From d 15 to 28, pigs fed a diet with CHW had significantly less (p < 0.05) average daily feed intake (ADFI) than others except NCHW. In conclusion, the proper extrusion condition for corn and SBM in terms of ileal digestibility of amino acids and growth performance of weaning pigs seems to be the combination of preconditioning and a low water supply (3.0 l/min).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.558-564
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• 1999

A series of experiments were conducted to determine the effects of standard (ST), long-term (LT), and expander (EX) conditioners on nutritional value of phase-three nursery and finishing swine diets. In Exp. 1, 180 pigs (average initial BW of 11.7 kg) were fed com-soybean meal based diets (1.3% lysine) during a 28 d growth assay. Gain/feed was improved (p<0.004) with pelleting and pellet durability index (PDI) increased with degree of conditioning (LT>ST). However, there was no advantage for LT vs ST conditioning in rate or efficiency of gain (p>0.5). In Exp. 2, 180 pigs (average initial BW of 10.4 kg) were fed con-soybean meal based diets (0.9% lysine) during a 28 d growth assay, Pelleted diets tended to support greater ADG (p<0.08) and gain/feed (p<0.002) with no marked advantage from EX vs ST conditioning. In Exp 3, a total of 70 barrows (average initial BW of 54 kg) was used in a growth assay to determine the effects of feeding a com-soybean meal based diet processed with a standard (ST) steam conditioner, a long-term (LT) steam conditioner, and an expander (EX) conditioner. The conditioned diets were fed as mash (M) or pellets (P) to give a $2{\times}3$ factorial plus a meal control. PDI increased with degree of conditioning (EX>LT>ST). There was a trend (p<0.07) for greater ADG in pigs fed diets that had been thermally conditioned. Also, there was a general advantage in gain/feed with pelleting (p<0.04), but this advantage was pronounced only with standard conditioning. Indeed, the greatest gain/feed was observed for pigs fed the expander treatments (p<0.03) and the expander mash was used as efficiently as the expander pellets. There was no difference in backfat thickness among pigs fed the treatments (p>0.3). but the more extreme the processing technique. the greater the incidence and severity of stomach lesions (p<0.04). These results suggest maximum rate and efficiency of growth with pelleting after standard steam conditioning or simply feeding an expanded mash.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.118-125
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• 2002

Hydration is the main reason for the growth of the material properties. An exact parameter to control the chemical and physical process is not the time, but the degree of hydration. Therefore, it is reasonable that development of all material properties and the formation of microstructure should be formulated in terms of degree of hydration. Mathematical formulation of degree of hydration is based on combination of reaction rate functions. The effect of moisture conditions as well as temperature on the rate of reaction is considered in the degree of hydration model. This effect is subdivided into two contributions: water shortage and water distribution. The former is associated with the effect of W/C ratio on the progress of hydration. The water needed for progress of hydration do not exist and there is not enough space for the reaction products to form. The tatter is associated with the effect of free capillary water distribution in the pore system. Physically absorption layer does not contribute to progress of hydration and only free water is available for further hydration. In this study, the effects of chemical composition of cement, W/C ratio, temperature, and moisture conditions on the degree of hydration are considered. Parameters that can be used to indicate or approximate the real degree of hydration are liberated heat of hydration, amount of chemically bound water, and chemical shrinkage, etc. Thus, the degree of heat liberation and adiabatic temperature rise could be determined by prediction of degree of hydration.

• Mycobiology
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.164-167
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• 2012

The effects of aeration through lid filters on the hyphal growth of Lentinula edodes (oak mushroom) in sawdust cultivation bags were investigated. The aeration treatment levels were traditional 27 mm hole cotton plugs, cotton balls and combinations of seven hole sizes ${\times}$ two hole positions (up and under) in the lids covering plastic bags containing 1.4 kg sawdust medium at 63% moisture that had been autoclaved for one hour and inoculated with sawdust spawn of L. edodes strain 921. Aeration treatment effects were measured based on the $CO_2$ concentration at the 15th wk, as well as the hyphal growth rate and degree of weight loss of bags every 14 days for 15 wk. In bags with traditional cotton plugs, the $CO_2$ concentration was $3.8{\pm}1.3%$, daily mean hyphal growth was $2.3{\pm}0.6mm$ and daily mean weight loss was $0.84{\pm}0.26g$. In the bags with 15 mm diameter holes, the $CO_2$ concentration was $6.0{\pm}1.6%$, daily hyphal growth was $2.8{\pm}0.2mm$ and daily weight loss was $0.86{\pm}0.4g$. The bags with 15 mm holes had a higher $CO_2$ concentration and lower water loss than bags with other hole sizes, but the hyphal growth was not significantly different from that of other bags. The weight loss of bags increased proportionally relative to the lid hole sizes. Taken together, these results indicate that traditional cotton plugs are economically efficient, but 15 mm hole lids are the most efficient at maintaining hyphal growth and controlling water loss while allowing $CO_2$ emissions.

• Journal of Korean Clinical Nursing Research
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.142-151
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• 2016

Purpose: The aim of this study was to identify the effects of hope and Self-efficacy on posttraumatic growth in mothers of children with cancers. Methods: A descriptive research design was used and 102 mothers participated in the study. They were primary care givers of children with cancers who were being treated at a tertiary care hospital in Seoul. A structured questionnaires which measured the degree of hope, self-efficacy, and posttraumatic growth was used for data collection. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics, independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance, Pearson correlation coefficient, and multiple regression. Results: There were positive correlations between posttraumatic growth and hope (r=.44, p<.001) as well as self-efficacy (r=.33, p=.003). The major predictors of posttraumatic growth were religion (${\beta}=0.29$, p=.001), only child or first child (${\beta}=-0.25$, p=.015), the number of children in the family (${\beta}=0.25$, p=.016), and hope (${\beta}=0.38$, p=.001). This model explained about 30.4% of the total variables found in posttraumatic growth (F=9.84, p<.001). Conclusion: The findings from this study show that posttraumatic growth in mothers of children with cancers is largely predicted by hope indicating a need to develop nursing intervention programs to enhance hope in these mothers.

• Proceedings of the Korea Association of Crystal Growth Conference
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• 1999.06a
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• pp.351-360
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• 1999

A large NaX type zeolite crystal of a uniform particle size of 20${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ are grown with various H2O content by hydrothermal reaction and added seed crystal (2~3 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$) to reactant solution as a function of different adding seed levels from 3 to 15 %. The result that increased purity of NaX zeolite above 95% and homogeneity of crystal size by increasing adding seed levels, also decreased crystallization time. It was explained that adding seed to synthesis solution leaded out increase of surface area of physical contact reaction and directed growth of seed crystal, so more rapid consumption of reaction gel as increase seeding levels.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.21-30
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• 1974

A study was performed to investigate the degree of similarities and differences in components of craniofacial complex between Korean twins and normal children by lateral cephalometric analysis. Dimensions of S-N, S-Ba, N-Ba, Go-Me, Ar-Go and Ar-Me were against linear measurement and angles of N-S-Ba and gonial against measurement in twins and control groups. The lateral cephalograms of twin were composed of 88 twins aged from 7 to 12:44 males aged 10.65 and 44 females aged 9.55, while those of 50 normalities were composed of 25 males and 25 females aged 10.9 respectively. In order to analyze growth proportion and sexual differences, twins were divided into 3 groups according to two year age intervals and the author compared male with female in 3 groups. For the purpose of observing similarities and differences in twins and normalities by sex, total twins were compared with normalities. The obtained results were as follows: 1. There was no difference in craniofacial complex between plotted angular normalities. 2. In general, the measurements of male were larger than both twins and normalities, but there were no statistical sexual differences in both groups. 3. The growth proportion of mandible by aging was larger than that of face twins and those of female significances of in twins. 4. The growth pattern of gonial angle showed slightly reducing tendency in twins by aging. 5. There was little difference in the growth proportion of both male and female.