• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.303-310
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• 2017

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate socioeconomic inequalities in the prevalence of dental caries among an urban population. Methods: This study was conducted among 2000 people 15-40 years of age living in Kurdistan, Iran in 2015. Using a questionnaire, data were collected by 4 trained dental students. The dependent variable was the decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMF) index. Using principal component analysis, the socioeconomic status (SES) of families was determined based on their household assets. Inequality was measured using the concentration index; in addition, the Oaxaca analytical method was used to determine the contribution of various determinants to the observed inequality. Results: The concentration index for poor scores on the DMF index was -0.32 (95% confidence interval [CI], -0.40 to -0.36); thus, poor DMF indices had a greater concentration in groups with a low SES (p<0.001). Decomposition analysis showed that the mean prevalence of a poor DMF index was 43.7% (95% CI, 40.4 to 46.9%) in the least privileged group and 14.4% (95% CI, 9.5 to 9.2%) in the most privileged group. It was found that 85.8% of the gap observed between these groups was due to differences in sex, parents' education, and the district of residence. A poor DMF index was less prevalent among people with higher SES than among those with lower SES (odds ratio, 0.31; 95% CI, 0.19 to 0.52). Conclusions: An alarming degree of SES inequality in oral health status was found in the studied community. Hence, it is suggested that inequalities in oral health status be reduced via adopting appropriate policies such as the delivery of oral health services to poorer groups and covering such services in insurance programs.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.1-10
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• 2008

Synthetic mineral microparticles (SMM) is a patented system which has been developed to promote drainage of water and retention of fine particles during papermaking. It is shown in patents that the SMM system can have advantages in both of drainage and retention, compared with montmorillonite (bentonite), which is one of the most popular materials presently used in this kind of application. Turbidity and gravity drainage time were measured using a Britt-Jar test with representative SMM formulations, in order to confirm the efficacy of SMM covering a wide range of compositions and discover effects of some key variables that have the potential to lead to unexpected advantages in terms of the effectiveness of the microparticles, when used in combination with a cationic polyacrylamide treatment of papermaking furnish. An iron silicate showed highest retention performance, as well as suitably fast drainage time relative to other metal silicate and bentonite. Zinc silicate improved retention and drainage. SMM synthesized from aluminum sulfate ($Al_2(SO_4){_3}$) did not show a benefit in retention and drainage, relative to bentonite. SMM synthesized from aluminum chloride ($AlCl_3$) performed better in drainage and retention than bentonite when the Al/Si ratios were 0.76 and 1.00. It was found that when the Al/Si ratio and neutralization are considered, pH variation due to the change of Al/Si ratio can be a key factor to control the size of primary metal silicate particles and the degree of coagulation of the primary particles.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2018

Objectives : This study aimed to analyze the characteristics of uninsured herbal medicine(UHM) users and the economic and social barriers of UHM utilization. Methods : We used the Korea Health Panel Data, representative national survey on medical utilization and cost, provided by National Health Insurance Service and Korea Institiute of Health and Social Affairs. The frequency analysis was used to identify the characteristics of the respondents, and the cross-analysis (${\chi}^2-test$) was used to verify the relationship between their characteristics and the usage of UHM. In order to analyze the determinants of using the UHM considering the individual's characteristics, logistic regression analysis and multiple regression analysis were conducted for those who used the Korean medicine (KM) outpatient service in 2015. Results : The usage of UHM was significantly lower for those (1) who's age of 20 to 65; (2) who have the university or higher education degree; (3) who live in Jeju province, and (4) who bought the herbal medicine for other health related purposes. On the other hand, the usage of UHM for those (1) who have the first quintile of household income; (2) who have the chronic respiratory disease; (3) who have been taking the medicine for health promotion purpose for more than 3 months and (4) who have purchased the food which has health promotion function was significantly higher than others. The patients who have chronic musculoskeletal diseases accounted the most among the UHM users. Conclusions : There was the considerable inequality in the usage of UHM among household income groups, which provides policy rationale for UHM to be covered by national health insurance. To facilitate the coverage expansion, restrictive covering model can be considered for children and adolescents, or for patients with muskuloskeletal diseases who have the high demand for UHM.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.1-15
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• 2000

In world trade, the vessel traffic in major routes has been congested due to the rapid increase of cargoes and shipping tonnages. The patterns of vessel traffic have also been complicated and diversified. Therefore it was necessary that the Vessel Traffic Service(VTS) should be established in order to enhance the safety of navigation, to prevent the loss of life and damage to the environment. The first advanced radar surveillance system(LevelIII-VTS) was introduced in Pohang, Korea in 1993 and in 13 other ports later. While the hardware of Korea VTS is equal to that of an advanced country, the software, specially the operation manual, the recruitment and education of VTS operator, and the VTS service area is behind that of Russia, USA, Germany, Hong Kong, Singapore and others. After researching and investigating. the VTS equipment and service area of many countries, and analyzing the IMO regulations relevant to VTS and the traffic pattern and accident of Pohang port, the most efficient VTS service area should be established in Pohang. According to the analysis of the preceding studies and research on VTS, the worldwide VTS areas are recognized under the following conditions: First, the service area should be extended over at least radar coverage taking into account of traffic flow, traffic density, the degree of danger to navigation and harbour condition in order to provide all possible services. Second, the established service area should be subdivided and systematized to render reliable VTS services, such as the allocation of VHF frequency and reporting procedure in each area. In conclusion, the VTS service area of Pohang must be established and operated over 10 miles from shore(radar site) covering the radar coverage, so as to include the area of traffic congestion and high density traffic flow.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.9-17
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• 2015

After its inception in 1994, the Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society has continued to make significant strides in the number and quality of publications within its field. The interest in the microelectronics and packaging research has become more critical as consumer electronic products continue its increasing trend towards thinner and lighter devices that tests the boundaries of electronic devices. This study utilizes social network analysis of all published literature in the Journal for the past 22 years. Using the keywords and abstracts available within each individual article, the publications within the Journal has focused on major topics covering (1) flip chip, (2) reliability, (3) Cu, (4) IMC (intermetallic compounds), and (5) thin film. Using the social network relationship between keywords within articles, flip chip was closely associated with reliability, BGA (ball grid array), contact resistance, electromigration in many of the published research works within the Journal. From the centrality analysis, it was found that flip chip, reliability, Cu, thin film, IMC, and RF (radio frequency) to have a high degree of centrality suggesting these key areas of research have relatively high connectivity with other research topics within the Journal and is central to many of the research fields within the micro-electronics and packaging area. The cohesiveness analysis showed research clustering of five major cohesive sub-groups and was mapped to better understand the major area of research within this field. Research within the field of micro-electronics and packaging converges many disciplines of science and engineering. The continued evolution within this field requires an understanding of the rapidly changing industry environment and the consumer needs.

• Mycobiology
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.164-167
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• 2012

The effects of aeration through lid filters on the hyphal growth of Lentinula edodes (oak mushroom) in sawdust cultivation bags were investigated. The aeration treatment levels were traditional 27 mm hole cotton plugs, cotton balls and combinations of seven hole sizes ${\times}$ two hole positions (up and under) in the lids covering plastic bags containing 1.4 kg sawdust medium at 63% moisture that had been autoclaved for one hour and inoculated with sawdust spawn of L. edodes strain 921. Aeration treatment effects were measured based on the $CO_2$ concentration at the 15th wk, as well as the hyphal growth rate and degree of weight loss of bags every 14 days for 15 wk. In bags with traditional cotton plugs, the $CO_2$ concentration was $3.8{\pm}1.3%$, daily mean hyphal growth was $2.3{\pm}0.6mm$ and daily mean weight loss was $0.84{\pm}0.26g$. In the bags with 15 mm diameter holes, the $CO_2$ concentration was $6.0{\pm}1.6%$, daily hyphal growth was $2.8{\pm}0.2mm$ and daily weight loss was $0.86{\pm}0.4g$. The bags with 15 mm holes had a higher $CO_2$ concentration and lower water loss than bags with other hole sizes, but the hyphal growth was not significantly different from that of other bags. The weight loss of bags increased proportionally relative to the lid hole sizes. Taken together, these results indicate that traditional cotton plugs are economically efficient, but 15 mm hole lids are the most efficient at maintaining hyphal growth and controlling water loss while allowing $CO_2$ emissions.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.193-205
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• 2019

A trend analysis of research articles in a field of knowledge is significant because it can help in finding out the structural characteristics of the field and the future direction of research through observing change in a time series. We identified the structural characteristics and trends in text data (keywords) gathered from research articles which in itself is an important task in various research areas. The titles and keywords were crawled from research articles published from 2016 to 2018 in the Research Journal of the Costume Culture (RJCC), one of the representative Korean journal in the field of clothing and textile. After we extracted data comprising English titles and keywords from 195 published articles, we transformed it into a 1-mode matrix. We used measures from network analysis (i.e., link, strength, and degree centrality) for evaluating meaningful patterns and trends in the research on clothing and textile. NodeXL was used for visualizing the semantic network. This study observed change in the clothing and textile research trend. In addition to covering the core areas of the field, the subjects of research have been diversifying with every passing year and have evolved onto a developmental direction. The most studied area in articles published by the RJCC was fashion retailing/consumer psychology while aesthetic/historic and fashion industry/policy studies were covered to a more limited extent. We observed that most of the studies reflecting the identity of RJCC share subject keywords to a significant extent.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.39 no.7
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• pp.7-15
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• 2002

The digital DBS tuner is designed and implemented in a CMOS process using a direct-conversion architecture that offers a high degree of integration. To generate mathched LO I/Q quadrature signals covering the total input frequency range, a fully integrated ring oscillator is employed. And, to decrease a high level of phase noise of the ring oscillator, a frequency synthesizer is designed using a double loop strucure. This paper proposes and verifies a band selective loop for fast frequency switching time of the double loop frequency synthesizer. The down-conversion mixer with source follower input stages is used for low voltage operation. An experiment implementation of the frequency synthesizer and mixer with integrated a 0.25um CMOS process achieves a switching time of 600us when frequency changes from 950 to 2150MHz. And, the experiment results show a quadrature amplitude mismatch of max. 0.06dB and a quadrature phase mismathc of max. >$3.4^{\circ}$.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.78-85
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• 2004

The non-planned development of the rural area surrounding the Metropolitan area has become a social problem. The land development program until now has an aspect of not combining the spacial plan and the environmental plan. The land use and city development system based on development should change into a form that combines developing the area and conserving the environment. Therefore, this research attempts to compare the results of the overlay analysis and the gravity matrix which are ways to evaluate the value land that has a high environmental conservation value. The research area is the town of Seonggeo-eup, Cheonan City, and the reason for selecting this area is because it is expected to be densely populated as a connected area to the Metropolitan and the development pressure, such as expanding the industrial area, is high due to convenient transportation. The environmental factors used in the research are the relative altitude, incline, age-class, natural degree of the ecology, classification of the land covering and the NDVI, and the research methods used are the overlay analysis of the GIS and the statistical method. The overlay analysis results showed level 1 13.2%, level 2 30.7%, level 3 47.4%, level 4 1.0%, level 5 2.4%, level 6 5.4% and so on. The gravity matrix was classified as level 1 27.0%, level 2 9.3%, level 3 58.2%, level 4 2.4%, level 5 2.3%, level 6 0.9% and so on. These results are more appropriate than current methods for plans that value the environment because the analyzed results of the gravity matrix have a tendency to highly condense the environmentally valuable area. Consequently, if the spacial and environmental plans combine and therefore expand the efficient use of the land in the current state where the nation's concern in environment is getting higher, it is thought that it will contribute highly on the development of the nation's life quality.

• Quality Improvement in Health Care
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.52-65
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• 2019

Purpose: Outbreaks resulting from medication injections have recently been on the rise in Korea despite various established guidelines. The objective of this study was to assess the degree to which healthcare professionals are aware of safe injection practice guidelines and to account for the adherence to and the deviation from safe injection guidelines formulated by healthcare providers. Methods: In November 2016, a cross-sectional anonymous questionnaire covering general characteristics of injections, patient safety culture, awareness of safe injection practices, and adherence to and barriers to safe injection guidelines was issued to healthcare providers who administer medication injections or manage and supervise these injections (N=550). Multivariate logistic regression analysis via enter method was performed to define the influencing factors of adherence of safe injection practices. Results: On average, respondents adhere to 17 of the 24 guidelines. Multivariate logistic regression found that those who were more likely to adhere to safe injection guidelines either underwent a patient safety training experience within the last year, provided care in a setting characterized by a highly developed patient safety culture, or were employed as physicians or nurses, as opposed to some other type of care provider. Barriers to safe injection guidelines were attributable to; thoughts of waste to discard leftover medicine, provisions that made adherence cumbersome, a weak culture of compliance, and insufficient amounts of injectable medicine, products, and education. Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that controllable factors like training experience of healthcare providers and patient safety culture were positively associated with adherence to safe injection practices. It was suggested that the training of healthcare providers on safe injection practices be a continuous process to promote patient safety. Additionally, there should be an increased focus on developing and implementing policies to improve patient safety culture from a prevention rather than post-management perspective.