• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
• /
• v.49 no.2
• /
• pp.181-186
• /
• 2011

In this study, we used 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propylmethacrylate(MPS) silane coupling agent for surface modification of silica nanoparticles. We studied effects of reaction conditions such as solvent pH, MPS hydrolysis time, reaction time, and molar ratio of MPS to Si-OH groups on silica nanoparticle surfaces, on the surface modification reactions of silica nanoparticles. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy(FTIR), Elemental Analysis(EA) and solid state crosspolarization magic angle spinning(CP/MAS) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy(NMR) techniques were used to determine the type and the degree of surface modification. We found MPS reacts preferentially with Si-OH groups of the silica nanoparticles as monomeric form at solvent pH = 4.5. But increasing hydrolysis time of MPS from 30 mins to 90 mins, and molar ratio of MPS to Si-OH groups on silica nanoparticle surfaces, we found that MPS reacts preferentially with Si-OH groups of the silica nanoparticles as oligomeric form.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
• /
• v.33 no.11
• /
• pp.1292-1300
• /
• 1996

In-site X-ray diffraction measurements under electric field up to 20kV/ cm were carried out on PLZT (x/70/30) with x=7.5, 8.0, 8.5, and 10.5 All of PLZT belonged to cubic phases. At x=7.5, 8.0 and 8.5 PLZT behaved as an antiferroelectric under low electric fields up to 4-8 kV/cm. PLZT became ferroelectric at the higher electric fields. The high-temperature measurements on the dielectric constants of PLZT with x=7.5, 8.0 and 8.5 showed that they were similar to relaxor ferroelectrics and underwent a diffuse phase transition from antiferroelectrics to paraelectrics at 50-7$0^{\circ}C$. Their P-E hysteresis curves confirmed that they were antifer-roelectrics. The broad distribution of Curie points suggests that there is a significant disorder of cations and vacances in the crystal structure of those PLZT due to La-substitution. The variation of the lattice strain of PLZT(10.5/70/30) with electic field was very small and did not show any hysteresis confirming that it was paraelectric. The degree of the electric-induced strain variation decreased as La doping increased. In PLZT(7.5/70/30) the intensity of 110 reflection changes sensitively by applying electric field. Some domains with polarization parallel to [110] appeared to be developed in the field-induced ferroelectric phase of the PLZT.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.57 no.2
• /
• pp.253-261
• /
• 2024

Olivine, a major mineral in the upper mantle with strong intrinsic elastic anisotropy, plays a crucial role in seismic anisotropy in the mantle, primarily through its lattice preferred orientation (LPO). Despite this, the influence of the microstructure of mylonitic rocks on seismic anisotropy remains inadequately understood. Notably, there is a current research gap concerning seismic anisotropy directly inferred from mylonitic peridotite massifs in Korea. In this study, we introduce the deformation microstructure and LPO of olivine in the mantle shear zone. We calculate the characteristics of seismic anisotropy based on the degree of deformation (proto-mylonite, mylonite, ultra-mylonite) and establish correlations between these characteristics. Our findings reveal that the seismic anisotropy resulting from the olivine LPO in the ultra-mylonitic rock appears to be the weakest, whereas the seismic anisotropy resulting from the olivine LPO in the proto-mylonitic rock appears to be the strongest. The results demonstrate a gradual decrease in seismic anisotropy as the fabric strength (J-index) of olivine LPO diminishes, irrespective of the specific pattern of olivine's LPO. Moreover, all samples exhibit a polarization direction of the fast S-wave aligned subparallel to the lineation. This suggests that seismic anisotropy originating from olivine in mylonitic peridotites is primarily influenced by fabric strength rather than LPO type. Considering these distinctive characteristics of seismic anisotropy is expected to facilitate comparisons and interpretations of the internal mantle structure and seismic data in the Yugu area, Gyeonggi Massif.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
• /
• v.9 no.5
• /
• pp.484-490
• /
• 1999

$(Pb,La)TiO_3$(PLT) thin films were prepared on Pt/SiO$_2$/Si substrates by the sol-gel method and investigated the crystalline and electrical properties according to La concentration and post-annealing temperatures. The PLT films annealed at above $600^{\circ}C$ were exhibited the typical perovskite structures regardless of La contents. When the $(Pb,La)TiO_3$(PT) films were doped with La concentration up to 10mol%(PLT-10), the degree of z-axis orientation was greatly decreased from 63% to 26%. From AES depth profiles for the PLT-10 samples, no remarkable inter-reaction between PLT film and lower Pt electrode was found. The remanent polarization$(2Pr,Pr_+-Pr_-)$ were increased from $4\muC\textrm{cm}^2 to 16\muC\textrm{cm}^2$ as the annealing temperature increased from $600^{\circ}C to 700^{\circ}C$. This result may be ascribed to the improvement of crystallinity by the high temperature post-annealing. The dielectric constant$({\varepsilon}r)$ and tangent loss(tan$\delta$) of the PLT-10 films annealed at $650^{\circ}C$ were about 193 and 0.02, respectively with the pyroelectric coefficient($\gamma$) of around $4.0nC/\textrm{cm}^2{\cdot}^{\circ}C at 30^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.21 no.4
• /
• pp.285-292
• /
• 2020

Despite the government's constant exertions on making a win-win environment through positive discrimination for small and medium-sized companies and local companies, they are suffering from order polarization, weak competitiveness to win a project, and low profitability in highly competitive market situations resulting from the contraction of the construction market. This study examined the U.S. policy and regulations on protecting the relatively weak entities in the construction industry, focused on a goaling program, setting aside the bid preference for small and middle-sized companies and local companies. From benchmarking, some implications were drawn to reconsider the goal of policy and regulations for small and medium-sized companies and local companies. In conclusion, unlike domestic positive discrimination regulations, which are based on the concept of market sharing that can allow a paper company to survive, those of the U.S. are based on the principle of fair competitiveness, and also provide a certain degree of advantage for small and medium-sized companies and local companies. Therefore, the domestic positive discrimination policy and regulations for small and medium-sized companies and local companies need to be reconsidered toward the direction of not only protecting them but also to strengthen their competitiveness in the market.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
• /
• v.7 no.1
• /
• pp.17-23
• /
• 1998

$Pb(Fe_{0.5}Nb_{0.5}O_3(PFN)$ thin films were prepared by rf magnetron co-sputtering method on $SiO_2/Si$, ITO/glass, and $Pt/Ti/SiO_2/Si$ substrates and post-annealed at the $N_2$ atmosphere by RTA(rapid thermal annerling). The degree of crystallinity of PFN films was identified on various substrates. Electrical properties of PFN films was characterized for $Pt/PFN/Pt/Ti/SiO_2/Si$ structure. The composition of PFN films was estimated by EPMA (electron probe micro analysis). PFN films would be crystallized better to perovskite phase on ITO/glass substrate than $SiO_2/Si$ substrate. This may be induced by the deformation of Pb deficient pyrochlore phase due to Pb diffusion into $SiO_2/Si$ substrate. PFN films on $Pt/Ti/SiO_2/Si$ substrate. PFN films with 5-10% Pb excess were crystallized to perovskite phase from $500^{\circ}C$ temperature. In summary, we show that Pb composition and annealing temperature were critically influenced on crystallinity to perovskite phase. When PFN film with 17% Pb excess was annealed at $600^{\circ}C$ at the $N_2$ atmosphere for 300kV/cm and 88. Its remnant polarization coercive field $2.0 MC/cm^2$ and 144kV/cm, respectively.

• Survey Research
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.1-32
• /
• 2009

This study examines the changes of income, everyday life and living condition of consumer in the aftermath of financial crisis. In this period financial crisis was the crucial factor behind various social problems such as the dissolution of families and individuals. This research explores the range and degree of impact on individuals and social groups after the financial crisis. We explore the social mobility in terns of maintaining middle class and falling into the lower class measured by middle class identification. The 60% of the middle class before the financial crisis maintained the middle class position and the rest of people left out of middle class and fell into lower class. The 60% of those who has been maintained and has just became the members of middle class were college - educated people. The great part of people whose income and assets has increased after financial crisis belongs to college - educated group. Many of those whose income have decreased belong to the high school educated group and blow, the older than 50 years old, self - employed without employee and unpaid family employee. Those whose income and assets decreased and those who experienced downward mobility have undergone changes in everyday life and living conditions as a consumer. Many of them experienced the unemployment, nonpayment or credit - delinquency, dissolution of family, worsening health condition, depression, feeling the impulse to commit suicide simultaneously. The poor consumer disposition, reduction of living expenses, sound consumer culture have expanded to people since economic crisis. The middle class reported that the cost of private education often goes beyond the family ability to pay. The lower class has suffered from the cost of living. In a meanwhile luxury goods preference, consumer consciousness for status symbol have continuously increased among all the classes since 1997. Thus fluctuations of one's income and social mobility during past 10 years were some of the major determinants which brought about the various damaging life events, changes of living conditions and everyday lives as a consumer.