• 전기학회논문지
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• 제59권8호
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• pp.1477-1481
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• 2010

In this paper, we propose the classification and tracking method of the hand region using deformable template and condensation. To do this, first, we extract the hand region by using the fuzzy color filter and HCbCr color model. Second, we extract the edge of hand by applying the Canny edge algorithm. Third, we find the first template by calculating the conditional probability between the extracted edge and the model edge. If the accurate template of the first object is decided, the condensation algorithm tries to track it. Finally, we demonstrate the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method through some experiments.

• 인지과학
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.55-62
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• 1997

본 논문은 매개변수 템플리트로 알려진 가변 형판(deformable template)을 사용하여 얼굴의 주요 구성 요소인 입 영역을 분할하는 방법을 제안한다. 가변 형판의 에너지 함수는 이미지 명암값(intensity), 연결(links), 에지(edges), 피크(peaks), 밸리(valleys) 등의 식으로 정의된다. 이 템플리트는 에너지 함수를 최소화하도록 매개변수들의 값을 변경함으로써 자신을 최적화하면서 변형된다. 이 최적화된 템플리트의 매개변수들의 값은 특징으로 사용된다. 우리는 이 가변 형판의 매개변수들의 초기값과 범위를 전처리를 통하여 구하여 시행시간을 줄이고 정확한 입 영역을 분할하는 방법을 제안한다.

• Journal of information and communication convergence engineering
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• 제8권5호
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• pp.575-580
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• 2010

Eye gaze as a form of input was primarily developed for users who are unable to use usual interaction devices such as keyboard and the mouse; however, with the increasing accuracy in eye gaze detection with decreasing cost of development, it tends to be a practical interaction method for able-bodied users in soon future as well. This paper explores a low-cost, robust, rotation and illumination independent eye gaze system for gaze enhanced user interfaces. We introduce two brand-new algorithms for fast and sub-pixel precise pupil center detection and 2D Eye Gaze estimation by means of deformable template matching methodology. In this paper, we propose a new algorithm based on the deformable angular integral search algorithm based on minimum intensity value to localize eyeball (iris outer boundary) in gray scale eye region images. Basically, it finds the center of the pupil in order to use it in our second proposed algorithm which is about 2D eye gaze tracking. First, we detect the eye regions by means of Intel OpenCV AdaBoost Haar cascade classifiers and assign the approximate size of eyeball depending on the eye region size. Secondly, using DAISMI (Deformable Angular Integral Search by Minimum Intensity) algorithm, pupil center is detected. Then, by using the percentage of black pixels over eyeball circle area, we convert the image into binary (Black and white color) for being used in the next part: DTBGE (Deformable Template based 2D Gaze Estimation) algorithm. Finally, using DTBGE algorithm, initial pupil center coordinates are assigned and DTBGE creates new pupil center coordinates and estimates the final gaze directions and eyeball size. We have performed extensive experiments and achieved very encouraging results. Finally, we discuss the effectiveness of the proposed method through several experimental results.

• 대한전자공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전자공학회 1998년도 하계종합학술대회논문집
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• pp.761-764
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• 1998

본 논문에서는 CCCD 카메라로부터 획득한 영상시퀀스들에서 인접한 두 영상 사이의 차영상과 얼굴이 가지는 컬러정보를 이용하여 분리한 얼굴 영역에서 양쪽 눈과 입의 위치좌표를 특징점으로 이용하여 입력된 얼굴에 자동정합된 변형가능 템플리트(deformable template)를 가지고 연속된 다음 프레임에서 얼굴 전체를 트래킹하는 알고리듬을 제안한다. 실제 입력영상의 얼굴 영역과 변형 가능 템플리트의 차이를 비교하기 위해 텍스쳐 매핑(Texture mapping)을 도입하여 트래킹의 정확도를 살펴본다.

• 한국지능시스템학회논문지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.110-115
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• 2005

본 논문에서는 아바타를 자동으로 생성하기 위한 컬러 이미지 상에서의 얼굴, 눈, 입술 윤곽선 검출 기법을 제안하였다. 제안된 기법에서는 먼저 조명의 영향을 최대한 배제하기 위하여 HSI 색상 모델을 사용하였고 I 정보를 제외한 HS 평면상에서 피부색을 정의하고 이를 이용하여 입력된 이미지로부터 피부 영역을 검출하였다. 그리고 변형가능 템플릿과 유전자 알고리즘을 이용하여 얼굴, 눈, 입의 윤곽선을 검출하였다. 여기서 변형가능 템플릿은 B-spline 곡선과 컨트롤 포인트 벡터로 이루어지며, 이것은 다양한 얼굴, 눈, 입술 모양의 표현을 가능하게 한다. 또 유전자 알고리즘은 자연계의 진화와 선택원리를 응용한 매우 효율적인 탐색 알고리즘이다 다음으로, 검출된 얼굴과 각 요소들의 윤곽선과 퍼지 C-평균 군집화를 이용하여 아바타를 생성하게 된다. 퍼지 C-평균 군집화는 얼굴색을 일정한 수로 단순화하는 과정에서 사용하였다. 결과적으로, 이와 같은 기법을 이용하여 기존의 정해진 이미지를 가지고 표현하던 아바타와는 달리 사용자의 특성을 표현할 수 있는 아바타를 자동으로 생성할 수 있다.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 제어로봇시스템학회 2005년도 ICCAS
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• pp.1534-1538
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• 2005

In this paper, we propose a method to detect contours of a face, eyes, and a mouth of a person in the color image in order to make an avatar automatically. First, we use the HSI color model to exclude the effect of various light conditions, and find skin regions in the input image by using the skin color defined on HS-plane. And then, we use deformable templates and genetic algorithm (GA) to detect contours of a face, eyes, and a mouth. Deformable templates consist of B-spline curves and control point vectors. Those represent various shapes of a face, eyes and a mouth. GA is a very useful search algorithm based on the principals of natural selection and genetics. Second, the avatar is automatically created by using GA-detected contours and Fuzzy C-Means clustering (FCM). FCM is used to reduce the number of face colors. In result, we could create avatars which look like handmade caricatures representing user's identity. Our approach differs from those generated by existing methods.

• 한국정보처리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보처리학회 2000년도 추계학술발표논문집 (상)
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• pp.247-250
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• 2000

본 논문에서는 다양한 배경을 가지는 연속적인 얼굴 영상에서 실시간으로 눈의 위치를 자동적으로 추출하는 방법에 대하여 제시한다. 얼굴 요소 중에서 눈은 얼굴 인식 분야에 있어서 중요한 특징을 나타내는 주 요소로써 주로 히스토그램 분석과 색상 정보를 이용하여 눈 영역의 윤곽을 추출하는 방법이 제기되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 명암의 변화에도 비교적 적응력이 강한 이진화 기법을 사용하여 원영상을 이진화하고, 가변 템플릿(Deformable Template)방법을 사용하여 후보 영역을 추출한다. 이러한 후보영역들은 ART2 신경회로망을 이용하여 병합되며, 병합된 후보 영역들은 얼굴 요소의 기하학적 사전지식을 기반으로 검증되어, 시간에 따라 모양변화가 급변하는 눈 영역에 대한 실시간 추출을 가능하게 한다. 이상의 연구 결과는 교통사고 방지를 위한 눈의 졸림감지 등의 응용 시스템에 이용될 수 있다.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 제어로봇시스템학회 2003년도 ICCAS
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• pp.2435-2440
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• 2003

Manipulation of the nano/micro scale object has been a key technology in biology as the sizes of DNA, chromosome, nucleus, cell and embryo are within such order. For instance, for embryo cell manipulation, the cell injection is performed manually. The operator often spends over a year to carry out a cell manipulation project. Since the typical success rate of such operation is extremely low, automation of such biological cell manipulation has been asked. As the operator spends most of his time in finding the position of cell in the Petri dish and in injecting bio-material to the cell from the best orientation. In this paper, we propose a new strategy and a vision system, by which one can find, recognize and track nucleus, polar body, and zona pellucida of the embryo cell for automatic biomanipulation. The deformable template matching algorithm has been used in recognizing the nucleus and polar body of each cell. Result suggests that it outperforms the conventional methods.

• 한국농업기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국농업기계학회 2000년도 THE THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY ENGINEERING. V.II
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• pp.279-286
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• 2000

The objective of this research is to detect the papaya fruits on tree in an orchard. The detection of papaya on natural background is difficult because colors of fruits and background such as leaves are similarly green. We cannot separate it from leaves by color information. Therefore, this research will use shape information instead. First, we detect an interested object by detecting its boundary using edge detection technique. However, the edge detection will detect every objects boundary in the image. Therefore, shape description technique will be used to describe which one is the interested object boundary. The good shape description should be invariant in scaling, rotating, and translating. The successful concept is to use Fourier series, which is called "Fourier Descriptors". Elliptic Fourier Descriptors can completely represent any shape, which is selected to describe the shape of papaya. From the edge detection image, it takes a long time to match every boundary directly. The pre-processing task will reduce non-papaya edge to speed up matching time. The deformable template is used to optimize the matching. Then, clustering the similar shapes by the distance between each centroid, papaya can be completely detected from the background.

• Journal of Computing Science and Engineering
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.219-226
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• 2012

Recently, shape analysis of human organs has achieved much attention, owing to its potential to localize structural abnormalities. For a group-wise shape analysis, it is important to accurately restore the shape of a target structure in each subject and to build the inter-subject shape correspondences. To accomplish this, we propose a shape modeling method based on the Laplacian deformation framework. We deform a template model of a target structure in the segmented images while restoring subject-specific shape features by using Laplacian surface representation. In order to build the inter-subject shape correspondences, we implemented the progressive weighting scheme for adaptively controlling the rigidity parameter of the deformable model. This weighting scheme helps to preserve the relative distance between each point in the template model as much as possible during model deformation. This area-preserving deformation allows each point of the template model to be located at an anatomically consistent position in the target structure. Another advantage of our method is its application to human organs of non-spherical topology. We present the experiments for evaluating the robustness of shape modeling against large variations in shape and size with the synthetic sets of the second cervical vertebrae (C2), which has a complex shape with holes.