• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.21-34
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• 2011

We determined potential meso-scale benthic-pelagic ecosystem coupling in the north equatorial Pacific by comparing surface chl-a concentration with sediment bacterial abundance and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentration (indication of active biomass). Water and sediment samples were latitudinally collected between 5 and $11^{\circ}N$ along $131.5^{\circ}W$. Physical water properties of this area are characterized with three major currents: North Equatorial Current (NEC), North Equatorial Count Current (NECC), and South Equatorial Current (SEC). The divergence and convergence of the surface water occur at the boundaries where these currents anti-flow. This low latitude area ($5{\sim}7^{\circ}N$) appears to show high pelagic productivity (mean phytoplankton biomass=$1266.0\;mgC\;m^{-2}$) due to the supplement of high nutrients from nutrient-enriched deep-water via vertical mixing. But the high latitude area ($9{\sim}11^{\circ}N$) with the strong stratification exhibits low surface productivity (mean phytoplankton biomass=$603.1\;mgC\;m^{-2}$). Bacterial cell number (BCN) and ATP appeared to be the highest at the superficial layer and reduced with depth of sediment. Latitudinally, sediment BCN from low latitude ($5{\sim}7^{\circ}N$) was $9.8{\times}10^8\;cells\;cm^{-2}$, which appeared to be 3-times higher than that from high latitude ($9{\sim}11^{\circ}N$; $2.9{\times}10^8\;cells\;cm^{-2}$). Furthermore, sedimentary ATP at the low latitude ($56.2\;ng\;cm^{-2}$) appeared to be much higher than that of the high latitude ($3.3\;ng\;cm^{-2}$). According to regression analysis of these data, more than 85% of the spatial variation of benthic microbial biomass was significantly explained by the phytoplankton biomass in surface water. Therefore, the results of this study suggest that benthic productivity in this area is strongly coupled with pelagic productivity.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.245-251
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• 2001

Dokdo is a volcanic island, and its formative geological age took place at the end of the Pliocene Epoch. Dokdo is located at 131。 52′33" East longitude, and 37$^{\circ}$ 14′18" North latitude, and is consituted of 87 islands. The total area of Dokdo is 0.186 $\textrm{km}^2$ and the length of its coastline is 4 km. Ookdo is a treasury of fish resources where many varieties of fish including squid and Alaska pollack live in abundance of greatest importance. Dokdo is a forward fishery base. Ullung island is located at 37$^{\circ}$ 27′~37$^{\circ}$ 33′North latitude and 130$^{\circ}$ 47′~130$^{\circ}$ 56′East longitude. The area of Ullung is 72.92 $\textrm{km}^2$ and the length of its seashore is 44.21 $\textrm{km}^2$. The total marine product of Ullungdo(1995) is 9,066 tons (M/T). The largest is squid, 8,900 tons. For the sea area of the depths near the Ullungdo, coast, that of 50m or less is 2,477 ha, and that of 50- 100m is 1,471ha. This fact tells us that there is no extensive area of a very shallow sea, and that it is directly connected to the deep sea. Ullungdo is a treasury of marine bioresources with rich and varied fishes including squid and Alaska Pollack and many others. Presently there is a sovereignty dispute over Dokdo between Korea and Japan. Since A.D.512, Dokdo has been a part of territory of Korea. Dokdo is a part of Kyungsang-Bukdo, Ullung-gun, Ullung-up, Do-dong in the Korean administrative district division system. Japan strenuously claims sovereignty for significant economic reasons, including fishery rights, and has adhered to a contradictory position that "Dokdo is Japanese land" since Japan incorporated Dokdo into Japanese territory in 1905.ritory in 1905.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.201-218
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to investigate climatological variations from the sea surface temperature (SST), chlorophyll-a concentration (Chl-a), and phytoplankton size class (PSC), using NOAA AVHRR, SeaWiFS, and MODIS data in the South Sea of Korea (SSK) and East China Sea (ECS). 26-year monthly SST and 13-year monthly Chl-a and PSC data, separated by whole and nine-different areas, were used to understand seasonal and inter-annual variations. SST and Chl-a clearly showed seasonal variations: higher SST and Chl-a were observed during the summer and spring, and lower values occurred during the winter and summer. The annual and monthly SST over 26 years increased by $0.2{\sim}1.0^{\circ}C$. The annual and monthly Chl-a concentration over 13 years decreased by $0.2{\sim}1.1mg/m^3$. To determine more detailed spatial and temporal variations, we used the combined data with monthly SST, Chl-a, and PSC. Between 1998 and 2010, the inter-annual trend of Chl-a decreased, with decreasing micro- and nano-size plankton, and increasing pico-size plankton. In regional analysis, the west region of the study area was spatially and temporally correlated with the area dominated by decreasing micro-size plankton; while the east region was less sensitive to coastal and land effects, and was dominated by increasing pico-size plankton. This phenomenon is better related to one or more forcing factors: the increased stratification of ocean driven by changes occurring in spatial variations of the SST caused limited contributions of nutrients and changed marine ecosystems in the study area.

• 대한통합의학회지
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.121-136
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• 2022

Purpose : Marine therapy is an activity that promotes public health such as constitution improvement, immunity improvement, and anti-aging by utilizing marine therapeutic resources such as seawater, mud, seaweed, salt and sea climate. In Europe developed countries, the marine therapy industry has been developing for centuries, with France, Germany, and Israel leading the way. Currently, it has achieved great industrial achievements and is of great help in improving the human health. The purpose of this study is to investigate how marine therapeutic resources benefit to human health, as well as how to study and utilize their efficacy. We analyzed previous research articles related to the effects of marine therapeutic resources. Methods : The study included a total of 830 published literatures in the last 20 years from the Republic of Korea and other contries. PubMed and Google Scholar were utilized to collect the foreign source while the local scientific publications were accessed through the Korean Education and research Information Service (KERIS) and Korean studies Information Service System (KISS). The keywords used to search foreign literature were "marine therapy", "Thalassotherapy", "seawater", "deep seawater", "saline groundwater", "sand therapy", "mud therapy", "hydrotherapy", "seaweed", "Sun light", "sea salt", "marine animal", and "marine microorganisms" were combined, and for the domestic literature, the keywords were "marine therapy", "marine therapeutic resources", "seawater", and "sand". Results : A total of 830 research papers were found as a result of searching for domestic and international papers related to marine therapeutic resources. The collected documents were classified into 175 seawater resources, 259 marine mineral resources, 41 marine environment, and 355 marine organisms. The efficacy of each marine therapeutic resources was analyzed. By resources type, there were about 213 papers on the efficacy of seaweed, followed by about 175 papers on seawater, 142 on microorganisms, 124 on mud/peat, and sand, salt, minerals and others are appeared in order (Table 1). Conclusion : Korea has the highest marine biodiversity index, excellent tidal flats, four distinct seasons, and various sea environments of the East sea, Yellow sea, South sea and Jeju sea. For this reason, Korea has a much more diverse marine therapeutic resources than other advanced countries in the marine therapy industry. prebiously, we thought that the sea was only valuable as a shipping port and fishery industry. But now, it been shown that the ocean can become a new industrial field which can contribute to human health and well-being by providing healing and therapy to people through the gift of marine resources.

• 한국해양학회지:바다
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.49-70
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• 2022

해수면 온도는 기후와 바다의 생태계 그리고 인간의 활동에까지 중요한 영향을 미치는 해수의 특성 중 하나로 이를 예측하는 것은 항상 중요하게 다뤄지는 문제다. 최근 들어 과거의 패턴을 학습하여 예측값을 생성할 수 있는 딥러닝을 활용한 해수면 온도 예측이 복잡한 수치모델을 이용한 예측의 대안으로 주목받고 있다. 딥러닝은 입력 자료 간의 비선형적인 관계를 추정할 수 있는 것이 큰 장점이며, 최근 컴퓨터 그래픽카드의 발달로 많은 양의 데이터를 반복적이고 빠르게 계산할 수 있게 되었다. 본 연구에서는 기존의 딥러닝 모델의 단점들을 보완하면서 시공간 자료를 다룰 수 있는 합성곱 신경망(Convolutional Neural Network) 기반의 U-Net을 통해 단기 해수면 온도 예측을 수행하였다. 개발한 딥러닝 모델을 이용한 한국 남부 근해 해수면 온도의 단기 예측은 예측일의 해수면 온도의 중장기 변동성에 따라 달라지는 성능을 보였다. 해수면 온도 변동성의 증감은 계절적 변동 뿐 아니라 Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) 지수의 변동과도 유의미한 상관관계를 보였는데, 이는 계절 변동 및 PDO에 따른 기후 변화에 기인한 수온 전선의 강도 변화가 해수면 온도의 시공간적 변동성에 영향을 줌으로써 발생했음을 확인하였다. 본 연구는 해수면 수온 자료가 가지고 있는 계절적 변동성과 경년 변동성이 딥러닝 모델의 해수면 단기 수온 예측 성능에 기여함을 밝힌 것에 그 의의가 있다.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.299-309
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• 2022

최근 한반도 주역 해역의 수온이 꾸준히 증가하고 있다. 수온변화는 어업생태계에 영향을 미칠 뿐만 아니라 해양에서의 군사작전과도 밀접히 연관되어 있다. 본 연구는 딥러닝 기술을 기반으로 하는 다양한 예측모델을 통해 단기간 수온예측을 시도함으로써 어떠한 모델이 수온예측분야에 더욱 적합한지를 제시하는 것에 목적을 두었다. 예측을 위해 사용한 데이터는 국립수산과학원에서 해양 관측부이를 통해 관측한 2016년부터 2020년까지 동해 지역(고성, 양양, 강릉, 영덕)의 수온 데이터이다. 또한 예측을 위한 모델로는 시계열 데이터 예측에 우수한 성능을 보이는 Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Bidirectional LSTM 그리고 Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) 기법을 사용하였다. 기존 연구가 LSTM만을 활용하였던데 반해 이번 연구에서는 LSTM 외에 다양한 기법을 적용함으로써 각 기법의 예측 정확도와 수행시간을 비교하였다. 연구결과, 1시간 예측을 기준으로 모든 관측지점에서 Bidirectional LSTM과 GRU 기법이 실제값과 예측값의 오차가 가장 적은 것으로 확인되었으며, 학습시간에 있어서는 GRU가 가장 빠른 것으로 확인되었다. 이를 통해, 예측 오차를 줄이면서 정확도를 향상하기 위한 수온예측에는 Bidirectional LSTM을 활용하고 대잠작전처럼 정확도 외에 실시간 예측이 필요한 분야에 있어서는 GRU 기법을 활용하는 방안이 더욱 적절할 것으로 판단된다.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제39권5_3호
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• pp.909-919
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• 2023

Benthic marine invertebrates, the invertebrates living on the bottom of the ocean, are an essential component of the marine ecosystem, but excessive reproduction of invertebrate grazers or pirate creatures can cause damage to the coastal fishery ecosystem. In this study, we compared and evaluated You Only Look Once Version 7 (YOLOv7), the most widely used deep learning model for real-time object detection, and detection tansformer (DETR), a transformer-based model, using underwater images for benthic marine invertebratesin the coasts of South Korea. YOLOv7 showed a mean average precision at 0.5 (mAP@0.5) of 0.899, and DETR showed an mAP@0.5 of 0.862, which implies that YOLOv7 is more appropriate for object detection of various sizes. This is because YOLOv7 generates the bounding boxes at multiple scales that can help detect small objects. Both models had a processing speed of more than 30 frames persecond (FPS),so it is expected that real-time object detection from the images provided by divers and underwater drones will be possible. The proposed method can be used to prevent and restore damage to coastal fisheries ecosystems, such as rescuing invertebrate grazers and creating sea forests to prevent ocean desertification.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.47-52
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• 2023

Thermopolynoe Miura, 1994 is a monotypic genus in Lepidonotopodinae that comprises species endemic to chemosynthesis-based ecosystems. Here, we examined T. branchiata collected from the hydrothermal vents in the North Fiji Basin. For the first time in Thermopolynoe, we report sexual dimorphism detecting nephridial papillae on segments 11-13 in males, additionally describe the morphology on elytra with round to conical microtubercles on the surface, and distinguish presence of small neuropodial lobes on segments 3-26. We also revised couple of errors and ambiguities in the original description: incongruence between the description and figure and existence of individual variation in ratio of tentacular cirri and palps. In addition, three COI sequences of T. branchiata specimens from the North Fiji Basin were newly obtained and sequences divergence with other Lepidonotopodinae species were determined. These results would contribute to the taxonomy of polynoids in a chemosynthesis-based ecosystem.

• 한국해양학회지:바다
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.239-243
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• 2007

울릉분지의 일부 저층수에서 아질산염의 존재가 확인된 것은 용존산소가 매우 풍부한 환경에서 예상되지 않던 결과로서 괄목할만한 사실이었지만 과학적으로 설명되지 않았다. 오캄의 제안에 따르면 가능한 몇 가지 설명 가운데 대륙사면 표층 퇴적물 안에서 일어나는 탈질산화의 중간산물로써 해수로 유출되는 것이 제반 여건과 가장 잘 부합된다. 그런데 울릉분지에서는 이런 탈질산화에 따른 무기질소의 손실을 보상하는 특별한 방법이 존재하지 않은 것으로 보이며 이는 현재 심해수의 낮은 질소: 인의 비와 일맥상통한다. 여기에 열염순환을 약화시키는 온난화의 효과가 가중될 경우 현재의 생물펌프가 위축될지 또는 현재 식물플랑크톤 군집을 대체하는 새로운 군집으로 바뀌게 될지도 모른다. 그 경우 이는 동해 생태계가 직면하게 될 심각한 도전이 될 것이다. 한편으로는 수중에 산화제가 풍부함에도 불구하고 표층 퇴적물의 유기탄소함량이 아주 높게 나타나서 울릉분지에서 질소(유기물)의 순환에 대해 풀리지 않는 문제가 여전히 남아있다.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.239-251
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• 2012

The food web dynamics in a coastal ecosystem of Korea were predicted with Ecosim, a trophic flow model, under various scenarios of primary productivity due to ocean warming and ocean acidification. Changes in primary productivity were obtained from an earth system model 2.1 under A1B scenario of IPCC $CO_2$ emission and replaced for forcing functions on the phytoplankton group during the period between 2020 and 2100. Impacts of ocean acidification on species were represented in the model for gastropoda, bivalvia, echinodermata, crustacean and cephalopoda groups with effect sizes of conservative, medium and large. The model results show that the total biomass of invertebrate and fish groups decreases 5%, 11~28% and 14~27%, respectively, depending on primary productivity, ocean acidification and combined effects. In particular, the blenny group shows zero biomass at 2080. The zooplankton group shows a sudden increase at the same time, and finally reaches twice the baseline at 2100. On the other hand, the ecosystem attributes of the mean trophic level of the ecosystem, Shannon's H and Kempton's Q indexes show a similar reduction pattern to biomass change, indicating that total biomass, biodiversity and evenness shrink dynamically by impacts of climate change. It is expected from the model results that, after obtaining more information on climate change impacts on the species level, this study will be helpful for further investigation of the food web dynamics in the open seas around Korea.