• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.27-38
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• 2014

Recently, urban and transportation planning for Transit Oriented Development(TOD) has become a major issue. For the effective policy implementation of TOD, it is important to understand the travel behavior of residents in housing areas. In this study, we compared the travel behaviors of residents by housing types based on 'the 2010 Household Travel Survey Data' focusing on metropolitan areas. By building an estimation model for subway trip frequency by housing types, it was identified that the factors influencing subway trips and ultimately suggested implications to increase the use of the subway. The highest share of bus mode was for detached house residents with 22.8%, whereas the share of subway mode was highest by efficiency apartment residents with 17.5%. Walking distance to the subway from efficiency apartment and row house were verified as 661meters and 749meters. As the residents of each housing type have more cars and bicycles, their subway trips were decreased. It was also found that subway trips were increased when the population density of residence was high with good accessibility to subway stations and poor accessibility to bus service. In this study, the statistical findings to differentiate the planning factors of public transportation by housing types were also provided. The results of this study would be used for urban design considering the travel behaviors of residents by housing types and can also be utilized for promoting the patronage of public transportation. Some limitations and a future research agenda have also been discussed.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.69
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• pp.589-616
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• 2016

The reviewing of an analysis of the Korea-China FTA due to guidance introduced for the new regulations or exceptional regulations compared to the KORUS, Korea-EU, Korea-ASEAN FTA. Commodity sectors in the Korea-China FTA and the KORUS, Korea-EU, Korea-ASEAN FTA(the majority in the country and trade criteria analysis result) compared and analyzed the results, rules of origin and the customs clearance procedures of origin, preferential tariff rate of origin and the origin preferential specific rules are somewhat difference, but customs and trade facilitation regulations are already quite consistent with the Korea customs system. Relatively important research results were as follows. First, the calculation of the regional value content in KORCHINA FTA is that I'm to use the deduction method can comprehensively reflect a regional value ratio, with respect to the materials acquired originating status as the FTA in the US and EU use the product non it's not to consider the value of the originating materials originating materials can be utilized for intermediate goods. Second, even if a non-treaty country in the middle with the exception of direct transport rules, and acknowledge the country of origin are under customs control, there are provisions for the period are temporarily stored in a non-treaty countries separately, that period goods imported into the non-treaty countries and up to three months from the day. If the situation of the occurrence of force majeure be greater than three months, but has so exceed six months. Third, the materials acquired originating status in the Korea-China FTA not to consider the value of non-originating materials used in its products as the KORUS FTA and Korea-EU FTA, that can be utilized originating materials for intermediate goods. It is expected that higher utilization of rules of origin. Meanwhile, Korea-China FTA has provisions to allow requests for preferential tariff applied on imports Customs declaration of intention to apply pre-condition for a preferential tariff applied to the importer. In other words, if the import customs tariff preference when applying post-intention not to advance is to be noted that any preferential treatment to prevent the later application.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.1330-1336
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• 2007

The purpose of the study was to verify deduction of each coefficient necessary to analysis on micro-pressure waves and reliability of the analysis result. The tunnel running train model testing device used in the test was manufactured by scale of 1:60 and the study used a train model with ten cars long according to specifications of KTX model. The study applied tunnels with cross sections of $107.9m^3\;and\;95.1m^3$ and applied tunnel extensions with 1km, 0.75km and 0.5km. Also, the study tested train speed by changing it into 275, 300, 325 and 350km/h. The test device was a hydraulic launch system composed of a train model, a hydraulic launcher, a tunnel model and a brake. The study measured speed of a model trainby a speed sensor installed in the point of each 1.2m from the front of tunnel entrance and a pithead of tunnel exit and measured pressure change of internal tunnel continuously by installing pressure sensors in the entrance part of tunnel, in the middle part of tunnel and in the exit part of tunnel. As the result of the measurement, it was known that pressure slope of pressure wave happened in the entrance part of tunnel was increased by a nonlinear effect while spreading the tunnel or its pressure slope was reduced by diffusion. Also, the study compared and analyzed micro-pressure waves happened in the exit part of the tunnel by installing each kind of hoods in the entrance part of the tunnel to prevent reduction of micro-pressure waves.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.84-96
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• 2013

Recently, architectural design has been changing from formal design to freeform design due to the digitalization of construction industry. Especially, the formal design has been accepted as a design trend recently and applied many times as a design concept in the architectural design competitions such as turn-key. However, various deflects such as water leak and cracks have been occurred because the traditional construction methods had been applied without any revision or adaptation of the formal construction method for the freeform building construction. Design and construction of freeform building has been developed as an new method in order to solve the problems and minimize the construction duration and cost for the freeform building. Therefore this research deduced the positive implications for developing freefrom envelope by analyzing the domestic and abroad cases and proposed the considerations during design and construction of the freeform envelope as follows. First, the freeform design should consider the constructability for the freeform envelope. Second, manufacturing technology for the two-way curvature of the unit panel should be developed. Third, exposed concrete form method should be developed for the freeform envelope of concrete. Forth, material characteristics, construction method and facility management should be considered in order to manage precipitation and keep water-proof according to the classification of the freeform envelope area.

• The Journal of Art Theory & Practice
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• no.3
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• pp.51-66
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• 2005

With the advent of the time when the competitiveness of a nation or a city can be evaluated by the extent of cultural reception, the art exhibitions, like other genres of art, are actively held in various ways by different institutions. The spaces of exhibition offered not only by public museums and galleries but also by private galleries, alternative spaces and open-air exhibition spots are being increased. Likewise, the number of exhibitions organized on a large scale by Biennales and local governments is on the increase. In accordance with actual tendency, the Ministry of Culture and Tourism has planned to increase the number of museums and galleries up to 500 by the year of 2011. Under these circumstances, the actual situation shows that the central and local governments are adopting beneficial measures to support the private galleries such as permission of construction on green belt areas and tax deduction. That is, our society has come to realize that the necessity and importance of public as well as private galleries to play their roles as cultural and educational institution. Now, the number of galleries is growing. Exhibitions are held everywhere. Therefore, spectators have more chance to visit them than before. With these conditions and the growing number of amateurs, social interest in curator organizing exhibitions is getting popular. Because of the rise of curatorial popularity on the social level, the influence of curators which is exercised within the gallery seems to become gradually enlarged. In reality, it is true that the curatorial influence cannot be ignored more than ever for appear in various fields their new features made from their professional cometence. The function of gallery is more strengthened and its position is more heightened than those in 80s. For these reasons, the curators whose playground is the gallery, they may be regarded as invisible power to the artists. Futhermore, their influence as such seems to be more likely because our world of art does not still have any reliable system of art criticism. Nevertheless, considering the actual situation in which national and public galleries as cultural institution would rather exist on the local sentiments or political dynamics than on autonomy, there must be some restrictions for the galleries and the curators to obtain the power. In this context, the actual moment is looked upon as transitional period to make the curatorship settled down. Before discussing the power relevant to curatorship, we are going to examine first the role and function of curator and then the new curatorial role and function at the age of information. Finally, we will see in sequence the development and problems of curatorship, the power and dilemmas of curator.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.286-293
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• 2012

Korean government is enforcing 'Greenhouse gas target management' in order to achieve Greenhouse gas reduction target. To attain Greenhouse gas reduction target, companies in Korea must establish their GHG inventory system and analysis their GHG emissions characteristics for deduction of mitigation measures. LMDI(Log Mean Divisia Index) decomposition analysis is widely used to understand characteristics of GHG emission and energy consumption. In this paper, the characteristics of GHG emission from the line of railroad in Korea is respectively analyzed in terms of conversion effect, intensity effect, production effect and distance effect. Data of railroad GHG emission from 2000 to 2007 are used. As a result, total effect of railroad's GHG emission is $96,813tCO_2eq$. Production effect ($39,865tCO_2eq$) and distance effect ($327,923tCO_2eq$) affect increase of railroad GHG emissions while Conversion effect ($-158,161tCO_2eq$) and intensity effect ($-112,814tCO_2eq$) influence decrease of the emissions.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• no.93
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• pp.231-260
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• 2011

Simondon's theory of individuation and methodology of transduction presents a possibility of contemporary natural philosophy and a new perspective about the relation between philosophy and sciences. According to Simondon's anti-substantial viewpoint, being, as a metastable system charged with potential energy, complicates itself with quantum leaps transversing successive equilibriums. Individuation is the becoming of phases of being which transits from preindividual state to individuated states. Physical individuation as a paradigmatic model of individuation in general demonstrates not only insufficiency of form-oriented hylomorphism, but also spontaneous formational capacity of matter and reality of energetic relational operation immanent in matter. Genesis of a individual (structure or form) occurs as a resolution of the disparation between orders of magnitude, that is, the difference of potentials immanent in nature through the internal resonance, communication by information, transductive relation between the opposites. I'm trying to show that Simondon revives 'physis' of ancient natural philosophy by his own transductive applications of contemporary physics' conceptions, and therefore suggest a new non-reductive materialism. Especially Simondon's 'transduction' which is neither induction, deduction, nor dialectic, but an original ontological process and a peculiar method of thinking, I think, is worthy of note in order to construct network of knowledge and inter-relation between various sciences.

• Journal of The Association for Neo Medicine
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.55-84
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• 1997

Inferential structure and reality problem is a serious issue to O.M.(oriental medicine). The study will analyze this issue through a philosophical and historical comparative study of W.M.M(Western modern medicine) and O.M. First, I presuppose some basic ideas. The first is the division of the 'the philosophy of medicine' and 'the medicine itself'. Second, there is a 'visibility' that discriminate between 'the abstractive concept' and 'the concrete object' in diagnostic terminology. The third is the separation of disease, the entity and disease, the phenomenon. Finally, the distinction between the cause of disease and the nature of disease. Through these basic concepts, this study will analyze O.M's diagnostic methodology, 'Pattern identification of the S.A.S(sign and symptom)'. The results are follows: 1. O.M's views disease as a phenomenon. So, the S.A.S, which is visible, is the disease itself. Tough the analysis and inference of the S.A.S, 證(zheng) the essence is derived. 2. 證(zheng) can be considered as 'the abstractive concept' reflecting the essence of a disease. 3. 證(zheng) is not arrived through causal sequence reasoning but rather by analogical reasoning. 4. 證(zheng) is 'the non-random correlative combination of S.A.S', pattern. These patterns secure the abstractive deduction in reality. that is, The causality, the positivism, the view of disease as entity, and anatomical knowledge are the traits peculiar to W.M.M. But, these properties can not be applied universally to every medical systems. Also, these properties do not indicate the superiority or inferiority of any medical system. 5. 證(zheng) summarizes the patients condition simultaneously with the S.A.S. However, 證(zheng) doesn't necessarily indicate the knowledge about the actual internal organ. That is, Early in O.M.'s history, the diagnostic terminologies including 證(zheng) were analogical reflections of a naive knowledge of internal organs and external environmental factors. Later, the naive knowledge in 證(zheng) changed int new nature, an abstractive concept. The confusion of the concept of disease, the indiscriminate acceptance of Western anatomical knowledge, and the O.M.'s theoretical evolution et are the challenge facing modern O.M. To find solutions, this study looks at the sequence of the birth of W.M.M. and then compares it's system with the O.M. system. The confusion of the concept of disease, the indiscriminate acceptance of Western anatomical knowledge, and the O.M.'s theoretical evolution et are the challenge facing modern O.M. To find solutions, this study looks at the sequence of the birth of W.M.M. and then compares it's system with the O.M. system. It is recommended that O.M. diagnostics should pay close attention to the ambiguity of the diagnostic methodology in order to further development. At present time, the concept and the system peculiar to O.M. can not be explained by common language. but O.M.'s practitioner can not persist in this manner an: longer. Along with the internal development of O.M., the adjustment of O.M.'s diagnostic terminology needs to be adopted.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.67-77
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• 2003

I. Purpose Uniform dose distribution of the whole body is essential factor for the total body irradiation(TBI). In order to achieved this goal, we used to compensation filter to compensate body contour irregularity and thickness differences. But we can not compensate components of body, namely lung or bone. The purpose of this study is evaluation of dose attenuation in bone tissue when TBI using diode detectors and TLD system. II. Materials and Methods The object of this study were 5 patients who undergo TBI at our hospital. Dosimetry system were diode detectors and TLD system. Treatment method was bilateral and delivered 10MV X-ray from linear accelerator. Measurement points were head, neck, pelvis, knees and ankles. TLD used two patients and diode detectors used three patients. III. Results Results are as followed. All measured dose value were normalized skin dose. TLD dosimetry : Measured skin dose of head, neck, pelvis, knees and ankles were $92.78{\pm}3.3,\;104.34{\pm}2.3,\;98.03{\pm}1.4,\;99.9{\pm}2.53,\;98.17{\pm}0.56$ respectably. Measured mid-depth dose of pelvis, knees and ankles were $86{\pm}1.82,\;93.24{\pm}2.53,\;91.50{\pm}2.84$ respectably. There were $6.67\%{\sim}11.65\%$ dose attenuation at mid-depth in pelvis, knees and ankles. Diode detector : Measured skin dose of head, neck, pelvis, knees and ankles were $95.23{\pm}1.18,\;98.33{\pm}0.6,\;93.5{\pm}1.5,\;87.3{\pm}1.5,\;86.90{\pm}1.16$ respectably. There were $4.53\%{\sim}12.6\%$ dose attenuation at mid-depth in pelvis, knees and ankles. IV. Conclusion We concluded that dose measurement with TLD or diode detector was inevitable when TBI treatment. Considered dose attenuation in bone tissue, We must have adequately deduction of compensator thickness that body portion involved bone tissue.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.1-16
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• 2020

The current tariff return system requires tax officials to calculate tax amount by themselves and pay the tax amount on their own responsibility. In other words, in principle, the duty and responsibility of reporting payment system are imposed only on the taxee who is required to calculate and pay the tax accurately. In case the tax payment system fails to fulfill the duty and responsibility, the additional tax is imposed on the taxee by collecting the tax shortfall and imposing the tax deduction on For this reason, item classifications, together with tariff assessments, are the most difficult and could pose a significant risk to entities if they are misclassified. For this reason, import reports are consigned to customs officials, who are customs experts, while paying a substantial fee. The purpose of this study is to classify HS items to be reported upon import declaration and to indicate HS codes to be recorded on import declaration. HS items were classified using the attached image in the case of item classification based on the case of the classification of items by the Korea Customs Service for classification of HS items. For image classification, CNN was used as a deep learning algorithm commonly used for image recognition and Vgg16, Vgg19, ResNet50 and Inception-V3 models were used among CNN models. To improve classification accuracy, two datasets were created. Dataset1 selected five types with the most HS code images, and Dataset2 was tested by dividing them into five types with 87 Chapter, the most among HS code 2 units. The classification accuracy was highest when HS item classification was performed by learning with dual database2, the corresponding model was Inception-V3, and the ResNet50 had the lowest classification accuracy. The study identified the possibility of HS item classification based on the first item image registered in the item classification determination case, and the second point of this study is that HS item classification, which has not been attempted before, was attempted through the CNN model.