• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 2003.10b
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• pp.655-657
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• 2003

This study is on the characteristics of discriminating of image using unique electric wave intensity value from satellite images data. Namely this study is on studying specific image characteristics by image spectrum and is on developing procedures discriminating of water, forest. narrow-leaved(coniferous) trees, broad-leaved(deciduous) trees, terrain, farmland, grassland, etc. using unique spectrum value in material. Finally applying this procedures, we design and implement discriminating system, IDEA(Information Discriminating Extracting Agent).

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.204-219
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• 2021

This study was conducted to investigate and analyze the characteristics of the plant community structure of vegetation distributed on the western slope and ridge connecting Mt. Noja to Mt. Gara. This basic research was executed not only to restore and manage forest vegetation, but also to monitor the trend of change in the long term. As a result of classifying the communitise in 86 survey quadrats, the Pinus thunbergii-Platycarya strobilacea comm. and P. thunbergii-P. densiflora comm. were distributed around the lowlands. The Carpinus tschonoskii-Deciduous broad-leaved comm., Styrax japonicus-Deciduous broad-leaved comm., Acer pictum subsp. Mono-Deciduous broad-leaved comm., Deciduous broad-leaved comm., and Zelkova serrata comm. appeared in the valley and all stone areas. Quercus serrata comm., Q. serrata-S. japonicus comm., S. japonicus-Carpinus cordata comm., Euonymus oxyphyllus comm. were classified as being distributed on steep slopes with relatively high altitude. According to the succession trend of the forest, evergreen conifers will be transition to deciduous broad-leaved trees. However, deciduous broad-leaved arboreous forests, such as Carpinus tschonoskii, zelkova serrata, and Acer pictum subsp. Mono, were considered to maintain their current succession stage because not only the stratified structure was developed over about 50 years tree age, but also ecologically stabilized. As environmental factors, it was analyzed that altitude, pH, content of clay and silt, Mg⁺⁺, Ca⁺⁺, etc. directly or indirectly affect the distribution of plant communities.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.10-21
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• 2002

This study was intended to investigate injury rates of landscape trees planted in the reclaimed seaside areas and to analyse their causes in planting environment. The planting environment such as soil properties, reclaimed depth of soil, soil hardness, salt consistency of soil, and drainage system were surveyed in 8 reclaimed seaside areas in the middle and southern regions of the country. Injury rates of 42 species, 1,233 trees and growth of branches in 6 species. 130 trees were measured and analysed to fond out salt-resistant trees in the reclaimed lands. The results of the survey are as follows; the average injury rate of evergreen trees was 32%. which was much lower than that of deciduous trees as 52%. The lower injured trees in the 8 reclaimed lands were Pinus thunbergii, Pinus parvinora. Juniperus chinensis 'Kaizuka', Pinus koraiensis, Acer trifdum, Koelreuteria paniculata and Metasequoia glyptostroboides. The higher injured trees were Acer palmatum, Magnolia kobus. Lagerstroemia indica, Diospiros kaki, Cercidiphyllum japonicum, Sorbus commixta, Prunus yedoensis, Pinus desinora, Chaenomeles sinensis, Albizzia julibrissin and Zelkowa serrata. At least the mounding of 1.7m depth of soil is needed from the tidal saline soil to the roots of trees to protect trees from salt injury Roots of trees were found to have infiltrated to 0.77m under the soil of which solidity was over 4.5kg/㎥. And 22 of total 25 soils were acid from pH 3.72 to pH 5.85. Injury rate of trees was much higher when they were detached from the sea, and planted on the drainage.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.101 no.2
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• pp.279-285
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• 2012

This study was conducted to offer preliminary data for forest management from March and December 2011. Based on the number of standing trees by DBH classes, it is recommended to practice thinning and pruning to change the current young stand to mature stand. In Livelihood Environment Forest Protected Areas, young (0-10 years or 0-10 cm DBH) and detected trees need to be removed and selected healthy trees need to be heavily tended. Also, selected trees in age 20-30 (20-30 cm DBH class) need to receive concentrated tending. Since Livelihood Environment Forest Protected Areas had been vulnerable for erosion, the diversity of understory layer is low. In order to diversify deciduous trees, it is recommended to introduce new species and thin and prune existing trees. It is not proper to adapt clear cutting in a short time and should be partially regenerated using shelter-wood method or proper tending practices to the Pinus rigida dominanted forest. Tending existing under-story species including Quercus alina, Quercus variabilis, and Quercus serrata would be important.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.254-263
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• 1988

Contents and distribution of amino acids in the humic acid and fulvic acid fractions of different types ($R_p$, B, A, P) were investigated. Extracted humic and fulvic acids were purified and analyzed. The results are summarized as the following: (1) Composition of Humus The total humus ($H_T$), amount of humic acid (a), amount of fulvic acid (b), and ${\Delta}logK$ all decrease in the order of $R_p$ > B > A > P type. The same trend was observed in the total nitrogen and carbon. (2) Contents and composition of amino acids in humic acids. 1) The total amounts of amino acids in the humic acid fraction of different types were in the following order for soils under coniferous forest trees: $R_p$ > B > A > P type, but for soils under deciduous forest trees the order was P > A > $R_p$ > B type. There were positive correlationships between total amino acids and total carbon and ${\Delta}logK$ for humic acids from soils under coniferous forest trees, but a negative correlationship was existed. between total amino acids and C/N ratios. No significant correlation was found for samples taken from soils under deciduous forest trees. 2) The ratios of one group of amino acids to the others were compared. The ratios of acidic amino acids were in the order of P > $R_p$ > B > A type. those of neutral amino acids followed the order of $R_p$ > B > A > P type and those of the basic amino acids were in the order of B > A >$R_p$ > P type for soils under coniferous forest trees. Contents of total amino acids were in the order of the neutral > the acidic > the basic amino acids. For the soils under deciduous forest trees the order of the ratio was different. Acidic amino acids followed the order of A > P > B > $R_p$ type, neutral ones followed the order of P > $R_p$ > A > B type, and the basic amino acids did the order of $$P{\geq_-}$$ A > B $$\geq_-$$ $-R_p$ type where the difference was very small. 3) In general aspartic aicd, glycine and glutamic acid were the major components in all samples. Histidine, tyrosine and methionine belonged to the group contained in a small amount. (3) Contents and composition of amino acids in fulvic acids. 1) The total amounts of amino acids of different types of fulvic acids were in the order of $R_p$ > B > P > A type regardless of origin of samples. There were positive correlationships observed between the toal amino acids and total carbon and ${\Delta}logK$ for soils under coniferous forest trees. For soils under deciduous forest trees, positive correlationships were observed among total amino aicds, total nitrogen, total humus ($H_T$), total humic aicd (a), and ${\Delta}logK$, but a negative correlationship existed between total amino acids and C/N ratio. 2) Thr ratio among acidic amino acids, neutral amino acids and basic amino acids of different types were $R_p$ > B > P > A type. In this respect there was no difference between the two soils. 3) In general glycine, aspartic acid, and alanine were the major constituents in all samples of different types, while tyrosine and methionine were contained in a small amount. Virtually no amount of arginine was measured.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.85-92
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• 2017

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are a new and yet constantly developing part of forest inventory studies and vegetation-monitoring fields. Covering large areas, their extensive usage has saved time and money for researchers and conservationists to survey vegetation for various data analyses. Post-processing imaging software has improved the effectiveness of UAVs further by providing 3D models for accurate visualization of the data. We focus on determining the coniferous tree coverage to show the current advantages and disadvantages of the orthorectified 2D and 3D models obtained from the image photogrammetry software, Pix4Dmapper Pro-Non-Commercial. We also examine the methodology used for mapping the study site, additionally investigating the spread of coniferous trees. The collected images were transformed into 2D black and white binary pixel images to calculate the coverage area of coniferous trees in the study site using MATLAB. The research was able to conclude that the 3D model was effective in perceiving the tree composition in the designated site, while the orthorectified 2D map is appropriate for the clear differentiation of coniferous and deciduous trees. In its conclusion, the paper will also be able to show how UAVs could be improved for future usability.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.62-75
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• 1992

To investigate the traditiional gaden style of Sang ju Districts, 5 renown houses of noble family in Lee Dynasty were chosen to surey the environmental landscape and characteristics inner and outer space. 1. Traditional houses were located in natural environments based on topography(pung su-ji ri : forming philosophy of Taoism Buddbism and Korean native Sharmanism) which were reflected the 5 Elements of positive and Negative(Yin and Yang 5 Elements) 2. The formation of space is made of oblong by fence arrangement of dwelling housos has An Chae and Sa Rang Chae, and inner court of Anchae has style of oblong, and outer court of Sa Rang Chae has style of sililar oblong. Inner court is closed and outer is half opened. 3. Flow planning is straight and blique line because arrangement of dwelling houses is formed by theory of Dong-Suh Sa Taek(東西四宅), the flowing is complicated and connected from gate to room of An Chae. 4. Character of garden have simple neat whereas vegetable yard, green shade tree, and fruit trees have. Houses were built with their natural environments and streams in order to borrow landscaping in Sa Rang Chae. Specially they were not built pond. 5. Houses has one or two vegetable yard along inner and outer space and are seen as mixed planting more deciduous trees than evergreen trees.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.32-38
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• 1999

This paper search the difference between the village groves for enclosing and the village groves for rest in Chinan-Kun region. Both charged 72.5%(37 groves) of all(51 groves). The form of village groves for rest was various, but that of those for enclosing was linear. The average area of village groves for enclosing was 2,755.4$m^2$ and that of those for rest was 661.2$m^2$. So village groves for enclosing was 4.2 times larger than that of those for rest. In function of village groves, it was identified that function of complementing vacant part was more important than of rest in human settlement region. In the transformation of village groves, the village groves for enclosing were transformed into other productive use than those for rest. Although the worship service were performed annually in the past, that were almost disappeared in present. The forest state of village groves were almost deciduous ones. In vegetation structure, the number of upper trees of village groves for enclosing was 5 times more than that of those for rest. In average appearing rate of upper trees, the village groves for enclosing was 2 times more than that of those for rest. The most principal dominent species of both in upper trec was Zelkova serrata. The species showing highly appearing rate of upper trees were Zelkova serrata, Carpinus tschonoskii, Celtis sinensis, Qercus acutissima, Pinus densiflora, Castanea crenata, Salix glandulosa. etc.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.700-708
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• 2019

To verify the possibility of using resistograph to estimate the age of big old living trees, we selected three Zelkova serrata and seven Pinus densiflora in Goesan. The mean diameters at breast height of Z. serrata and P. densiflora were 102 (92-116) cm and 80 (65-110) cm, respectively. The heights measured from the ground using a resistograph ranged at 1.2-4.3 m and 0.6-1.1 m for Z. serrata and P. Densiflora, respectively. The most appropriate needle speed to determine tree-ring boundaries for measuring ring width was 1500 r/min for both tree species. Alternatively, the suitable feed speeds for Z. serrata and P. densiflora were 50 cm/min and 150 cm/min, respectively. From the measured data, the mean numbers of tree rings of Z. serrata and P. densiflora were 57 (43-68) and 104 (93-124), respectively, and the mean tree-ring widths were 4.27 mm (3.18-5.09 mm) and 2.93 mm (2.32-3.34 mm), respectively. A comparison between the time series of tree-ring widths by resistograph and that from the local master chronologies tallied for the heartwood part. Finally, this study showed that resistograph can be used to estimate tree ages when a local master chronology is available.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.140-157
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• 2012

The result of a study on the useful trend of plants related to landscape and how to plant and cultivate through 'ImwonGyeongjaeji Manhakji'of Seoyugu is as follows: First, 'ImwonGyeongjaiji Manhakji', composed of total 5 volumes (General, Fruit trees, vegetables and creeper, plants, others) is a representative literature related to landscape which described the names of plants and varieties, soil condition, how to plant and cultivate, graft, how to prevent the insect attack etc systematically. Second, he recorded the tree planting as Jongjae(種栽) or Jaesik(栽植), and the period to plant the trees as Jaesusihoo(栽樹時候), transplanting as Yijae(移栽), making the fence as Jakwonri(作園籬), the names of varietieis as Myeongpoom(名品), the suitable soil as Toeui(土宜), planting and cultivation as Jongye(種藝), treatment as Euichi(醫治), protection and breeding as Hoyang(護養), garden as Jeongwon(庭園) or Wonpo(園圃), garden manager as Poja(圃者) or Wonjeong(園丁). Third, the appearance frequency of plants was analyzed in the order of flowers, fruits, trees, and creepers and it showed that the gravity of deciduous trees was 3.7 times higher than that of evergreen trees. The preference of flower and trees, fruit trees and deciduous trees and broad-leaved trees includes (1) application of the species of naturally growing trees which are harmonized with the natural environment (2) Aesthetic value which enables to enjoy the beauty of season, (3) the trend of public welfare to take the flowers and fruits, (4) the use of symbolic elements based on the value reference of Neo-Confucianism etc. Fourth, he suggested the optimal planting period as January(上時) and emphasized to transplant by adding lots of fertile soil and cover up the seeds with soil as high as they are buried in accordance with the growing direction and protect them with a support. That is, considering the fact that he described the optimal planting period as January by lunar calendar, this suggests the hints in judging the planting period today. For planting the seeds, he recommended the depth with 1 chi(寸 : approx. 3.3cm), and for planting a cutting, he recommended to plant the finger-thick branch with depth 5 chi(approx. 16.5cm) between January and February. In case of graft of fruit trees, he described that if used the branch stretched to the south, you would get a lot of fruit and if cut the branches in January, the fruits would be appetizing and bigger. Fifth, the hedge(fence tree) is made by seeding the Jujube tree(Zizyphus jujuba var. inermis) in autumn densely and transplanting the jujube tree with 1 ja(尺 : approx. 30cm) interval in a row in next autumn and then binding them with the height of 7 ja(approx. 210cm) in the spring of next year. If planted by mixing a Elm tree(Ulmus davidiana var. japonica) and a Willow(Salix koreensis), the hedge whose branch and leaves are unique and beautiful like a grating can be made. For the hedge(fence tree), he recommended Trifoliolate orange(Poncitus trifoliata), Rose of sharon(Hibiscus syriacus), Willow(Salix koreensis), Spindle tree(Euonymus japonica), Cherry tree(Prunus tomentosa), Acanthopanax tree(Acanthopanax sessiliflorus), Japanese apricot tree(Prunus mume), Chinese wolf berry(Lycium chinense), Cornelian tree(Cornus officinalis), Gardenia(Gardenia jasminoides for. Grandiflora), Mulberry(Morus alba), Wild rosebush(Rosa multiflora) etc.