• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.48-63
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• 2008

This research is to apply suitable natural ecosystem evaluation criteria in order to develop the ecosystem conservation, restoration and ways to build substitute habitats as a compensation plan for damaged soundly natural ecosystems in small-scale projects such as resource recovery facility, filtration, etc. The environmental ecology evaluation i.e. generally based on their actual vegetation, community structure, wildlife, water system survey were measured the primary plans for reflecting unique natural environment level of site. As a result, it is necessary to conserve the land in fallow type of wetland, good conservative condition of deciduous forest, wetlanded watercourse for amphibia and reptiles crossing. However, the plan of filtration plant was destroyed wetland(sound ecosystem), natural forest, asian toad spawning area. According to the result of it schemed to build alternative wetland and spawning area, plan to healthy ecosystem and surface soil transplantation as compensation plan. The alternative wetland and spawning area are not only created a various water levels like depth of water is $0{\sim}30cm,\;30{\sim}60cm$, more than 1.5m but also it leads to asian toad spawning and wildlife inhabitant. Moreover, the ecosystem and surface soil transplantation be applied to use the Quercus acutissima forest resources(114 upper trees, 71 canopy trees, 401 shrubs) and surface soil$(5,072m^3)$ in ecology creation sets.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.33-42
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• 2000

This study is carried out to investigate plant community structure, actual vegetation map and flora for examining the relationship between naturally introduced vegetation and surrounding vegetation in Hamtae coal-mined spoil lands. According to the analysis of vegetation, surrounding vegetation was divided into five plant community groups : Pinus koraiensis community, Pinus densiflora - Quercus mongolica community, Q. mongolica - Deciduous broadleaved trees community, Betula schmidtii - B. davurica community, Larix leptolepis community. Robinia pseudo-acacia, which had been planted, was dominant species in coal-mined spoil lands. Young trees, which were naturally introduced, such as B. schmidtii, B. davurica etc., partially appeared with the high density($15{\sim}19ea/100m^2$) in coal-mined spoil lands. The flora of this area was listed as 54 taxa; 22 families, 42 genus, 50 species, 3 varieties and 1 forma. Especially Spodiopogon sibiricus, Miscanthus sinensis, Arundinella hirta, Artemisia capillaris, Artemisia iwayomogi and Youngia denticulata appeared with the high frequency. It is estimated that the proper way for harmonious and effective revegetation is to target B. schmidtii - B. davurica communities and to seed B. schmidtii - B. davurica mixing highly frequent herbaceous species.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.141-148
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• 2007

To investigate the forest community structure ranging from 200 meters to 1,350 meters above sea level at Donnaeko valley of Mt. Hallasan in 2006, 15 plots were surveyed. According to the classification analysis by TWINSPAN, the plant communities were divided into five groups of Castanopsis sieboidii community, Castanopsis sieboldii - Quercus acuta community, mixed forest, Carpinus laxiflora - Quercus serrata community and deciduous broad-leaved forest. 22 species of evergreen broad-leaved trees such as Castanopsis sieboldii, Quercus acuta, Distylium racemosum, Camellia japonica, Eurya japonica, Ligustrum lucidum, Ilex crenata, Daphnipyllum macropodum, etc. were growing at Donnaeko valley. According to the attitudinal distribution of evergreen broad-leaved trees, Castanopsis sieboidii was a dominant species distributed from 200 meters to 350 meters above sea level, Castanopsis sieboldii and Quercus acuta were dominant species distributed from 400 meters to 600 meters above sea level and Quercus acuta was a dominant species distributed from 660 meters to 700 meters above sea level. Ilex crenata, Daphniphyllum macropodum, Elaeagnus glabra were distributed up to 1,350 meters above sea level in Donnaeko.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.81-93
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• 2006

To investigate distribution status of the evergreen broad-leaves forest in Weolchulsan National Park, 146 plots and surveyed. Thirteen Evergreen broad-leaved trees wear distributed up to four hundred fifty meters(sea level) along valley in the Weolchulsan National Park. Camellia japonica, Eurya japonica and Quercus acuta were distributed as a plant community. Neolitsea sericea, Vaccinium bracteatum, Camellia sinensis, Eleagnus macrophylla, Ligustrum japonicum and Ardisia japonica were distributed as small patch or individual. Trachelospermum asiaticum and Hedera japonica were distributed by discoid, erysipelas shape. Quercus acuta community was appeared as a small patch type in Weolchulsan National Park. Evergreen broad-leaved trees were distributed at subcanopy layer in the Pinus densiflora community, Quercus varabilis community and Quercus acutissima community. Quercus acuta community might be maintained and expanded. Pinus densiflora community and deciduous broad-leaved plant community at which Quercus acuta, were growing in the forest floor will be succeeded to Quercus acuta community.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.57 no.4
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• pp.303-315
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• 2018

Bonsai is part of export forest products in Korea. Demand for bonsai exports to other countries is growing but the need for quarantine hazards must be eliminated in other to export. Plant parasitic nematode is also an important factor in quarantine. The nematodes were surveyed from bonsai farms in 6 areas of Korea. The surveyed deciduous bonsai plants were Acer palmatum, Zinnia elegans, Ligustrum obtusiflium, Carpinus turcaninowii, and Malus sieboldii. Three plant parasitic nematodes (Hemicyliophora koreana, Rotylenchus blothrotylus and Xiphinema americanum) and three non-parasitic nematodes (Aporclaimellus donghwaens, Egtitus andhricus, and Mesodorylaimus usitatus) were isolated from bonsai. Non-parasitic nematode, Mesodorylaimus usitatus was isolated from all surveyed bonsai trees. Only two species of quarantine nematodes (Hemcylicopora koreana and Xiphinema americanum) were found from bonsai. A. donghwaens and M. usitatus were isolated from root of bonsai tree. However other nematodes were isolated from soil in bonsai trees.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.32-51
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• 2016

This study examines, based on the database of the Institute for the Translation of Korean Classics(ITKC), the garden plants and their symbolism, and the landscape culture recorded in 'Jipkyungjaeyoungsi(the Series of Poems on Gardens Poetry)' in relevance to traditional houses. First, Jipkyungjaeyoungsi had been continuously written since mid-Goryeo dynasty, when it was first brought in, until the late Joseon dynasty. It was mainly enjoyed by the upper class who chose the path of civil servants. 33 pieces of Jaeyoungsi(題詠詩) in 25 books out of a total of 165 books are related to residential gardens. The first person who wrote a poem in relation to this is believed to be Lee GyuBo(1168~1241) in the late Goryeo dynasty. He is believed to be the first person to contribute to the expansion of natural materials and the variation of entertainment in landscape culture with such books as 'Toesikjaepalyoung(退食齋八詠)', 'Gabeunjeungyukyoung(家盆中六詠)'and 'Gapoyukyoung(家圃六詠)'. Second, most of the poems used the names of the guesthouses. Out of the 33 sections, 19(57.5%) used 8 yeong(詠), then it was in the sequence of 4 yeong(詠), 6 yeong, 10 yeong, 14 yeong, 15 yeong, 16 yeong, 36 yeong(詠) and so on. In the poem writing, it appears to break the patterns of Sosangpalkyung(瀟湘八景) type of writings and is differentiated by (1) focusing on the independent title of the scenery, (2) combining the names of the place and landscape, (3) focusing on the name of the landscape. Third, the subtitles were derived from (1) mostly natural landscape focused on nature and garden plants(22 sections, 66.7%), (2) cultural landscape focused on landscape facilities such as guesthouses, ponds and pavilions(3 sections), (3) complex cultural scenery focused on the activities of people in nature(8 sections). Residents enjoy not only their aesthetic preferences and actual view, but the ideation of the scenery. Especially, they display attachment to and preference for vegetables and herbs, which had been neglected. Fourth, the percentage of deciduous tree population(17 species) rated higher(80.9%) compared to the evergreens(4 species). These aspects are similar results with the listed rate in 'Imwonkyungjaeji(林園經濟志)' by Seo YuGu [evergreen 18 species(21.2%) and deciduous trees 67 species(78.8%)] and precedent researches [Byun WooHyuk(1976), Jung DongOh(1977), Lee Sun(2006)]. Fifth, the frequency of the occurrence of garden plants were plum blossoms(14 times), bamboos(14 times), pine trees(11 times), lotus(11 times), chrysanthemum(10 times), willows(5 times), pomegranates(4 times), maple trees(14 times), royal foxglove trees, common crapemyrtle, chestnut trees, peony, plantains, reeds and a cockscombs(2 times). Thus, the frequency were higher with symbolic plants in relations to (1) Confucian norms(pine trees, oriental arbor vitae, plum blossoms, chrysanthemums, bamboos and lotus), (2) living philosophy of sustain-ability(chrysanthemum, willow), (3) the ideology of seclusion and seeking peace of mind(royal foxglove ree, bamboo). Sixth, it was possible to trace plants in the courtyard and outer garden, vegetable and herb garden. Many symbolic plants were introduced in the courtyard, and it became cultural landscape beyond aesthetic taste. In the vegetable and herb garden, vegetables, fruits and medicinal plants are apparently introduced for epigenetic use. The plants that were displayed to be observed and enjoyed were the sweet flag, pomegranate, daphne odora, chrysanthemum, bamboo, lotus and plum blossom. Seventh, it was possible to understand garden culture related to landscaping materials through poetic words such as pavilions, ponds, stream, flower pot, oddly shaped stones, backyard, orchard, herb garden, flower bed, chrysanthemum fence, boating, fishing, passing the glass around, feet bathing, flower blossom, forest of apricot trees, peach blossoms, stroking the pine tree, plum flower blossoming through the snow and frosted chrysanthemum.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.37-49
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• 2015

The goal of this research is to examine air temperature changes according to tree type, plantation type, roadside green area structure, and green volume of street green area within a city. The plantation type that could be analyzed for comparison by tree type with over 3 species was 1 rows of tree+shrubs. The results of analysis of average air temperature difference between pedestrian and car streets vis-a-vis 1 row of tree+shrub in high air temperature areas were: Pinus densiflora, $1.35^{\circ}C$; Zelkova serrata, $1.84^{\circ}C$; Ginkgo biloba, $2.00^{\circ}C$; Platanus occidentalis, $2.57^{\circ}C$. This standard large wide canopy species was analyzed by the roadside to provide shade to have a significant impact on air temperature reduction. In terms of analysis of the relationship between plantation type of roadside trees and air temperature, the average air temperature difference for 1 row of tree type was $1.80^{\circ}C$; for 2 rows of trees it was $2.15^{\circ}C$. In terms of analysis of the relationship between the roadside green area structure and air temperature, for tree type, average air temperature $1.94^{\circ}C$: for tree+shrub type, average air temperature $2.49^{\circ}C$; for tree+mid-size tree+shrub type, average air temperature $2.57^{\circ}C$. That is, air temperature reduction was more effective in a multi-layer structure than a single layer structure. In the relationship analysis of green volume and air temperature reduction, the air temperature reduction effect was enlarged as there was a large amount of green volume. There was a relationship with the green volume of the road, the size of the tree and number of tree layers and a multi-layer structured form of planting. The canopy volume was large and there were a great number of rows of the tree layer and the plantation type of multi-layer structure, which is what is meant through a relationship with the green volume along the roadside. Green composition standards for air temperature reduction effects and functional improvement were proposed based on the result. For a pedestrian street width of 3m or less in the field being ideal, deciduous broadleaf trees in which the canopy volume is small and the structure of the tree+shrub type through the greatest 1m green bend were proposed. For a pedestrian street width of over 3m, deciduous broadleaf trees in which the canopy volume is large and is multi-layer planted with green bend over 1m, tree+mid-size tree+shrub type was proposed.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.73-81
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to create a database of the use of landscape greenery that surrounds commercial buildings in Seoul. The method of this study was: to review preceding studies and related laws, survey areas, measure trees, and analyze the results. The 20 representative sites were specifically investigated to measure the width, direction, and environment of planting conditions. To analyze the greens adjacent to the building, the greens were divided into three types: front greenery, side greenery, and rear greenery. The study surveyed the distance from trees to adjacent buildings, and their planting conditions. The results of this study are as follows. First, 45% of the front greenery and 30% of the rear greenery were not established, but 19 of the 20 side greens were. Second, 13 of the 44 green areas adjacent to commercial buildings were under 1m in width. Most side greenery was belt -shape and unrelated to the features of the site or building. Third, the average distance from trees to buildings was 0.76m, indicating that most trees were planted too close to the buildings. Fourth, of the 30 trees utilized, the species breakdown was: 8 evergreen trees, 15 deciduous trees, and 7 shrubs. For the most part, planting patterns were similar for all species. Fifth, most sites were ill-suited to tree growth, because crown shape, planting conditions, and light conditions, etc., had not been considered. Based on these results, it is suggested that more specific, subdivided standards for planting conditions should be established. For example, building plans should include a green area that is at least one meter in width. In addition, according to the location and type(closing/opening) of the greenery adjacent to the buildings, suitable management programs and supervision protocol should be adopted.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.87 no.1
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• pp.90-97
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• 1998

This study was carried out to compare the characteristics of relative conductivity(RC) in the twenty-one deciduous broad-leaved species. The results obtained were summarized as follows : 1. The RC ranged from $3.18{\times}10^{-15}$ to $1.23{\times}10^{-10}m^2$ in deciduous broad-leaved species, and appeared different values in various portions of a tree and species. 2. In eight diffuse-porous species, the ranges of average RC were $3.49{\times}10^{-13}$ to $6.35{\times}10^{-11}m^2$ in stems. $4.89{\times}10^{-13}$ to $2.99{\times}10^{-11}m^2$ in branches, and $1.33{\times}10^{-13}$ to $9.42{\times}10^{-12}m^2$ in junction part between stem and branch. In thirteen ring-porous species, the RCs were $7.14{\times}10^{-13}$ to $4.76{\times}10^{-11}m^2$ in stems, $2.93{\times}10^{-13}$ to $3.91{\times}10^{-11}m^2$ in branches, and $1.14{\times}10^{-13}$ to $9.20{\times}10^{-12}m^2$ in junction part. 3. The RC and diameter of stem have no interrelation in eight diffuse-porous species. The RC of stem increased with decreasing diameter of stem in eleven ring-porous species except Fraxinus mandshurica and Maackia amurensis. 4. In five deciduous broad-leaved species, the RC of 1-year-old shoots(the leader and adjacent laterals ) ranged from $4.87{\times}10^{-13}$ to $8.41{\times}10^{-11}m^2$ in the leaders, and $7.93{\times}10^{-14}$ to $2.01{\times}10^{-11}m^2$ in the adjacent laterals. The RCs were much greater in the leaders than in the adjacent laterals because of the hydraulic dominance of the leader shoot.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2012

Tropical forests whether fragmented or undisturbed or be they equatorial or deciduous, remain the storehouse of biodiversity for hundreds of thousands of plant and animal species. This unique characteristic continues to attract a wide range of scientists and international organizations to study and attempt to understand tropical forest ecosystems. Gene flow is mediated by pollen, seed and seedling dispersal, and factors affecting this gene flow include phenology, spatial distribution, population structures, seed predation, sexual and mating systems as well as physical and biological barriers to gene flow. Two methods are used in measuring gene flow: direct method that relies on the actual observation of seed and pollen dispersal, whereas indirect methods involve the use of genetic markers such as allozymes and DNA techniques. Political strife, extreme natural and artificial disasters, the lack of a comprehensive forestry research vision, coupled with difficult socio-economic conditions in Africa have made the environment quite difficult for sustained research activities on the part of those undertaking or wishing to undertake such studies. Gene flow studies in this region are few and far between. This review elaborates on the mechanisms of gene flow mediation in Sub-Saharan Africa.