• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.80-86
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• 2001

The purposes of this study were to: a) examine characteristics of foodservice management practices; b) investigate characteristics of recipients; c) analyze foodservice systems; and d) provide feedback for the efficient and effective foodservice management of mental disorder care sites in Korea. A total of 46 sites was analyzed by questionnaire survey. Statistical data analysis was completed using the SPSS package program for descriptive analysis. As results of site recipients' characteristics, 60% of total sites were males and 40% were female recipients. Average 60% of recipients were from 30 to 40 years old. Major diseases of recipients were mental disorder, high pressure, and obesity. According to the result of foodservice system analysis, the average meal cost per day was about 2,921 won and average food cost percentage was 39%. Average number of meals per day was about 600 meals. All sites had on dietitian and 88.3% of sites had one cook as a full-time employees. In the part of procurement, dietitians were major chargers of sites for purchasing foods. Major purchasing method was the order and delivery contract. About a half of sites used cycle menu system and standardized recipies. Most of sites had recipients survey systems for evaluating meal satisfaction. About 60% of sites provided liquid diets to recepients and 22% provided diabetic diets. Dietitians at sites had problems on low meal cost budget, lack of cooking professionals, and lack of information about treatment meals for mental disorders for providing higher quality of foods cure recipients. The results suggested that financial and systematical supports by the government would be very necessary to meet the goal of nutritional balanced meal services.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.47-64
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate the overall daily life patterns of young children and to compare the lives of children using a center-based care center with those of children raised at home by their mothers. The subjects, 364 mothers of young children (aged 7~48 month olds), completed questionnaires consisting of items on their children's daily activities. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, chi-tests, and t-tests. Our primary findings indicated that on the average children slept for 10 hour 22 minutes and they usually played with their mothers at home. The young children mostly played outdoors two or three days per week and their outings were most commonly visits to relatives on weekends. 45.5% of the total children who participated in this study made use of at least one private education service, and they began to watch TV from 12.22 month olds. Furthermore, the mothers reported that their spouses participated in child rearing less than 1 hour a day.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.779-781
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• 2010

After preliminary tests indicated an increased number of heterotrophic bacteria, we investigated possible sources of contamination in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) water distribution system. Scanning electron microscopic examination of flexible metallic hoses associated with the system revealed the presence of a biofilm; partial 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that the biofilm contained Blastomonas natatoria. Purgation of the water system three times a day, reinforced faucet cleaning, decreasing the cold water temperature to $12^{\circ}C$, and six repeated chlorinations at concentrations as high as 2 mg/l were not sufficient to eradicate the bacterial contamination. Replacing all of the rubber-interior flexible metallic hoses with teflon-lined hoses, followed by heating the water to $70^{\circ}C$, successfully controlled the bacteria.

• Quality Improvement in Health Care
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.156-171
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• 1996

Background: Nosocomial infection control is one of important means to assure the quality of medical care in the hospital, however, it has been neglected by most of the hospital personnels. Of nosocomial infections, urinary tract infection is the highest incidence, which is related to the indwelling catheter. It is, therefore, necessary to pay primary attention to the patients with the indwelling catheter in intensive care unit in order to control nosocomial Infection and to improve the quality of medical care in the hospital. Methods : The subjects of this study were patients with indwelling catheter who were admitted to the ICU of Pusan Paik Hospital from March 1994 to May 1995. The author calculated UTI rate among the subjects through the cultivation of the urine, identified the related factors of the UTI through brain storming of study team and head nurses working at ICU, and analized the effectiveness of the proposed approaches through comparing the infection rates of before and after activities. Results : The major activities carried out by the study team were to conduct in-service education programs for the staffs working at ICU about the importance of the nosocomial infection control in QA, and nursing intervention to reduce the UTI rate among the patients with indwelling catether. 1. The major nursing interventions that the study team had implemented were as follows ; 1) Drainage system was changed from partial open system to completely closed system. 2) Bladder irrigation which was routinely practised in all patients stopped among the noninfected patients. 3) Bladder irrigation set was changed to the disposable one. 4) Catheter was inserted under the anesthesia for patients to be operated. 5) Male patient receiving wrapped with gauze after perineal care was not wrapped. 6) Clamp which had not been before was newly attached to drainage tube. 7) Urine bag which had been packed into a lot of pieces was done into each piece. 8) The interval of change of indwelling catheter had regularly been four weeks, however it was used continously until it worked well. 9) Catheter was attached well at the defined site. 10) Paper towel was used instead of cotton towel. 11) Mats at the entrance were removed and cleansing of wards was enhanced. 2. The UTI rate by month was 34.4% in maximum and 9.8% in minimum during the period of this study, however it had gradually decreased. After 6 months from initiating infection control activities, the trend of rates was relatively stable. It was identified that UTI rate was different by season 12.5% in winter and 27.2% in summer. 3. Utilization rate of indwelling catheter was maintained at under 50%, but it was increased above 57% from April 1995. 4. The number of bladder irrigation sets used per day was 33.3 sets in maximum and 2.8 sets in minimum. The number used per day were also remarkably deceased. Conclusion : It was found that a program to control UTI could contribute to nosocomial infection control, and it was, in turn, a mean to assure the quality of medical care in the hospital. The nursing interventions which this study team had implemented were effective in the reduce of UTI rates.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.39-55
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• 2001

Concerns about paid-facilities for the elderly with dementia from middle and upper class families have been discussed lately in Korea. Small-scale, home-like group homes for the elderly with dementia were developed in Sweden in the 1980, but they have not been effectively introduced in Korea where they remain a comparatively new concept. The group home, however, would provide a good alternative to Koreans who feel guilty when they have to leave their frail parents in large-scale facilities or hospitals instead of caring for them at home. The aim of this paper is, first, to define the care of the demented elderly who come from upper and middle class families in Korea and, secondly, to discuss the need for group homes to help care for them. A survey was done by questionnaire and was answered by 577 respondents who belonged to middle and upper class families living in Korea in December 2000. Methods of analysis were frequency, mean, and Chi-square. The results of this study were as follows: 1) the traditional notion that the eldest son should be burdened with the primary responsibility for a demented parent has weakened remarkably; 2) a small-scale long-term care facility was considered the most desirable living environment for the demented elderly; 3) the facilities families needed for professional hospitals for victims of dementia, senior citizen centers, large and small-scale long-term care facilities, day-care centers, and short-stay and service housing. The study also revealed that there was low awareness of the group home. The most preferred type of structure for group homes was a single-family detached house, and the most preferred management system was small-scale that could create home-like atmosphere. Additionally the respondents wanted group homes to consist of 6-8 residents with 2-4 persons per room. The results of this study strongly suggest that policy makers should encourage the development of smallscale group homes as an alternative form of housing for the elderly with dementia.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.1045-1054
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• 2000

As cost pressures have escalated, policy makers, politicians, health care providers and families have tried to devise ways to reduce health care costs. While originally developed to enhance patient control and to provide better care at the end of life, hospice care has recently received significant attention as a mean of reducing health care costs. As a program providing care for patients who are dying at their homes, hospice has expanded slowly since the opening of the first hospice in Korea in 1963. Therefore, a variety of services that responds to the needs and concerns of many dying people and their families is limited The purpose of this study was to determine the potential cost savings at the end of life among patients who used home hospice compared with the patients who received institutional care in Korea. This study used a retrospective, descriptive design. The sample for this study included 46 patients who died of lung cancer: 25 patients who received home hospice care and 21 patients who received institutional care. Data on patient characteristics, kinds and frequencies of provided treatment and nursing services, and hospice and hospital charges during the last month before death were collected. Cost of care was measured by the average cost per patient per day in the last month of life. The results of the study indicated that there were significant differences in average cost of care between home hospice sample and institutional care sample (t=9.956, p<.001; home hospice sample: M=18,102 won, institutional care sample: M=317,578 won). The cost of the home hospice sample was approximately 6% of the cost of institutional care. The majority of the home hospice nursing services were education (35.7%) and supportive counseling (25.2%), followed by medication management (13.6%), assessment (12.1%), basic nursing (7.2%), treatment (5.5%) and others. In institutional care sample, basic nursing and treatment were more emphasized than education or supportive counseling among the nursing services provided. The results of this study showed the potential for hospice to reduce costs and implications for policymakers and clinicians to incorporate hospice program into the formal health care delivery system in Korea.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.843-852
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• 2011

Objectives : The aims of the study were to examine perceived oral malodor and self-reported need for oral and dental care among patients receiving oral prophylaxis services and provide guidelines for developing educational programs(toothbrushing method and tongue cleaning) for oral hygiene and oral malodor prevention. Methods : The survey was administered to a sample of 462 receiving voluntary oral prophylaxis service in a dental laboratory at the J School of Public Health in Korea. The subjects were asked a range of questions related to the degrees of perceived oral malodor and concern for oral health status, as well as their demographic information and need for oral and dental treatment. Univariate analyses using Chi-square and T-test with a P-value of .05 were performed using SPSS Version 12.0 for Windows. Results : 1. Male participants reported "moderately concerned for bad breath and smell" and "I don't care bad breath and smell" 39.1% and 26.2% respectively, while more female participants were concerned for oral malodor. "moderately concerned for malodor" and" highly concerned for malodor" 41.1% and 28.5%(p<.05). a significant difference among age groups was found. 19% of young adults (less than or equal to 29 years of age) reported "highly concerned for bad breath and smell" while 36.4% of older adults (greater than or equal to 50 years of age) reported "highly concerned for bad breath and smell"(p<.05). 2. 12 non-smoking participants (3.7%) and 15 smoking participants (10.8%) reported that they have perceived bad breadth and smell (p<.05). 3. Smoking participants reported a higher degree of need for oral malodor treatment than that of non-smoking participants 88.5% and 82% respectively(p<.05). 4. The participants who did regular toothbrushing more than 3 times a day reported "no malodor", 77 % as compared to 66.7% of the participants who did regular toothbrushing 2 times a day. Toothbrushing 2 times a day reported either "moderate malodor" or "sever malodor"(p<.01). Participants with more frequent toothbrushing reported less oral and breath odor as compared participants with less frequent toothbrushing. Conclusions : The study suggested that there is a need to oral prophylaxis for prevention and toothbrushing and tongue cleaning method oral malodor care and oral health status.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.123-136
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to confirm the classification of nursing activity and to analyze the time of nursing workload in a new open hospital. The data were collected from 20 nurses working in 6 general nursing units by 4 trained observers. The tools used for this study were an observation recording sheet and a classification sheet of nursing activity. The classification sheet was constructed to be adaptable to each hospital system based on the instrument described in the literature. The results of the study are as follows : The direct nursing activities consisted of 6 sections, 33 subsections and the indirect nursing activities consisted of 14 sections, 53 subsections. The direct nursing activities included medication, measuring and observation, care of therapies, care of physical comfort, laboratory and treatment. The indirect nursing activities included preparation of medical utensils, collection of information and assessment, recording, phone communication, professional interaction related to patients, personal time, assigning work to staff, patient eaucation and training, interaction with lab, transfer of administration of utensils, checking physician's order, dietary service, management of pollution and contagion, guide direction. Nurses spent 127.6min for direct nursing activity during day duty. It was 24.5% of total nursing activity. Within that activity medication had the highest percentage of time(40.09%), followed by communication and education with patient(24.76%), measuring and observation (16.93%), laboratory and treatment (12.85%), care of therapies(3.21%) and care of physical comfort (2.16%). The time breakdown for indirect nursing activities is as follows ; the preparation of medical utensils 22.3%, collection of information and assessment 20.29%, recording 20.27%, phone communication 8.14%, professional interaction related to patients 7.33%, personal time 7.24%, with the remaining timeshared by staffing, patient education and training, interaction with lab, transfer of administration of utensils, checking physician's order, dietary service, management of pollution and contagion, guide direction. In the analysis of the relationships between the working time and the work allocation characters of the nurses(including nurse's experiences. nurse-patients ratio, nurse-rooms ratio, and character of nursing unit) ; There were no significant differences in direct-indirect nursing times between nurse's career years. There was significant difference in direct nursing time between assigned patient numbers. The nurses assigned larger number of patients spent significantly more time in direct nursing care than that of the smaller. On the other hand, there was no significant difference in indirect nursing workload between the assigned patient numbers. There were no significant differences in direct-indirect nursing time between an allocated patient's room numbers. There was significant difference in working time between working places. The nurse in the medical unit spent more time in direct nursing care than her counterpart in the surgical unit. However there was no difference in direct nursing time between two groups. The study results indicate that nurses spent less time in the direct nursing care than in the previous studies even though the hospital system has been modernized. On the other hand they spent much more time for the coordinating role within the interdisciplinary team and for the overlapping paperwork. Therefore it is recommended that patient oriented job description and more efficient usage of modernized utilities be made.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.103-112
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• 2022

As an alternative to improving the quality of life of the elderly and meeting the needs of high-level care, nursing services and needs, we aim to be the basis for formulating improvement proposals by applying the development of a fragrant healing-based fusion and complex social service professional training program. After conducting a questionnaire survey of 30 trainees in Guangzhou for 16 days from June 14, 2021 to September 23, 2021, and conducted a 7-day questionnaire survey, the education preference survey showed that in the educational preference, aromatherapy education was the highest surveyed at 42.11%, and the need for aromatherapy courses after the application of educational programs was the highest at 50%, and satisfaction was the highest at 48%. Accordingly, this study is used as a basis for the revitalization of the age-friendly industry and aims to contribute to the consolidation of senior care and nursing services and the securing of excellent personnel related to high-value-added fusion and complex social services.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.295-308
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• 2002

Purpose: The purpose of this quasi-experimental research is to develop the CP for primary THR patients and verify its effectiveness. Method: The CP is designed for both patients and medical employees to meet the 14-day-long hospitalization with an expert and clinical validity test, and the standardized orders are also created. 21 eligible subjects for the control group(with common care plan) and 27 subjects for the experimental group(with CP service) were assigned. Data were collected from questionnaires to evaluate patients' satisfaction level of nursing care and CP, investigation of physical complications, inspection of LOS(length of hospital stay) and hospital charges from April 2000 to February 2001 at K-hospital in Daegu. The collected data were analyzed by using the SAS program. Results: After implementation of CP, there was a statistically significant reduction in mean length of stay. The hospital charges have no considerable difference between two groups. Frequency of physical complications is reduced considerably. The experimental group scored much higher than the control group on the satisfaction level toward nursing care. And in the analysis of CP satisfaction questionnaires, many subjects have high satisfaction in items of 'I see the treatment process and hospital life', 'I feel that I am participating in my treatment process with health care staff'. The analysis of variances which cause a prolonged LOS supports that it's necessary to strengthen an evaluation of pre-operative outpatients' condition and link the home nursing care system in discharge for more shortening of LOS. Conclusion: The above results show that CP can have a positive impact on satisfaction level of inpatients with primary THR and the hospital.