• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.56-62
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• 2009

Objectives: We tried to clarify the relationship between lifestyle and plasma homocysteine concentration. We analyzed the data of patients with acute ischemic stroke from the Hanbang stroke registry supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of Korea. Methods: 458 subjects were recruited from the patients admitted to the Internal Medical Department of Kyunghee University oriental medical center, Dongguk University Ilsan oriental medical center, Kyungwon University Songpa oriental medical center and Kyungwon University Incheon oriental medical center from April 2007 to August 2008. We divided the subjects into four groups by quartiles of plasma homocysteine concentrations and compared the first and last quartile groups. Results: 1. In univariate analysis, the high homocysteine concentration group showed higher rate of older age, male gender, smoking, drinking and lower values in vitamin B12, folic acid, creatinine than the control group with statistical significance. 2. In multivariate analysis, older age, male gender smoking and folic acid showed a close relationship with statistical significance (each OR=3.620, OR=4.218, OR=3.558, OR=0.789). Conclusions: According to the analysis, the relationship between high homocysteine concentration and smoking in patients with acute ischemic stroke were clarified. We hope to standardize and establish criteria on homocysteine in Korea by large epidemiological survey. These study results could be utilized in the future as a basis material.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.131-138
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• 1974

The author has conducted survey on the status of physical growth and morbidity of the children for christian children's fund programme, as a means of collecting basic data for the anticipated establishment of a health planning. A total 345 children aged 9 to 16 underwent C.C.F. programme while as a control, a total of 480 children of same ages from the middle-class school children in Jeonju area was also studied. As results of survey conducted for a period of one month (form July 1 to 31, 1974) on a total 429 children in 347 households living in Jeonju area. I. Socio-economic background 1. By educational status of the children, 39.9 per cent of the total children was attending at primary school, 33.8 per cent in middle school and 15.6 per cent in high school. 2. The greatest proportion or 28.8 per cent of the household head were engaged in labor, 17.9 per cent in peddler and 13.2 per cent in retail. 3. As for the living standard of the households, low class constitued 90.1 per cent, middle and high classes only 9.9 per cent. 4. 39.5 per cent of the households had their own house, 39.1 per cent lived in rent deposit house or rooms and 14.6 per cent in monthly rented house and rooms. II. Physical growth and nutritional status 1. The growth of children for C.C.F. programme in terms of height was found to be slightly smaller than the school children. The ages frm 9 to 16 corespond to the 'secondary growth and replenishment period and this period was regarded to be the one most affected by environmental and nutritional factors of all the other periods of growth and developmet. 2. The body weight of the children for C.C.F. presented a quite different pattern from that of the school children. The above findings appeared thin-and-long stature from the famillies with higher living standard while those from the household with low standard of living had a short-and-plump one. 3. According to the values of Rohrer's index, the children of C.C.F carried a higher degree of 'replenishment' than the children in Jeonju area and adolesecence comes later for the girls under C.C.F. programme. III. Morbidity 1. The monthly prevalence rate was 110.0 per thousand persons for the children under C.C.F. programme. 2. The total number of case was classified by timing of the incidence as follws. 40.0 per cent was constituted by diseases carried over from tile previous month and 60.0 per cent by new incidences. 3. The diseases were broken down by W.H.O. disease classification into the greatest proportion or 39.1 per thousand person constituted by disease of the digestive system.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.107-111
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• 2017

Objectives: Radiation is one of the most important sources of free radical (such as reactive oxygen species) production, which plays an essential role in the etiology of over hundred diseases. The aim of the study was to investigate some immune parameters and hematological indices in healthy workers of the Radiology Department, University Hospital of Mashhad, Iran. Methods: The study was performed on 50 healthy workers: 30 radiology staff as the case group and 20 laboratory workers as the control group. The radiation dose received by the radiology staff participating in the study was less than the annual maximum permissible level, 50 millisievert. Hematological parameters, lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine production were studied in both groups. Results: Among healthy radiology workers, the hematological indices did not differ statistically; however, their proliferation indices and $IFN-{\gamma}$ levels showed significant increases in parallel with decreases in the IL-4 levels as compared to controls. The immune system of workers exposed to low-dose ionizing radiation was found to be shifted from a Type 2 to a Type 1 response to promote cellular immunity. Conclusion: Based on our data, exposure to low-dose ionizing radiation may decrease the prevalence, frequency, and recurrence of various cancers and infectious diseases because of an increase in Th1-cell-based response, thus leading to more protection of the human body against tumor cells and foreign agents and possibly increased longevity. However, due to high rate of fluoroscopy use for interventional radiology, we suggest continuing research projects on radiation protection and hazards to prevent irreversible damage. As a recommendation, in future studies, radiology staff with a weakened immunity due to high radiation exposure should be considered as good choices to be treated using acupuncture techniques because acupuncture has been demonstrated to enhance the function and the number of immune cells.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.109-116
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• 2015

Purpose: To analyze prognostic factors for locoregional recurrence (LRR), distant metastasis (DM), and overall survival (OS) in cervical cancer patients who underwent radical hysterectomy followed by postoperative radiotherapy (PORT) in a single institute. Materials and Methods: Clinicopathologic data of 135 patients with clinical stage IA2 to IIA2 cervical cancer treated with PORT from 2001 to 2012 were reviewed, retrospectively. Postoperative parametrial resection margin (PRM) and vaginal resection margin (VRM) were investigated separately. The median treatment dosage of external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) to the whole pelvis was 50.4 Gy in 1.8 Gy/fraction. High-dose-rate vaginal brachytherapy after EBRT was given to patients with positive or close VRMs. Concurrent platinum-based chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) was administered to 73 patients with positive resection margin, lymph node (LN) metastasis, or direct extension of parametrium. Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test were used for analyzing LRR, DM, and OS; Cox regression was applied to analyze prognostic factors. Results: The 5-year disease-free survival was 79% and 5-year OS was 91%. In univariate analysis, positive or close PRM, LN metastasis, direct extension of parametrium, lymphovascular invasion, histology of adenocarcinoma, and chemotherapy were related with more DM and poor OS. In multivariate analysis, PRM and LN metastasis remained independent prognostic factors for OS. Conclusion: PORT after radical hysterectomy in uterine cervical cancer showed excellent OS in this study. Positive or close PRM after radical hysterectomy in uterine cervical cancer correlates with poor prognosis even with CCRT. Therefore, additional treatments to improve local control such as radiation boosting need to be considered.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.67-73
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• 2008

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is the most economically important viral infectious disease in pig populations worldwide. This study was conducted to better understand the epidemic and dynamics of PRRS virus (PRRSV) on each farm and to evaluate the risk of PRRSV infection in Korea. Interviews with pig farmers were carried out to obtain PRRS vaccination programmes in 60 pig farms throughout Korea. Blood samples were also collected from the 59 pig farms to investigate outbreak patterns of each farm. Vaccination against PRRS was performed in 16.7% farms for breeding pigs and 8.3% of farms for nursery pigs. According to the seroepidemiological analysis, 56 (94.9%) out of 59 farms were considered to be affected by PRRSV infection. The results revealed that 68.9% of sows tested were seroconverted and interestingly, gilt herds had the highest seropositive rate (73%), suggesting that gilts may play a key role in PRRSV transmission in sow herds. Among the PRRS-affected piglet herds, 33 (55.9%), 14 (23.7%) and 6 (10.2%) farms were initially infected with PRRSV during the weaning, suckling and nursery period, respectively. It seems likely, therefore, that PRRSV infection predominantly occurs around the weaning period in piglet herds. Based on antibody seroprevalence levels in both sow and piglet groups, we were able to classify patterns of PRRSV infection per farm unit into 4 categories; category 1 (stable sow groups and non-infected piglet groups), category 2 (unstable sow groups and non-infected piglet groups), category 3 (stable sow groups and infected piglet groups), and category 4 (unstable sow groups and infected piglet groups). Our data suggested that 43 (72.9%) farms were analysed to belong to category 4, which is considered to be at high-risk for PRRS outbreak. Taken together, our information from this study will provide insight into the establishment of an effective control strategy for PRRS on the field.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.21 no.spc
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• pp.90-97
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• 2019

In recent years, flood due to the consecutive storm events have been occurred and property damage and casualties are in increasing trend. This study calls the consecutively occurred storm events as a mega rainfall scenario and the discharge by the scenario is defined as a mega flood discharge. A mega rainfall scenario was created on the assumption that 100-year frequency rainfall events were consecutively occurred in the Gyeongancheon stream basin. The SSARR (Streamflow Synthesis and Reservoir Regulation) model was used to estimate the mega flood discharge using the scenario in the basin. In addition, in order to perform more reasonable runoff analysis, the parameters were estimated using the SCE_UA algorithm. Also, the calibration and verification were performed using the objective functions of the weighted sum of squared of residual(WSSR), which is advantageous for the peak discharge simulation and sum of squared of residual(SSR). As a result, the mega flood discharge due to the continuous occurrence of 100-year frequency rainfall events in the Gyeongan Stream Basin was estimated to be 4,802㎥/s, and the flood discharge due to the 100-year frequency single rainfall event estimated by "the Master Plan for the Gyeongancheon Stream Improvement" (2011) was 3,810㎥/s. Therefore, the mega flood discharge was found to increase about 992㎥/s more than the single flood event. The results of this study can be used as a basic data for Comprehensive Flood Control Plan of the Gyeongan Stream basin.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.367-374
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• 2014

In the present study, disc-type LSCF/GDC (20 : 80 vol%) dual-phase membranes having porous LSC/GDC (50 : 50 vol%) active layers were prepared and effect of active layers on oxygen ion transport behavior was investigated. Introduction of active layers improved drastically oxygen flux due to enhanced electron conductivity and oxygen surface exchange activity. As firing temperature of active layer increased from $900^{\circ}C$ to $1000^{\circ}C$, oxygen flux increased due to improved contact between membrane and active layer or between grains of active layer. The enhanced contact would improve oxygen ion and electron transports from active layer to membrane. Also, as thickness of active layer increased from 10 to $20{\mu}m$, oxygen flux decreased since thick active layer rather prevented oxygen molecules diffusing through the pores. And, STF infiltration improved oxygen flux due to enhanced oxygen reduction reaction rate. The experimental data announces that coating and property control of active layer is an effective method to improve oxygen flux of dual-phase oxygen transport membrane.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.54-60
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• 1998

This study was focused on setting up a proper portion by elementary school foodservice operation. The results were summarized as follows : Individual average consumption size and consumption rate from elementary school foodservice : cooked rice 238g(97.84%), soup 213g(93.8%), pot stew 277g(91.2%), stir fry 68g(83.9%), stew 67g(81.3%), fresh salad and seasoned vegetable 54g(81.0%), kimchi 49g(95.6%), one course dish 429g(96.3%). Proper portion of meal for the elementary school foodservice based on a statistical data was as follows : cooked rice 230g, soup 205g, pot stew 262g, stir fry 40∼55g, stew 70g, fresh salad and seasoned vegetable 45∼50g, kimchi 50g, one course dish 360∼400g.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.99-102
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• 2011

Objective : The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the outcome of gamma knife radiosurgery (GKRS) and/or whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT) for the treatment of small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) metastasis to the brain. Methods : From 2000 to 2010, 50 patients underwent GKRS for metastatic brain lesions originating from SCLC. Among these patients, 11 received prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) before the development of metastatic lesions (PCI group), and GKRS was performed as an initial treatment for newly diagnosed lesions in 12 patients who had not received PCI (primary GKRS group). In addition, GKRS was performed as a salvage treatment for progressive lesions after WBRT in 27 patients (salvage GKRS group). The medical records and imaging data of all patients were retrospectively analyzed. Results : The overall survival of the 50 patients was 20.8 months (range 1-53) after the diagnosis of primary tumor and 12.0 months (range 1-47) after the development of cerebral metastasis. Median survival after GKRS was 4.8 months (range 1-15) in the PCI group, 4.6 months (range 0-18) in the primary GKRS group, and 7.6 months (range 0-33) in the salvage GKRS group. Further treatment for progressive lesions after GKRS was necessary in 15 patients, after a mean interval of 3.8 months. Causes of death were systemic organ failure in 15 patients, deterioration of neurological state in 13 patients, and unknown or combined causes in 16 patients. The local control rate of the lesions treated with GKRS was 76.4% (decreased in 13 patients and stable in 16 patients at the final imaging follow-up (mean 5.60 months). Conclusion : GKRS is an effective local treatment for brain metastasis from SCLC both as an initial treatment for newly diagnosed lesions after PCI and as a salvage treatment for recurrent or progressive lesions. However, the survival benefit is not significant because most patients die of systemic multi-organ failure with a short life expectancy.

• Journal of KIISE:Information Networking
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.521-528
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• 2008

Such conventional maritime communication technologies as radio have short some comings in their transmission quality. It can be overcome by wireless channels provided by satellites such as INMARSAT, which nevertheless suffer from the high costs. In this paper, we propose a novel technology resolving the above problems, featuring in the establishment of maritime communication networks with multi-hop structures. The inter vessel and ship-to- shore networks previously modeled after MANET are remodeled by SANET (Ship Ad Hoc Networks) in the present work. Fan-shaped Search Zone Routing (FSR) protocol also is presented, which utilizes not only static geographical information including the locations of ports and the navigations of courses but also the unique characteristics of ships in terms of mobile nodes. The FSR finds the fan-shaped search zone on which the shortest path is located. The performance of LAR protocol is compared with that of FSR in several ways. First, FSR does not make use of a type of control packets as beaconing data, resulting in a full utilization of the bandwidth of the wireless channels. Second, the delivery rate by the FSR is 100% for the fan-shaped search zone includes at least one route between source and destination nodes on its border line, where as that of LAR has been turned out to be 64%. Third, the optimality of routes searched by the FSR is on a 97% level. Of all, the FSR shows a better performance than LAR by about 50%.