• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제31권3B호
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• pp.285-291
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• 2011

물과 에너지의 순환에 대한 정확한 해석은 수문학, 기후학, 생태학적인 과정을 이해하는데 있어 매우 중요하다. 수문 순환 환경변화의 정확한 예측을 위해 사용되고 있는 모형들 중 Common Land Model(CLM)은 물과 에너지수지 방정식을 기반으로 한 최신 Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere Transfer(SVAT) 모형 중 하나로써, 비교적 간단한 매개변수를 이용하여 현실적이고 신뢰할 만한 결과를 산출해낼 수 있다. CLM 모형은 전 세계적으로 널리 이용되고 있으나, 국내에서는 정보의 부재와 입력자료의 미흡으로 인하여 실제적인 적용사례가 부족한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 CLM의 국내 적용성 검증을 위하여 해남 Korea Flux Network(KoFlux)의 자료와 Korea Land Data Assimilation System(KLDAS)의 자료를 이용하여 수문순환 환경인자들의 모형 결과를 산출하였다. 모형의 결과와 관측자료의 비교에서 KoFlux와 KLDAS의 두 입력 자료를 사용한 결과 모두 회귀분석에서의 결정계수 값이 0.73~1.00의 신뢰할 만한 수준으로 나타났다. 본 연구에서 CLM의 국내 적용 가능성을 확인하였고 지점자료가 존재하지 않는 지역에 대한 KLDAS의 이용가능성을 또한 확인하였다.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.215-224
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• 2014

2013년 여름철 집중관측기간(장마기간: 2013년 6월 20일-7월 7일, 집중호우기간: 2013년 7월 8일-30일) 동안 이동식 기상관측시스템의 레윈존데 관측 자료를 전 지구 통합예측시스템 3차원 자료동화에 이용하여 그 효과를 살펴보았다. 효과 분석을 위한 2가지 모의실험 중 규준실험은 기존 기상청 관측 자료만 사용한 것이고 관측시스템실험은 기상청 관측 자료에 이동식 기상관측시스템의 레윈존데 자료를 추가한 것이다. 장마기간 동안 두 실험의 500 hPa 지위고도, 850 hPa 기온, 300 hPa 풍속의 관측 및 분석검증 비교 결과 큰 차이를 보이지 않았는데, 이는 고정관측소의 레윈존데 자료(0000 UTC 및 1200 UTC)만을 기준으로 검증이 이루어졌기 때문이다. 하지만, 종관기상관측시스템의 시간별 누적 강수량 자료를 이용한 강수검증에 있어서 관측시스템실험의 평균 공정임계지수가 규준실험에 비해 2% 수준으로 개선된 결과를 보였다. 특히 강수검증에서 긍정적인 효과가 나타난 사례만 비교한 경우, 관측시스템실험의 평균 공정임계지수가 규준실험에 비해 41%까지 개선된 결과를 보여 이동식 기상관측시스템 레윈존데 관측 자료가 수치모델의 예측정확도 향상에 유용함을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국농림기상학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.171-183
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• 2005

In order to monitor the global terrestrial carbon cycle, NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) provides 8-day GPP images by use of satellite remote-sensing reflectance data from MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) at l-km nadir spatial resolution since December, 1999. MODIS GPP algorithm adopts DAO (Data Assimilation Office) meteorological data to calculate daily GPP. By evaluating reliability of DAO data with respect to surface weather station data, we examined the effect of errors from DAO data on MODIS GPP estimation in the Korean Peninsula from 2001 to 2003. Our analyses showed that DAO data underestimated daily average temperature, daily minimum temperature, and daily vapor pressure deficity (VPD), but overestimated daily shortwave radiation during the study period. Each meteorological variable resulted in different spatial patterns of error distribution across the Korean Peninsula. In MODIS GPP estimation, DAO data resulted in overestimation of GPP by $25\%$ for all biome types but up to $40\%$ for forest biomes, the major biome type in the Korean Peninsula. MODIS GPP was more sensitive to errors in solar radiation and VPD than in temperatures. Our results indicate that more reliable gridded meteorological data than DAO data are necessary for satisfactory estimation of MODIS GPP in the Korean Peninsula.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.109-116
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• 2002

The diagnostic and prognostic methods for generating 3 dimensional wind field were comparatively analyzed and 4 dimensional data assimilation (FDDA) technique by incorporating Automatic Weather System (AWS) into the prognostic methods was discussed for the urban scale air quality model. The A WS covered the urban scale grid distance of 10.6 km and 4.3 km in South Korea and Kyong-in region, respectively. This is representing that AWS for FDDA could be fairly well accommodated in prognostic model with the meso${\gamma}$~ microa scale (~5 km), indicating that the 3 dimensional wind field by FDDA technique could be a useful interpretative tool in urban area for the atmospheric environmental impact assessment.

• 대기
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.395-409
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• 2022

A new soil moisture initialization scheme is applied to the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) Global Seasonal forecasting system version 6 (GloSea6). It is designed to ingest the microwave soil moisture retrievals from Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) radiometer using the Local Ensemble Transform Kalman Filter (LETKF). In this technical note, we describe the procedure of the newly-adopted initialization scheme, the change of soil moisture states by assimilation, and the forecast skill differences for the surface temperature and precipitation by GloSea6 simulation from two preliminary experiments. Based on a 4-year analysis experiment, the soil moisture from the land-surface model of current operational GloSea6 is found to be drier generally comparing to SMAP observation. LETKF data assimilation shows a tendency toward being wet globally, especially in arid area such as deserts and Tibetan Plateau. Also, it increases soil moisture analysis increments in most soil levels of wetness in land than current operation. The other experiment of GloSea6 forecast with application of the new initialization system for the heat wave case in 2020 summer shows that the memory of soil moisture anomalies obtained by the new initialization system is persistent throughout the entire forecast period of three months. However, averaged forecast improvements are not substantial and mixed over Eurasia during the period of forecast: forecast skill for the precipitation improved slightly but for the surface air temperature rather degraded. Our preliminary results suggest that additional elaborate developments in the soil moisture initialization are still required to improve overall forecast skills.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.910-919
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• 2012

The role of inorganic nitrogen assimilation in the production of amino acids, organic acids and soluble sugars is one of the most important biochemical processes in plants, and, in order to achieve normally, nitrate uptake and assimilation is essential. For this reason, the characterization of nitrate assimilation and metabolite composition from leaves, roots and xylem sap of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) was investigated under different nitrate levels in media. Tomato plants were grown hydroponically in liquid culture under five different nitrate regimes: deficient (0.25 and 0.75 mM $NO_3{^-}$), normal (2.5 mM $NO_3{^-}$) and excessive (5.0 and 10.0 mM $NO_3{^-}$). All samples, leaves, roots and xylem sap, were collected after 7 and 14 days after treatment. The levels of amino acids, soluble sugars and organic acids were significantly decreased by N-deficiency whereas, interestingly, they remained higher in xylem sap as compared with N-normal and -surplus. The N-excessive condition did not exert any significant changes in metabolites composition, and thus their levels were similar with N-normal. The gene expression and enzyme activity of nitrate reductase (NR), nitrite reductase (NIR) and glutamine synthetase (GS) were greatly influenced by nitrate. The data presented here suggest that metabolites, as a signal messenger, existed in xylem sap seem to play a crucial role to acquire nitrate, and, in addition, an increase in ${\alpha}$-ketoglutarate pathway-derived amino acids under N-deficiency may help to better understand plant C/N metabolism.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.19-28
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• 2015

This study investigated final consonant error characteristics at word-medial position in children with functional articulation disorder. Data was collected from 11 children with functional articulation and 11 normal children, ages 4 to 5. The speech samples were collected from a naming test. Seventy-five words with every possible bi-consonants matrix at the word-medial position were used. The results of this study were as follows : First, percentage of correct word-medial final consonants of functional articulation disorder was lower than normal children. Second, there were significant differences between two groups in omission, substitution and assimilation error. Children with functional articulation disorder showed a high frequency of omission and regressive assimilation error, especially alveolarization in regressive assimilation error most. However, normal children showed a high frequency of regressive assimilation error, especially bilabialization in regressive assimilation error most. Finally, the results of error analysis according to articulation manner, articulation place and phonation type of consonants of initial consonant at word-medial, both functional articulation disorder and normal children showed a high error rate in stop sound-stop sound condition. The error rate of final consonant at word-medial position was high when initial consonant at word-medial position was alveolar sound and alveopalatal sound. Futhermore, when initial sounds were fortis and aspirated sounds, more errors occurred than linis sound was initial sound. The results of this study provided practical error characteristics of final consonant at word-medial position in children with speech sound disorder.

• 대기
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.229-240
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• 2021

본 연구에서는 기상청에서 2018년부터 운영 중인 전지구 해양자료동화시스템 GODAPS에 대하여 소개하였으며, 2015년 2월부터 2016년 1월까지 일년간의 실험 수행을 통한 결과를 분석하여 이 시스템의 특성을 살펴보았다. GODAPS는 크게 해양-해빙 모델과 3차원 변분법 기반의 자료동화 시스템으로 구성되어 있고, 전지구적으로 수집된 현장 및 위성 관측자료를 자료동화하여 매일 1회 분석장과 예측장을 생산한다. 이때 해수면온도, 수온과 염분 프로파일, 해수면고도 변이, 그리고 해빙농도 관측자료를 자료동화한다. 분석증분 및 배경장/분석장으로부터의 관측증분에 대한 분석, 자료동화를 적용하지 않은 실험과의 비교 등을 통해 GODAPS 자료동화 결과를 비교검증하였다. 자료동화는 관측자료들을 효과적으로 활용하고 있었으며, 전지구 규모에서 편차를 줄인 분석장과 예측장을 생산하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이외에도, 변동성이 강한 중위도 해역의 쿠로시오와 걸프만 해류의 중규모 현상을 재현하는데 있어서도 결정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인하였다. 해양초기장을 향상시키기 위해서는 모델과 자료동화 기술의 개발과 더불어, 다양한 관측자료를 활용하는 것이 중요하다. 하지만, 현업에서 활용할 수 있는 해양관측자료는 한계가 있으며, 따라서 가용한 자료를 자료동화 과정에 포함시키는 노력이 요구된다. 수온에 비해 염분의 경우 상대적으로 관측자료가 부족한데, 최근에는 SMAP (Soil Moisture Active Passive) 등 인공위성을 활용한 표층 염분자료가 제공되고 있으며, 기상청에서도 자료동화 과정에 독립적인 위성 염분자료를 활용한 분석장 검증 및 자료동화에 직접적용하는 연구를 추진하고 있다. 특히, 표층 염분의 자료동화를 통해 열대해역의 혼합층 깊이가 개선되고, 결과적으로 기후예측성을 향상시키는 연구결과(Hackert et al., 2020) 등을 고려할 때, 향후 위성관측 표층염분의 자료동화는 기후예측 분야에 있어서 점차 중요해질 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구의 실험결과에서도 GODAPS의 염분 관측증분 오차가 표층에서 상대적으로 크게 나타나고 있어, 해양초기장의 정확성을 높이고 나아가 기후예측성을 높이는데 위성 염분자료가 효과적으로 사용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 대기
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.171-186
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• 2013

Recently, the number of observations used in a data assimilation system is increasing due to the enormous amount of observations, including satellite data. However, it is not clear that all of these observations are always beneficial to the performance of the numerical weather prediction (NWP). Therefore, it is important to evaluate the effect of observations on these forecasts so that the observations can be used more usefully in NWP process. In this study, the adjoint-based Forecast Sensitivity to Observation (FSO) method with the KMA Unified Model (UM) is applied to two high-impact weather events which occurred in summer and winter in Korea in an effort to investigate the effects of observations on the forecasts of these events. The total dry energy norm is used as a response function to calculate the adjoint sensitivity. For the summer case, TEMP observations have the greatest total impact while BOGUS shows the greatest impact per observation for all of the 24-, 36-, and 48-hour forecasts. For the winter case, aircraft, ATOVS, and ESA have the greatest total impact for the 24-, 36-, and 48-hour forecasts respectively, while ESA has the greatest impact per observation. Most of the observation effects are horizontally located upwind or in the vicinity of the Korean peninsula. The fraction of beneficial observations is less than 50%, which is less than the results in previous studies. As an additional experiment, the total moist energy norm is used as a response function to measure the sensitivity of 24-hour forecast error to observations. The characteristics of the observation impact with the moist energy response function are generally similar to those with the dry energy response function. However, the ATOVS observations were found to be sensitive to the response function, showing a positive (a negative) effect on the forecast when using the dry (moist) norm for the summer case. For the winter case, the dry and moist energy norm experiments show very similar results because the adjoint of KMA UM does not calculate the specific humidity of ice properly such that the dry and moist energy norms are very similar except for the humidity in air that is very low in winter.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제15권8호
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• pp.745-757
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• 2006

We focus on the improvement of accuracy of sea surface wind over complex coastal area doling the warm season. Local Analysis Prediction System (LAPS) was used to improve the initial values in Mesoscale Meteorological model (MM5). During the clear summer days with weak wind speed, sea surface wind simulated with LAPS was compared with the case without LAPS. The results of modeling with LAPS has a good agreement mesoscale circulation such as mountain and valley winds on land and in case of modeling without LAPS, wind speed overestimated over the sea in the daytime. And the results of simulation with LAPS indicated similar wind speed values to observational data over the sea under influence of data assimilation using BUOY, QuikSCAT, and AMEBAS. The present study suggests that MM5 modelling with LAPS showed more improved results than that of without LAPS to simulate sea surface wind over the complex coastal area.