• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.145-159
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to analyze the structural relationship as to how learning flow and self-directed learning are linked to learning motives and academic self-efficacy in the learning setting of high school students. To accomplish such purpose, based on theoretical backgrounds and preceding research findings evaluation models were put to verification for a valid research model for this study. The initial hypothetical model was that self-directed learning ability would have a direct influence on learning motive, academic efficacy and learning flow, while having an indirect influence on learning flow with learning motive and self-efficacy acting as a mediating variable. But the hypothetical model showed low significance level between self-directed learning and learning motive, and learning motive and learning flow. Therefore, links were adjusted to create the final model within the scope that the adequacy of the model might not be compromised. To verify the model, 900 high school students in Seoul were surveyed and the collected data were statistically analyzed using AMOS v21.0 and SPSS v21.0 But 815 surveys were excluded because they were not sufficiently answered. From the analysis, it was found that self-directed learning and academic efficacy have a direct influence on learning flow while self-directed learning and academic efficacy have an indirect leaning motive and learning flow. This finding means that, in the relationship of self-directed learning and learning flow, learning motive and learning efficacy are positive factors that help high school students experience learning flow. Thus, in order to enhance the experience of self-directed learning ability of high school students, various educational endeavors are needed to draw the experience of learning flow during the regular course of study. In addition, customized educational methods and environments are required to increase academic efficacy of the students.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2013

This study was aimed to solve the problems of current national genetic evaluation systems in Korea and its development to pass the verification processes as required by International Bull Evaluation Service (Interbull). This will enable Korea to participate in international genetic evaluation program. A total of 1,416,589 test-day milk records with calving dates used in this study were collected by National Agricultural Cooperative Federation from 2001 to 2009. Parity was limited up to fifth calving and milk production records were adjusted to cumulative 305 day lactation. The pedigree consisted of 2,279,741 animals where 2,467 bulls had 535,409 parents. A newly developed multiple trait model was used in calculation of breeding values for milk yield, milk fat, and protein yield. Data were edited with SAS (version 9.2) and R programs, and genetic parameters were estimated using VCE 6.0. Results showed a continuous increase in genetic potentials, in general, and no remarkable differences were found between performances by parity. Except fat yield, potentials in milk yield and protein yield were well calculated. We found an increased number of daughters per each top ranked 1,000 bulls in recent years of calf births compared to the cases of previous evaluations. Of the bulls ranked top 100 by our new models (multiple-trait models) we found that increased numbers of bulls were included. Of twenty eight bulls born in 2006, twenty bulls born in 2007 and eight bulls born in 2008 that were listed by new models, only 23, 12, and 2 bulls born in respective years were represented on top 100 by old single-trait models. Re-ranking of the daughters or sires by multiple-trait models suggest that this new multiple trait approach should be used for dairy cattle genetic evaluation and seed-stock selection in the future to increase the accuracy of multiple trait selection. Breeding values for these traits should also be calculated by new method for international genetic evaluation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 1991

An experiment has been carefully designed and performed to verify the theory for the echointergration technique of estimating the density of fish school by the use of steel spheres in a laboratory tank. The spheres used to simulate a fish school were randomly distributed throughout the insonified volume to produce the acoustic echoes similar to those scattered from real fish schools. The backscattered echoes were measured as a function of target density at tow frequencies of 50kHz and 200kHz. Data acquisition, processing and analysis were performed by means of the microcomputer-based sonar-echo processor including a FFT analyzer. Acoustic scattering characteristics of a 36cm mackerel was investigated by measuring fish echoes with frequencies ranging from 47.8kHz to 52.0kHz. The fluctuation of bottom echoes caused by the effects of fish-school attenuation and multiple scattering which occurred in dense aggregations of fishes was also examined by analyzing the echograms of sardine schools obtained by a 50kHz telesounder in the set-net's bagnet, and the echograms obtained by a scientific echo sounder of 50kHz in the East China Sea, respectively. The results obtained can be summarized as follows: 1. The measured and the calculated echo shapes on the steel sphere used to simulate a fish school were in close agreement. 2. The waveform and amplitude of echo signals by a mackerel without swimbladder fluctuated irregularly with the measuring frequency. 3. When a collection of 30 targets/m super(3) lied the shadow region behind another collection of 5 targets/m super(3), the mean losses in echo energy for the 30 targets/m super(3) were about -0.4dB at 50kHz and about -0.2dB at 200kHz, respectively. 4. In the echograms obtained in the East China Sea, the bottom echoes fluctuated remarkably when the dense aggregations of fish appeared between transducer and seabed. Especially, in the case of the echograms of sardine school obtained in a set-net's bagnet, the disappearance of bottom echoes and the lengthening of the echo trace by fish aggregations were observed. Then the mean density of the sardine school was estimated as 36 fish/m super(3). It suggests that when the distribution density of fishes in oceans is greater than this density, the effects of fish-school attenuation and multiple scattering must be taken into account as a possible source of error in fish abundance estimates. 5. The relationship between mean backscattering strength (, dB) and target density ($\rho$, No./m super(3)) were expressed by the equations: =-46.2+13.7 Log($\rho$) at 50kHz and =-43.9+13.4 Log($\rho$) at 200kHz. 6. The difference between the experimentally derived number and the actual number of targets gradually decreased with an increase in the target density and was within 20% when the density was 30 targets/m super(3). From these results, we concluded that when the number of targets in the insonified volume is large, the validity of the echo-integration technique of estimating the density of fish schools could be expected.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.13-20
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• 1991

This paper describes the fish-density dependence of the mean backscattering strength with aggregations of encaged, free-swimming fish of known density in relation to the experimental verification of echo-integration technique for estimating the density of fish shoals. In this experiment, various numbers of gold crussian, Carassius burgeri burgeri, with a mean length of 18.5cm and a mean weight of 205.9g, were introduced into a net cage of approximately 0.76m super(3). During the backscattering measurements. the cage was suspended on the sound axis of the 50kHz transducer having a beam width of 33 degrees at -3dB downpoints. The volume backscattering strengths from fish aggregations were measured as a function of fish density. Data acquisition, processing and analysis were performed by means of the microcomputer-based sonar-echo processor including a FFT analyzer. The calibration of echo-sounder system was carried out at field with a steel ball bearing of 38mm in diameter having the target strength of -40.8dB. The dorsal-aspect target strengths on anesthetized specimens of gold crussian used in the cage experiment were measured and compared with the target strength predicted by the fish density-echo energy relationship for aggregations of free-swimming gold crussian in the cage. The results obtained can be summarized as follows: 1. The target strengths in the dorsal aspect on anesthetized specimens of gold crussian, with the mean length of 19.1cm and the mean weight of 210.5g, varied from -40.9dB to -44.8dB with a mean of -42.6dB. This mean target strength did not differ significantly from that predicted by the regression of echo energy on fish density of free-swimming gold crussian in the cage. It suggests that the target-strength measurements on anesthetized fish was valid and can be representative for live, free-swimming fish. 2. The relationship between mean backscattering strength(, dB) and distribution density of gold $crussian(\rho, $ fish/m super(3)) was expressed by the following equation; =-41.9+11 $Log(\rho)$ with a correlation coefficient of 0.97. This result support the existence of a linear relationship between fish density and echo energy, but suggest that this line has steeper slope than the regression by the theory of estimating the density of fish schools.

• 대한공업교육학회지
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.19-36
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• 2014

The purposes of this study are to grasp industry vocational subject student-teachers' instruction area, compare cognitive level of cooperating teacher and student-teachers for the importance of instruction area and secure base data required to develop educational practical area of professional teachers in specialized high school. To achieve this, instruction area of instruction teacher in charge of industry vocational subject pre-teacher education was developed by document consideration and expert verification and differences of importance cognition for the area was compared between educational practice insturction teacher and student-teacher. The results are as the following. First, for the instruction areas that educational practice instruction teachers should teach student-teacher, there are 7 categories, 17 mid-fields and 85 subsections. Especially expert group suggested an opinion that areas of teacher's values and personality formation should be added to pre-teachers. And, they judged that category of school business showed low validity for educational practice instruction teacher's instruction area. Second, educational practice instruction teacher importantly cognized 'class activity', 'student instruction and class management' and 'development of desirable view of education attitude'. On the other hand, they cognized 'development and management of curriculum', 'support on educational activity', 'industrial-educational cooperation and tie with local community' and 'specialty improvement' less importantly. Student-teachers cognized 'class activity', 'student instruction and class management', 'specialty improvement', 'development of desirable view of education attitude' importantly. They cognized 'development and management of curriculum', 'support on educational activity' and 'industrial-educational cooperation and tie with local community' relatively less importantly. Third, both educational practice instruction teachers and student-teachers importantly cognized 'class activity', 'student instruction and class management' and 'development of desirable view of education attitude'. However, student-teachers importantly cognized, but educational practice instruction teachers didn't importantly cognized 'specialty improvement'. Both two group cognized 'development and management of curriculum', 'support on educational activity' and 'industrial-educational cooperation and tie with local community' less importantly.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.27 no.9
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• pp.978-988
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• 2005

A three-dimensional dynamic model was applied to Lake Paldang, Han River in this study. The model was calibrated and verified using the data measured under different ambient conditions. The model results were in reasonable agreements with the field measurements in both calibration and verification. Utilizing the validated model, we analyzed the spatial and temporal distributions of temperature, current, residence time, and spreading pattern of incoming flows within the lake. Relatively low velocity and high temperature were computed at the surface layer in the southern region of the Sonae island. The longest residence time within the lake was predicted in the southern region of the Sonae island and the downstream region of the South Branch. This can be attributed to the fact that the back currents caused by the dam blocking occur mainly in these regions. Vertical thermal profiles indicated that the thermal stratifications would be occurred feebly in early summer and winter. During early spring and fall, it appeared that there would be no discernible differences at the vertical temperature profiles in the entire lake. The vertical overturns, however, do not occur during these periods due to an influence of high discharge flows from the dam. During midsummer monsoon season with high precipitation, the thermal stratification was disrupted by high incoming flow rates and discharges from the dam and very short residence time was resulted in the entire lake. In this circulation patterns, the plume of the Kyoungan stream with smallest flow rate and higher water temperature tends to travel downstream horizontally along the eastern shore of the south island and vertically at the top surface layer. The model results suggest that the Paldang lake should be a highly hydrodynamic water body with large spatial and temporal variations.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.108-118
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to develop a relationship of measuring method for the social security network and verify its validity and reliability and apply it to investigate the due to security life satisfaction. This study is based by setting general residents of Seoul in 2013 and using the stratified cluster random sampling method to analyze a total amount of 203 examples. The measuring methods for the social security network was developed through document research, conceptual definition and drafting the survey, experts' conference, preliminary inspection and original examination, verification of the validity and reliability of the survey. An experts' conference took pace to verify the validity of the survey, and 6 factors were extracted through exploratory factor analysis crime prevention design, street CCTV facilities, volunteer neighborhood patrol, local government security education, police public peace service, private security service. The conclusion are the following. Collected data was analyzed based on the aim of this study using SPSSWIN 18.0, and practice frequency analysis, F test, factor analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, multiple regression analysis. First, the validity of the social security network measurement is very high. Thus, the factors constituting the social security network were found to be crime prevention design, street CCTV facilities, volunteer neighborhood patrol, local government security education, police public peace services, and private security services, and the crime prevention design factor was found to be most explanatory. Second, the reliability of the social security network measurement is very high. Thus, the correlation between the questions and the sector, the questions and the social security net was very high, and the internal consistency showed a Cronbach's${\alpha}$ value of over 0.865. Third, the establishment of a social security network had the biggest effect on people in their forties. Thus, when the crime prevention design, street CCTV facilities, local government security education, police public peace services are systematically established, the social anxiety of citizens was reduced.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.43-61
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• 2011

In this research, we propose a dynamic decision making using social context based on ontology. Dynamic adaptation is adopted for the high qualified decision making, which is defined as creation of proper information using contexts depending on decision maker's state of affairs in ubiquitous computing environment. Thereby, the context for the dynamic adaptation is classified as a static, dynamic and social context. Static context contains personal explicit information like demographic data. Dynamic context like weather or traffic information is provided by external information service provider. Finally, social context implies much more implicit knowledge such as social relationship than the other two-type context, but it is not easy to extract any implied tacit knowledge as well as generalized rules from the information. So, it was not easy for the social context to apply into dynamic adaptation. In this light, we tried the social context into the dynamic adaptation to generate context-appropriate personalized information. It is necessary to build modeling methodology to adopt dynamic adaptation using the context. The proposed context modeling used ontology and cases which are best to represent tacit and unstructured knowledge such as social context. Case-based reasoning and constraint satisfaction problem is applied into the dynamic decision making system for the dynamic adaption. Case-based reasoning is used case to represent the context including social, dynamic and static and to extract personalized knowledge from the personalized case-base. Constraint satisfaction problem is used when the selected case through the case-based reasoning needs dynamic adaptation, since it is usual to adapt the selected case because context can be changed timely according to environment status. The case-base reasoning adopts problem context for effective representation of static, dynamic and social context, which use a case structure with index and solution and problem ontology of decision maker. The case is stored in case-base as a repository of a decision maker's personal experience and knowledge. The constraint satisfaction problem use solution ontology which is extracted from collective intelligence which is generalized from solutions of decision makers. The solution ontology is retrieved to find proper solution depending on the decision maker's context when it is necessary. At the same time, dynamic adaptation is applied to adapt the selected case using solution ontology. The decision making process is comprised of following steps. First, whenever the system aware new context, the system converses the context into problem context ontology with case structure. Any context is defined by a case with a formal knowledge representation structure. Thereby, social context as implicit knowledge is also represented a formal form like a case. In addition, for the context modeling, ontology is also adopted. Second, we select a proper case as a decision making solution from decision maker's personal case-base. We convince that the selected case should be the best case depending on context related to decision maker's current status as well as decision maker's requirements. However, it is possible to change the environment and context around the decision maker and it is necessary to adapt the selected case. Third, if the selected case is not available or the decision maker doesn't satisfy according to the newly arrived context, then constraint satisfaction problem and solution ontology is applied to derive new solution for the decision maker. The constraint satisfaction problem uses to the previously selected case to adopt and solution ontology. The verification of the proposed methodology is processed by searching a meeting place according to the decision maker's requirements and context, the extracted solution shows the satisfaction depending on meeting purpose.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.239-255
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to understand middle school Home Economics teachers' family value and needs on learning objectives of family life area, and to identify the relationship between the two. Data was collected from the survey mailed to the teachers responsible for family life area in $\lceil$Technology/Home Economics$\rfloor$ in middle schools in Korea. The collected 312 questionnaires were used for final analysis. SPSS/WIN program was used for calculating average, standard deviation, percentage, t-test, ANOVA with post-verification scheffe., and correlation analysis. Followings are the summary of the results of this study. Firstly, the family value of middle school Home Economics teachers was relatively modern. They had very modem sense of value in all of the sub-areas such as sense of value on marriage. on gender role. on children, on filial love, and familism. Secondly, regarding needs on family life area of learning objects of Home Economics teachers, the requirement on emancipatory system of action was the highest. technical system of action was the next, and Communicative System of Action was the lowest. Thirdly, in the relationship between the needs of teaming objects of family life area and the family value, the needs of technical and interpretive behavioral system had few things to do with the family value. However. the needs on teaming object needs of emancipatory system of action was higher as the family value was modern. The trend in the relationship with needs was same in all the sub-areas such as sense of value on marriage, on gender role, on children. on filial love, and familism. However, the family value and the achievement level of family life area goals did not show significant correlation. Fourthly, regarding the family value and the needs on teaming objectives of family life area of middle school Home Economics teachers, those who were female, who had certificates for Home Economics Teaching, who were young and who had less experiences in teaching had more modem family value and required more teaming objectives in emancipatory system of action. Considering the results of the study, it is needed to emphasize the learning objects of emancipatory system of action in family life education by inducing consensus on the proposition that Home Economics subject is a critical and practical subject. To do this. it is needed to provide Home Economics teachers with emancipatory interest and mature family value through educating and refreshing them. It is desirable to separate Technology and Home Economics so that certificated Home Economics teachers could teach family life area. In that case they can teach the subject in the point of practical criticism. If the area is to be taught by other subject teachers there should be enough understanding on the philosophy and nature of Home Economics subject beforehand.

• Journal of Venture Innovation
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.1-26
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to explore the factors affecting rural experience by applying the unified push-pull-mooring model. The theoretical model is an unified PPM model that introduces new variables based on PPM. The pull factor of the newly introduced variables were reconstructed based on the Schmitt's Experience model and ServQual model. The hypothesis is set as follows. The push factor will have a negative effect on experience satisfaction and the pull factor(experience attributes, service quality)will have a positive effect on experience satisfaction. Also, mooring factors will have a negative effect on experience satisfaction. The research model of this study was tested by structural equation model based on 314 effective questionnaire data. Service quality had a positive effect on experience satisfaction. Mooring factors have a negative effect on experience satisfaction. Push factor and experience attributes factor were analyzed to have a no significance effect on experience satisfaction. These results theoretically test that the mooring factors also have an important effect on the experience satisfaction in the rural experience. Based on the Schmitt's Experience model and ServQual model introduced as a pull factor, the proposed unified PPM model proved to be a useful analysis framework. In practice, it was able to provide implications on what factors should be strategically and marketingly focused to activate the 6th industry experience.This study examined the impact of start-up education and mentoring on the intentions of business start-up, and verified through empirical analysis whether self-efficacy and resilience were mediated between them. The study surveyed 178 people in their 20s to 50s. The result analysis used the IBM SPSS Statistics 21.0 Statistical Package Program. The analysis performed a regression analysis for factor analysis, correlation analysis, and hypothesis verification. Empirical Research Results. First, it was confirmed that start-up education and mentoring affect on the intentions of business start-up. Second, study shows self-efficacy and resilience has an affect on the intentions of business start-up. Third, start-up education and mentoring affect on self-efficacy and resilience. Fourth, self-efficacy and resilience have been proven to be mediated when entrepreneurship education and mentoring affect on the intentions of business start-up. The results of the research proved that start-up education and mentoring provides and acts as a major role in improving the entrepreneurs' willingness when preparing a start-up. Furthermore, the study also shows the importance of start-up education and mentoring as a proactive variable to promote their will to start-up business. In addition, it was confirmed that the self-efficacy investigated in the preceding study translated into the will to start a business. It was particularly meaningful in that it tested the role of resilience, which was mainly studied in new variables, education and psychology.