• Molecules and Cells
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• v.43 no.10
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• pp.870-879
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• 2020

Dendrites require precise and timely delivery of protein substrates to distal areas to ensure the correct morphology and function of neurons. Many of these protein substrates are supplied in the form of ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex consisting of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) and mRNAs, which are subsequently translated in distal dendritic areas. It remains elusive, however, whether key RBPs supply mRNA according to local demands individually or in a coordinated manner. In this study, we investigated how Drosophila sensory neurons respond to the dysregulation of a disease-associated RBP, Ataxin-2 (ATX2), which leads to dendritic defects. We found that ATX2 plays a crucial role in spacing dendritic branches for the optimal dendritic receptive fields in Drosophila class IV dendritic arborization (C4da) neurons, where both expression level and subcellular location of ATX2 contribute significantly to this effect. We showed that translational upregulation through the expression of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) further enhanced the ATX2-induced dendritic phenotypes. Additionally, we found that the expression level of another disease-associated RBP, fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), decreased in both cell bodies and dendrites when neurons were faced with aberrant upregulation of ATX2. Finally, we revealed that the PAM2 motif of ATX2, which mediates its interaction with poly(A)-binding protein (PABP), is potentially necessary for the decrease of FMRP in certain neuronal stress conditions. Collectively, our data suggest that dysregulation of RBPs triggers a compensatory regulation of other functionally-overlapping RBPs to minimize RBP dysregulation-associated aberrations that hinder neuronal homeostasis in dendrites.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.15-29
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• 1997

The author performed this study to investige the relationship between condylar movements recorded with Pantronic and mandibular movements at incisal area recorded with BioEGN. For this study 24 patients with Temporomandibular disorders(TMDs) and 30 dental students without any masticatory symptoms were selected as patients group and control group, respectively. The items recorded with Pantronic(Denar Corp., USA) were immediate side-shift, orbiting path, protrusive path, and PRI. BioEGN(Bioelectric-gnathography, Bioresearch Inc., USA) were sued to measure the amount of mandibular torque movement in frontal and horizontal plane and also the distance of mandibular translation at incisal area. Amount of mandibular rotational torque movement was analyzed by angle and difference between both condyles in frontal and horizontal plane. The collected data were processed with SAS program and conclusion were as follows : 1. Mean value of items recorded with Pantronic were not significantly differed between patients group and control group except the item of pantographic reproducibility index(PRI). The value of PRI was 39.5 in patients group, and 29.5 in control group. 2. The amount of mandibular torque movement was not differed tin early protrusive and early left excursion between patients group and control group, but in early right excursion, patients group showed more value than control group did. 3. The distance on sagittal plane in early eccentric movements were longer in patients group than those in control group, but the distance of maximal eccentric movements were not significantly differed between patients group and control group. 4. Items which showed significant correlation with PRI were progressive side-shift, and horizontal torque movement in early protrusion and right excursion. 5. The angle of protrusive path of affected side was greater than of non-affected side in unilaterally affected patients, but the protrusive angle of preferred chewing side was not differed from that of contralateral side in control group. 6. The amount of torque movement in early protrusion and right excursion were greater in patients with coincidence of affected side and preferred chewing side than in patients without coincidence.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.81-100
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• 1999

The result from the research on the disease classifications of the traditional medicine in China, Japan, Taiwan, and North Korea are followings: 1. It is remarkable that China has two different classifications. One is of the diseases named by western medicine and the other is of the syndromes compounded with parts, characters, and pathology of the diseases. The Traditional Chinese Medicine has 615 codes for diseases in 7 departments, and 1684 codes for syndromes. It seems that they have tried to match each disease named by the traditional chinese medicine to each one named by western medicine. But, they have left the diseases impossible to be equivalent to the ones in western medicine themselves and used the same codes of western medicine when the diseases are the same ones in western medicine. 2. In Taiwan, they try to connect the diseases named by the traditional medicine to the ones named by western medicine based on ICD-9. But, they did not attempt to classify the diseases of the traditional medicine by its own ways. The names of diseases in Taiwan medicine include both diseases and syndromes. It is limited to name syndromes by the traditional medicine. And, Taiwan medicine follows ICD in naming injuries. 3. Japan has not got the disease classification for the causes of death, but only the Japanese disease classification for the causes of death, a translation 'The international disease classification for the causes of death. Therefore, The diseases named by traditional medicines are excluded in the public medicine by some Japanese medicines which diagnose through the western medicine and treat by Wa Kang medicine. 4. I can't find out the data over the disease classification for the causes of death by traditional medicine in North Korea. Instead, I can refer to case histories in which differentiation of symptoms and signs and points about them by traditional medicine and the final diagnoses and report about examination by the western medicine has been recorded. In conclusion, It is a distinctive feature that they connect the diseases and the syndromes by the traditional medicine to the ones by the western medicine, and don't tell the diseases from the syndromes.

• Journal of the Korean Society for information Management
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.245-268
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• 2013

The paper describes a case study in which Sungkyunkwan University Library participated in the official ARL(Assoication of Research Libraries) LibQUAL+ evaluation program. LibQUAL+ model is based on the SERVQUAL service quality evaluation model originally developed in the marketing area. It details a number of processes including translation of the LibQUAL+ survey instrument into Korean, selection of study sample and choice of survey versions. In addition, it offers a number of strategies that can be adopted in order to analyze the survey data for various comparisons among different user groups and institutions. LibQUAL+ is more that a survey instrument; it a holistic system for assessing library service quality. Despite criticisms on LibQUAL+, we expect that university libraries in Korean will benefit from participating in the program. It is preferable that a group of libraries form a consortium to participate in the LibQUAL+ program as opposed to individual participation. The consortium can function as a learning community through various workshops and sharing activities, thus elevate the overall evaluation efforts in Korean libraries to a higher level.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.880-884
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• 2001

Rumen microbiology research has undergone several evolutionary steps: the isolation and nutritional characterization of readily cultivated microbes; followed by the cloning and sequence analysis of individual genes relevant to key digestive processes; through to the use of small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) sequences for a cultivation-independent examination of microbial diversity. Our knowledge of rumen microbiology has expanded as a result, but the translation of this information into productive alterations of ruminal function has been rather limited. For instance, the cloning and characterization of cellulase genes in Escherichia coli has yielded some valuable information about this complex enzyme system in ruminal bacteria. SSU rRNA analyses have also confirmed that a considerable amount of the microbial diversity in the rumen is not represented in existing culture collections. However, we still have little idea of whether the key, and potentially rate-limiting, gene products and (or) microbial interactions have been identified. Technologies allowing high throughput nucleotide and protein sequence analysis have led to the emergence of two new fields of investigation, genomics and proteomics. Both disciplines can be further subdivided into functional and comparative lines of investigation. The massive accumulation of microbial DNA and protein sequence data, including complete genome sequences, is revolutionizing the way we examine microbial physiology and diversity. We describe here some examples of our use of genomics- and proteomics-based methods, to analyze the cellulase system of Ruminococcus flavefaciens FD-1 and explore the genome of Ruminococcus albus 8. At Illinois, we are using bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) vectors to create libraries containing large (>75 kbases), contiguous segments of DNA from R. flavefaciens FD-1. Considering that every bacterium is not a candidate for whole genome sequencing, BAC libraries offer an attractive, alternative method to perform physical and functional analyses of a bacterium's genome. Our first plan is to use these BAC clones to determine whether or not cellulases and accessory genes in R. flavefaciens exist in clusters of orthologous genes (COGs). Proteomics is also being used to complement the BAC library/DNA sequencing approach. Proteins differentially expressed in response to carbon source are being identified by 2-D SDS-PAGE, followed by in-gel-digests and peptide mass mapping by MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry, as well as peptide sequencing by Edman degradation. At Ohio State, we have used a combination of functional proteomics, mutational analysis and differential display RT-PCR to obtain evidence suggesting that in addition to a cellulosome-like mechanism, R. albus 8 possesses other mechanisms for adhesion to plant surfaces. Genome walking on either side of these differentially expressed transcripts has also resulted in two interesting observations: i) a relatively large number of genes with no matches in the current databases and; ii) the identification of genes with a high level of sequence identity to those identified, until now, in the archaebacteria. Genomics and proteomics will also accelerate our understanding of microbial interactions, and allow a greater degree of in situ analyses in the future. The challenge is to utilize genomics and proteomics to improve our fundamental understanding of microbial physiology, diversity and ecology, and overcome constraints to ruminal function.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.111-116
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• 2003

The xylA gene of Bacillus stearothermophilus No. 236 encoding $\beta$-xylosidase was cloned and sequenced previously. The transcriptional start site of the xylA gene cloned in E. coli was identified to be the guanine (G) by primer extension analysis. This supports that the expression of xylA gene is also directed in the E. coli cells by the previously determined transcription initiation signals, -10 sequence (CATAAT) and -35 sequence (TTGTTA) separated by 12 bp. To increase the expression of $\beta$-xylosidase, firstly the spacer region of xylA promoter was extended from 12 to 17 bp, and then the -10 and -35 elements were converted into their respective consensus sequences. The mutant promoters thus obtained were tested for their activities in both the E. coli and B. subtilis host cells. The change of the length of the spacer region from 12 to 17 bp resulted in a 1.6- and 2.5-fold increase in promoter strength in comparison with the wild type promoter in E. coli and B. subtilis cells, respectively. Also, strength of the promoter with the fourth T to A transversion on its -35 element increased in the transcription level by about 35 times compared with that of wild-type promoter. However, surprisingly the 5' end C-to-T transition of the -10 hexamer showed a 5- to 15-fold reduction in $\beta$-xylosidase activity in both E. coli and B. subtilis. Together, the present data demonstrated that the 5' end nucleotide C of the -10 sequence CATAAT and the fourth nucleotide A of the -35 hexamer are two most critical nucleotides for the promoter activity in the context of the xylA promoter.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.27-34
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• 1999

The main purpose of this paper is to propose a general dialogue flow in 'the a appointment scheduling dialogues' in German using the concept of dialogue acts. A basic a assumption of this research is that dialogue acts contribute to the improvement of a translation system. They might be very useful to solve the problems that syntactic and semantic module could not resolve using contextual knowledge. The classification of the dialogue acts was conducted as a work of VERBMOBIL project and was based on real dialogues transcribed by experts. The real dialogues were analyzed in terms of the dialogue acts. We empirically analyzed the sequences of the dialogue acts not only in a series of dialogue turns but also in one dialogue turn. We attempted to analyZe the sequences in one dialogue turn additionally because the dialogue data used in this research showed some difference from the ones in other existing researches. By examining the sequences in dialogue acts. we proposed the dialogue flowchart in 'the a appointment scheduling dialogues' 'Based on the statistical analysis of the sequences of the most frequent dialogue acts. the dialogue flowcharts seem to represent' the a appointment scheduling dialogues' in general. A further research is required on c classification of dialogue acts which was a base for the analysis of dialogues. In order to e extract the most generalized model. we did not subcategorize each dialogue acts and used a limited number of items of dialogue acts. However. generally defined dialogue acts need to be defined more concretely and new dialogue acts for specific situations should be a added.

• Journal of KIISE:Computing Practices and Letters
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.341-351
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• 2003

Digital image watermarking is the method that can protect the copyright of the image by embedding copyright information, which is called watermark. Watermarking must have robustness to intentional or unintentional data changing, called attack. The conventional watermarking schemes are robust to waveform attacks such as image compression, filtering etc. However, they are vulnerable to geometrical attacks such as rotation, scaling, translation, and cropping. Accordingly, this paper proposes new watermarking scheme that is robust to geometrical attacks by using invariant centroid. Invariant centroid is the gravity center of a central area in a gray scale image that remains unchanged even when the image is attacked by RST including cropping and proposed scheme uses invariant centroids of original and inverted image as the template. To make geometrically invariant domain, template and angle compensated Log -Polar Map(LPM) is used. Then Discrete Cosine Transform(DCT) is performed and the watermark is embedded into the DCT coefficients. Futhermore, to prevent a watermarked image from degrading due to interpolation during coordinate system conversion, only the image of the watermark signal is extracted and added to the original image. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme is especially robust to RST attacks including cropping.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.152-161
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• 2015

CodY is a highly conserved protein in low G+C gram-positive bacteria that regulates genes involved in sporulation and stationary-phase adaptation. Bacillus thuringiensis is a grampositive bacterium that forms spores and parasporal crystals during the stationary phase. To our knowledge, the regulatory mechanism of CodY in B. thuringiensis is unknown. To study the function of CodY protein in B. thuringiensis, BMB171codY^- was constructed in a BMB171 strain. A shuttle vector containing the ORF of cry1Ac10 was transformed into BMB171 and BMB171codY^-, named BMB171cry1Ac and BMB171codY^-cry1Ac, respectively. Some morphological and physiological changes of codY mutant BMB171codY^-cry1Ac were observed. A comparative proteomic analysis was conducted for both BMB171codY^-cry1Ac and BMB171cry1Ac through two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF-MS/MS analysis. The results showed that the proteins regulated by CodY are involved in microbial metabolism, including branched-chain amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, and energy metabolism. Furthermore, we found CodY to be involved in sporulation, biosynthesis of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate, growth, genetic competence, and translation. According to the analysis of differentially expressed proteins, and physiological characterization of the codY mutant, we performed bacterial one-hybrid and electrophoretic mobility shift assay experiments and confirmed the direct regulation of genes by CodY, specifically those involved in metabolism of branched-chain amino acids, ribosomal recycling factor FRR, and the late competence protein ComER. Our data establish the foundation for in-depth study of the regulation of CodY in B. thuringiensis, and also offer a potential biocatalyst for functions of CodY in other bacteria.

• Journal of KIISE:Computing Practices and Letters
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.378-388
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• 2008

Flash memory has been attracting attention as the next mass storage media for mobile computing systems such as notebook computers and UMPC(Ultra Mobile PC)s due to its low power consumption, high shock and vibration resistance, and small size. A storage system with flash memory excels in random read, sequential read, and sequential write. However, it comes short in random write because of flash memory's physical inability to overwrite data, unless first erased. To overcome this shortcoming, we propose an SSD(Solid State Disk) architecture with two novel features. First, we utilize non-volatile FRAM(Ferroelectric RAM) in conjunction with NAND flash memory, and produce a synergy of FRAM's fast access speed and ability to overwrite, and NAND flash memory's low and affordable price. Second, the architecture categorizes host write requests into small random writes and large sequential writes, and processes them with two different buffer management, optimized for each type of write request. This scheme has been implemented into an SSD prototype and evaluated with a standard PC environment benchmark. The result reveals that our architecture outperforms conventional HDD and other commercial SSDs by more than three times in the throughput for random access workloads.