• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.27-51
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• 2007

The cumulative result of the work by the ICAO Secretariat, the Secretariat Study Group and the Council Special Group on the Modernization of the Rome Convention of 1952 are two draft Conventions, namely: "Draft Convention on Compensation for Damage Caused by Aircraft to Third Parties, in case of Unlawful Interference", and "Draft Convention on Compensation for Damage Caused by Aircraft to Third Parties" The core provisions of the former draft Convention are as follows: The liability of the operator is strict, that is, without the necessity of proof of fault. It would be liable for damage sustained by third parties on condition only that the damage was caused by an aircraft in flight(Article 3). However, such liability is caped based on the weight of the aircraft(Article 4). It is envisaged to create an independent organization called the Supplementary Compensation Mechanism, with the principle purpose to pay compensation to persons suffering damage in the territory of a State Party, and to provide financial support(Article 8). Compensation shall be paid by the SCM to the extent that the total amount of damages exceeds the Article 4 limits(Article 19). The main issues on the farmer draft Convention are relating to breaking away from Montreal Convention 1999, no limits on individual claims but a global limitation on air carrier liability, insurance coverage, cap of operators' strict liability, and Supplementary Compensation Mechanism. The core provisions of the latter draft Convention are as follows: the liability of the operator is strict, up to a certain threshold tentatively set at 250,000 to 500,000 SDRs. Beyond that, the operator is liable for all damages unless it proves that such damage were not due to its negligence or that the damages were solely due to the negligence of another person(Article 3). The provisions relating to the SCM and compensation thereunder do not operate under this Convention, as the operator is potentially for the full amount of damages caused. The main issues on the latter draft Convention are relating to liability limit of operator, and definition of general risks. In conclusion, we urge ICAO to move forward expeditiously on the draft Convention to establish a third party liability and compensation system that can stand ready to protect both third party victims and the aviation industry before another 9/11-scale event occurs.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.588-598
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• 2020

Objectives: Human indices were developed to determine returning point of residents and damage restoration after the chemical accident Methods: To determine the returning point of residents after the chemical accident, a new concept, the standard man model was introduced as a human index, in which both H-code and its acute effects were main idea. To evaluate the applicability, a hydrogen fluoride leakage accident in Gumi was applied. The returning point were suggested as the conservative remission period of acute effects among relevant hazard effects and compared with actual returning point. The coverage of each age group were considered with reflecting average daily dose expected for actual residents. In addition, a relief-index as a social-scientific approach was reflected as well to apply the damage restoration Results: Actual returning point of residents in Gumi was 88 days; and that of standard man model suggested was 84 days. The expected amount of exposure at aged 12 or under was at least 2.35 times greater than that of this model, 40s, theoretically. However, their population ratio was less than 1%, so 99% of residents could be applied when the standard man model was applied. The relief-index was as an objective and quantitative methodology to apply the qualitative aspect. Conclusions: Although evaluated as a relatively positive result, there was a limitation such as the number of accident applied to the verification of standard man model. The relief index was also considered, but further research should be carried out to find threshold level for the relief.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.293-303
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to determine if there were any beneficial effects of massage or microwave diathermy regarding delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) and indices of muscle damage. Twenty-one adult women, randomly divided in two treatment groups and a control group, performed eccentric stepping exercise with the quadriceps until exhaustion. The treatment groups additionally performed massage or microwave diathermy after the stepping exercise. Pressure pain threshold measure for DOMS and muscle enzymes in the blood were obtained before, and 0, 24, 48 and 72 hours after exercise. The results were as follows; 1. Eccentric exercise caused DOMS and elevations of muscle enzymes in the blood, with peak values exercise levels by 24 hours after exercise and GOT and CRP by 72 hours after exercise. DOMS and CK activity remained elevated 72 hours after exercise. 2. DOMS and blood muscle enzymes response to eccentric exercise were reduces by massage or micro diathermy therapy. DOMS was significantly decreased at 72 hours after exercise by massage and microwave diathermy. CK activity was significantly decreased at 72 hours after exercise by microwave diathermy. There was the significant reduction in LDH at 48 hours, GOT at 24, 48, 72 hours. and CRP at 24, 48 hours after exercise by massage and microwave diathermy. These results indicate that massage or microwave diathermy is had effect on recovery from exercise-induced muscle damage. In our's suggestion. microwave diathermy is particularly more appropriate therapeutic modality because it is more simple and economic than massage.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.22-26
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• 2014

Protocatechualdehyde (PA) is phenolic compound having antioxidative and antitumor activities. PA was purified from supernatant of Streptomyces lincolnensis M-20. In the presence of copper ion, PA acted as pro-oxidant. The antioxidant activity was assessed with the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, and the pro-oxidant effect of PA on DNA damage as pBR322 plasmid DNA-cleaving agents in the presence of Cu(II) ions was investigated. The involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the DNA damage was confirmed by the inhibition of the DNA breakage by using glutathione (GSH), specific scavenger of ROS. When the increase in ROS reaches a certain level (the toxic threshold), it may trigger cell death. The formation of the PA/Cu(II) chelate complex was confirmed by reaction with ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid (EDTA), a well-known chelating agent for metal ions, by using UV/Vis spectroscopic analysis.

• Atmosphere
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.189-197
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• 2017

Progressing from weather forecasts and warnings to multi-hazard impact-based forecast and warning services represents a paradigm shift in service delivery. Urban flooding is a typical meteorological disaster. This study proposes support plan for urban flooding impact-based forecast by providing inundation risk matrix. To achieve this goal, we first configured storm sewer management model (SWMM) to analyze 1D pipe networks and then grid based inundation analysis model (GIAM) to analyze 2D inundation depth over the Gangnam drainage area with $7.4km^2$. The accuracy of the simulated inundation results for heavy rainfall in 2010 and 2011 are 0.61 and 0.57 in POD index, respectively. 20 inundation scenarios responding on rainfall scenarios with 10~200 mm interval are produced for 60 and 120 minutes of rainfall duration. When the inundation damage thresholds are defined as pre-occurrence stage, occurrence stage to $0.01km^2$, 0.01 to $0.1km^2$, and $0.1km^2$ or more in area with a depth of 0.5 m or more, rainfall thresholds responding on each inundation damage threshold results in: 0 to 20 mm, 20 to 50 mm, 50 to 80 mm, and 80 mm or more in the rainfall duration 60 minutes and 0 to 30 mm, 30 to 70 mm, 70 to 110 mm, and 110 mm or more in the rainfall duration 120 minutes. Rainfall thresholds as a trigger of urban inundation damage can be used to form an inundation risk matrix. It is expected to be used for urban flood impact forecasting.

• Proceedings of the KOSOMBE Conference
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• v.1996 no.11
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• pp.192-196
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• 1996

[ $1.06/1.32{\mu}m$ ] dual-wavelength medical laser was developed and preliminary clinical comparisons at these two wavelengths were performed for dental application. We could develop a compact laser system 1) by lasing two wavelengths from the same Nd:YAG rod, and 2) by introducing high-voltage switching power supply modules. Experiment on gingiva of pig jaw showed higher thermal damage at $1.32{\mu}m$. Depending on particular procedures, each wavelength has its own advantages and disadvantages. For cutting, however, using conical tips rather than bare fibers provided better results with low threshold of cutting energy and less surrounding thermal damage. Appling light-absorbing dye on target area appeared to induce more damage during laser irradiation. However, histological studies showed no significant difference whether dye was applied or not.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.39 no.5_2
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• pp.837-847
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• 2023

In this study, we explored a method for assessing the extent of damage caused by chemical substances at an accident site through the use of a vegetation index. Data collection involved the deployment of two different drone types, and the damaged area was determined using photogrammetry technology from the 3D point cloud data. To create a vegetation index image, we utilized spectral band data from a multi-spectral sensor to generate an orthoimage. Subsequently, we conducted statistical analyses of the accident site with respect to the damaged area using a predefined threshold value. The Kappa values for the vegetation index, based on the near-infrared band and the green band, were found to be 0.79 and 0.76, respectively. These results suggest that the vegetation index-based approach for analyzing damage areas can be effectively applied in investigations of chemical accidents.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.231-234
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• 2006

The influences of powdery mildew caused by Sphaerotheca fusca were assessed on cucumber to verify the economic injury level and yield response. Based on the relation of disease severity and yield response, economic threshold was determined by grading the disease severity of powdery mildew. Yield loss simulation due to damage of powdery mildew was conducted by defoliation of lower cucumber leaves in two seasons. The minimum number of leaves was 10 in spring season and 13 in autumn season which made no distinct difference on cucumber yield. The whole yields of cucumber was reduced as the disease severity was increased. Therefore occurrence of powdery mildew have a negative effect on cucumber yield. The regression equation between disease severity and yield loss showed Y=-57.237x+6143.1, $R^2=0.9628$. This equation suggests the disease severity of economic threshold is 17.6%, which is 3% reduction point of yield based on yield and economic relations. These results suggest that application of fungicide should be needed when 1 or 2 leaves of cucumber are infected by powdery mildew in the growing season.

• Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.160-164
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• 2003

Materials processing by ultrashort pulsed laser is actively being applied to micromachining technology due to its advantages with regard to non-thermal machining. In this study, materials processing with ultrashort pulses was studied by using the high repetition rate of a 800 nm Ti:sapphire regenerative amplifier. This revealed that the highly precise micromachining of metallic thin film and bulk glass with a minimal heat affected zone (HAZ) could be obtained by using near damage threshold energy. Grooves with diffraction limited sub-micrometer width were obtained with widths of 620 nm on Cr thin film and 800 nm on a soda-lime glass substrate. The machined patterns were investigated through SEM images. We also phenomenologically examined the influence of variations of parameters and proposed the optimal process conditions for microfabrication.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2016.02a
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• pp.291.2-291.2
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• 2016

3D semiconductor material of silicon that is used throughout the semiconductor industry currently faces a physical limitation of the development of semiconductor process technology. The research into the next generation of nano-semiconductor materials such as semiconductor properties superior to replace silicon in order to overcome the physical limitations, such as the 2-dimensional graphene material in 2D transition-metal dichalcogenide (TMD) has been researched. In particular, 2D TMD doping without severely damage of crystal structure is required different conventional methods such as ion implantation in 3D semiconductor device. Here, we study a p-type doping technique on tungsten diselenide (WSe2) for p-channel 2D transistors by adjusting the concentration of hydrochloric acid through Raman spectroscopy and electrical/optical measurements. Where the performance parameters of WSe2 - based electronic device can be properly designed or optimized. (on currents increasing and threshold voltage positive shift.) We expect that our p-doping method will make it possible to successfully integrate future layered semiconductor devices.