• Journal of the Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.381-388
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• 1998

The ultrasonic method, which is well known as non-destructive test method, is widely used to evaluate the material damage caused by degradation practically. However, this method is just used for measuring the crack size and the thickness loss of tube. The purpose of this study is to investigate the applicability of the ultrasonic technique for the evaluation of carburized material and to suggest the correlations between the ultrasonic characteristics and carburized degradation. The miniaturized specimens($40{\times}20{\times}6.3mm$) are adopted from the HK-40 (25Cr-20Ni-0.4C) centrifugal cast tube after carburization treatment. Carburization was carried at $1200^{\circ}C$ by the pack method. The results of ultrasonic test present that the longitudinal wave velocity increased with the increase of carburized depth. The correlation between the longitudinal wave velocity and carburization was changed with the density and Young's modulus. Therefore, the average velocity in the materials carburized for 336 hours and the unused one were 5,840 m/s and 5,755 m/s at 5 MHz, respectively. With the obtained results from this study, it can be recognized that the technique using the ultrasonic velocity property is very useful method to evaluate the degree of carburized material non-destructively.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.136-143
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• 2016

Purpose: In patients with altered mentality caused by drugs or unknown causes, ammonia is checked to facilitate differential diagnosis or diagnose hepatic coma. This helps early prevention and treatment of brain damage due to hyperammonemia. This study was conducted to evaluate clinical characteristics of intoxicated adult patients with hyperammonemia. Methods: We evaluated 95 patients with hyperammonemia among intoxicated patients above the age of 15 who visited our ED from January 2013 to December 2015. We analyzed the demographic characteristics and type of poisoning substance, reason for ingestion, toxicological characteristics such as elapsed time from ingestion to hospital visit, lab, clinical progression and complications. Data were evaluated using the student's t test or Mann-Whitney U test for continuous variables, and Chi-square test and Fisher's exact test for frequency analysis of categorical variables. Results: When compared to healthy individuals, patients with hyperammonemia showed statistical significance on their SOFA score (p=0.016) and poison severity score (p<0.001). Additionally, patients with hyperammonemia showed significantly different initial serum AST level (p=0.012) and maximum serum AST level during the hospital stay (p=0.026) when compared to healthy individuals. Moreover, individuals with sustained hyperammonemia compared to transient hyperammonemia showed clinically significant SOFA scores (p<0.001), poison severity scores (p=0.007), mortality rates in the ICU (p=0.021), as well as different duration of hospital stay (p=0.037), serum creatinine level (p=0.002), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (p=0.025), and serum myoglobin (p=0.015). Conclusion: Most poisoning-induced hyperammonemia cases were transient and recovered without special treatment. Therefore, hyperammonemia is almost non-specific among poisoning patients.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.247-253
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• 2010

Apple scar skin viroid (ASSVd) is one of the smallest viral pathogens infecting fruits, especially apple, and causes a significant damage to fruit trees. ASSVd usually induced the skin-dapple ring symptoms, but in 'Fuji' varieties, corked spot were occurred on the fruit skin in 2009. This new symptom will be of great helpful to diagnosis ASSVd in sight. ASSVd was surveyed in apple and pear from 2009 to 2010 in Korea, and ASSVd was identified in 20 out of 1,193 trees. The infection rate was 1.7%. To screen the infectivity of ASSVd among apple cultivars, real-time RT-PCR was applied followed by designing of ASSVd specific primers based on highly conserved regions of several ASSVd isolates including Korean isolate. NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (nad 5) gene, which is mRNA of the mitochondrial gene, was used for internal control. In this study, ASSVd infected apples were classified into 12 groups depending on different symptoms and symptom severity (scaring, rusting or malformation). Taken together, this study suggested that real-time PCR analysis was more sensitive to detect the low copy of ASSVd on early viroid infected apple skins than regular RT-PCR method.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.277-294
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• 2010

The Seosanmaaesamjonbulsang (National Treasure No. 84) consists of light gray and coarse to mediumgrained biotite granite with partly developed pegmatite and quartz vein. The host rock is divided into dozens of rock blocks with various shape along irregular discontinuity plane. The evaluation results of discontinuity systems reveal that the host rock were exposed to instable sloping environments. Results of deterioration diagnosis show that the degree of damage has been made worse by physical weathering and surface discoloration laying stress on part that vertical and horizontal joints are massed. Generally, deterioration rate of the triad Buddha surface cover with 42.7%, however, the rate of physical weathering and surface discoloration are subdivided to 9.6% and 33.1%, respectively. Ultrasonic measurements indicate that the triad Buddha was reached highly weathered grade in general. And the rock material was weaken to show low velocity zone of 1,000m/s along irregular joint systems. Indoor and outdoor mean relative humidity of the shelter was recorded more than 70% during every season, and high frequency appears in high relative humidity range over 95%. Such environments seem to have produced dew condensation on the rock surface with rainfall and supply water, promoted physical, chemical and biological weathering along crack and joint, resulting in high permeation of water and percentage of water content. Therefore, it is judged that for scientific conservation of the triad Buddha it needs environment control through persistent preservation environment monitoring including water problem.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.201-212
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• 2006

Purpose : Vesicoureteral reflux(VUR) is the major risk factor of urinary tract infection(UTI) in children and may result in serious complications such as renal scarring and chronic renal failure. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between VUR and renal scar formation, the usefulness and correlation of various imaging studies in reflux nephropathy, and the spontaneous resolution of VUR. Methods : We retrospectively reviewed 106 patients with VUR with no accompanying urogenital anomalies in the Department of Pediatrics, Bundang CHA Hospital during the period from Jan. 1996 to Mar. 2005. Ultrasonography and $^{99m}Tc$-dimercaptosuccinic acid(DMSA) scan were performed in the acute period of UTI. Voiding cystourethrography(VCUG) was performed 1 to 3 weeks after treatment with UTI. Follow-up DMSA scan was performed 4 to 6 months after treatment and a follow-up VCUG was performed every 12 months. Results : The mean age at detection of VUR was $13.8{\pm}22.2$ months and the male to female ratio was 2:1. The incidence of renal scarring showed a tendency of direct correlation between severity of VUR(P<0.001) and abnormal findings of renal ultrasonography(P<0.01). 63.2%(24 of 38 renal units) of renal parenchymal defects present in the first DMSA scan disappeared on follow-up DMSA scans. Follow-up DMSA scans detected renal scars in 7(14%) of 50 renal units with ultrasonographically normal kidneys. Meanwhile, ultrasonography did not show parenchymal defects in 7(36.8%) of 19 renal units where renal scarring was demonstrated on a follow-up DMSA scan. The spontaneous resolution rate of VUR was higher(75%) in cases with low grade(I to III) VUR(P<0.01). Conclusions : The presence and severity of VUR and abnormal findings of renal ultrasonography significantly correlated with renal scar formation. DMSA scan was useful in the diagnosis of renal defects. Meanwhile renal ultrasonography was an inadequate method for evaluating renal parenchymal damage. Therefore, follow-up DMSA scans should be performed to detect renal scars even in children with low-grade VUR and normal renal ultrasonography.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.427-438
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• 2014

To measure the depth and extension on the surface cracks of the stone monument, ultrasonic pulse velocity targeted at the Mulgyeseowon Stele in Changnyeong was used in this research. Additionally, to establish a long-term countermeasure of management and conservation for this stele, we have investigated the material properties and damage on it and have conducted a precise diagnosis by a variety of non-destructive techniques. Our research has revealed that stones of the stele are composed mainly of three rock types according to the parts of it, alkali-feldspar granite, gabbro and diorite. The result of the deterioration evaluation has occurred that cracks, which are observed from every direction in the body of the stele, are the significant factors to reduce structural stability. The ultrasonic velocity for an evaluation on the properties of the stele has revealed that the speed was high in the order of body, pedestal and crown. Furthermore, to understand the present condition and occurrences of the cracks which have measured in many different forms on the stele quantitatively, we have estimated from 0.6 to 24.1cm deep of the cracks by To-Tc method using ultrasonic velocity.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.61-66
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• 2017

Calf diarrhea is a disease experienced by almost all of calves after birth and is one of the representative causes of damage to farmers due to mass mortality and of economic losses to them by inhibiting normal growth. In this study, we conducted quick detection of etiologic agents of diarrhea by using a rapid diagnostic kit to multiply diagnose antigens of five etiologic agents of calf diarrhea (rotavirus, coronavirus, Escherichia coli, Cryptosporidium, Giardia) in Hanwoo (Korean native cattle) calves. When the positive antigen proportion of the calf diarrheal feces for each farm was analyzed, rotavirus, coronavirus, Escherichia coli, Cryptosporidium, and Giardia showed antigen positive rates of 0~67%, 0~20%, 0~60%, 0~20%, and 0~67%, respectively. With regard to the antigen positive rate by age in days after birth, 1-week-old calves showed the antigen positive rate of 20% in rotavirus and 20% in Giardia, and 2-week-old calves showed that of 50% in rotavirus. In addition, 4-week-old calves showed the antigen positive rate of 10% in rotavirus, 10% in coronavirus, 10% in Escherichia coli, and 30% in Giardia, and 8-week-old calves showed the antigen positive rate of 17% in coronavirus, 50% in Escherichia coli, 17% in Cryptosporidium, and 33% in Giardia. Based on the results of this study, the etiologic agents of diarrhea in Hanwoo calves for each farm are widely distributed. Although younger than 2-week-old calves were strongly positive for rotavirus, older than 4-week-old calves were highly positive for Giardia and Escherichia coli. In conclusion, we considered that a rapid diagnostic kit is an effective method for quick detection of etiologic agents and would be helpful for cattle farmers and veterinarians to select appropriate therapeutic method.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.11-22
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• 2010

Treatise on the Pathogenesis and Manifestations of All Diseases(諸病源候論)was written by Chao Yuanfang that was most active during the Sui Dynasty at A.D. 610. It classified clinical medicine by some departments of internal medicine, surgery, obstetrics and gynecology, pediatrics, and otorhinolaryngology and within each specific department, categorizes etiology and pathology according to characteristics of various diseases. It was the total disease classification book that based on the bibles of the Oriental medicine, (Huangdi''s) Internal Classic(黃帝內經), Classic of Difficult Issues(難經) and Treatise on Cold Damage and Miscellaneous Diseases(傷寒雜病論), A-B Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion(鍼灸甲乙經), Essential Prescriptions Worth a Thousand Gold for Emergencies(備急千金要方) and Medical Secrets of an Official(外臺秘要). It was arranged tussive causes, classes, diagnosis, prognosis and stretching for treatment by Volume 13, all symptoms of tussiculation. Dialectic part was divided into cough(咳嗽), cough with dyspnea(咳逆上氣), cough with pus and blood(咳嗽吐膿血), cough with duck crying sound(?嗽), sudden cough(暴氣咳嗽), cough with dyspnea(咳逆), cough with dyspnea and vomiting(咳逆上氣嘔吐). Disease situation part was divided into the new cough(新咳) and old cough(舊咳), deficiency syndrome(虛證) and excess syndrome(實證), visceral cough(藏府咳), etc. Out of these, cough with counterflow(咳嗽上氣), cough with dyspnea(咳逆上氣), cough with dyspnea and vomiting(咳逆上氣嘔吐), cough with shortness of breath(咳逆短氣) have a close connection with dyspnea(上氣), counterflow of qi(逆氣), dyspnea and vomiting(上氣嘔吐) and shortness of breath(短氣) in the Pathogenesis and Manifestations of All qi(氣病諸候) of vol 13. So two parts may be refer to each other. However, the content on the original book has been addition and subtraction on the original context along with many reprints. Therefore, this paper, with regard to the prints of former editions, tried to help in better comprehension of the original context through readings and Korean translation.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.2019-2022
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• 2013

Purpose: To investigate the safety and efficacy of pemetrexed combined with chemotherapy as second or third line in patients with stage IV colorectal cancer (CRC). Patients and Methods: This trial was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of pemetrexed given to patients with recurrent or metastatic colorectal carcinoma who previously received 5-FU-based chemotherapy. All patients were required to have a histological diagnosis of colorectal adenocarcinoma with measurable metastatic disease and prior chemotherapy. Patients received pemetrexed at a dose of 500 $mg/m^2$ by 10 minute infusion on day 1, repeated every 21 days. Doses were modified depending on nadir counts. Combined chemotherapy included Oxaliplatin, Irinotecan and cis-platinum. Results: Thirty patients were enrolled and twenty-nine were evaluable for response. One patient did not have repeat radiological testing to determine response because he went off study after only one cycle of treatment for economic reasons. For 29 evaluable patients, 1 partial response, 6 stable disease and 22 progressive disease were recorded. Response rate was 3.45% (1/29). All responses occurred in patients receiving a starting dose of pemetrexed 500 $mg/m^2$. Median time to progression for all eligible patients was 2.5 months. The most common toxicities experienced were mild to moderate fever, hepatic damage, myelosuppression, nausea, vomiting, constipation, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and skin rash. Conclusion: Pemetrexed at 500 $mg/m^2$ given every three weeks combined with chemotherapy is associated with moderate response and good tolerability in patients with stage IV CRC.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.25-29
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• 2012

Objectives : This article reviews a solution preventing the illegal distribution of herbal medicine in common use for food and medicine and risks on public health by conducting safety management of food and medicine. Also, this article would like to contribute to improvement of public health treating diseases in compliance with accurate diagnosis and prescription of Oriental Medicine Doctor("OMD")'s. Methods : An approach in this research can be categorized into two : first, to examine the current administrative situation and problems of herbal medicine in common use for food and medicine based on policy documents of Ministry of Health and Welfare and Korea Food and Drug Adminstration("KFDA") and academic articles of the herbal medicine;second, to find reasonable administrative solutions to solve the problems. Solutions : A solution is to strengthen the management level of herbal medicine in common use for food and medicine by selecting 117 items as target items requiring concentrated management. In case herbal medicine is imported for food, KFDA strengthens the quality management level of herbal medicine by making use of inspection frequency at random, collecting and verifying herbal medicine on the market. However, KFDA decides to maintain current different quality specification system of food and medicine reflecting a civil complaint that quality specification of food and medicine should separately managed according to the purpose of use. Herbal medicine as medicine that is functioned as treating diseases and alleviating symptoms, unlike herbal medicine for food, can cure all kinds of diseases by recovering inner balance of human body, making use of other properties of herbal medicine. Medicine has its own properties. If a doctor uses properties of medicine appropriately, he cures diseases. If a doctor uses herbal medicine inappropriately. he may damage human body. Thus, whether side effects of medicine depend on a doctor who uses herbal medicine. Conclusions : All herbal medicine will be supplied into the market after strict safety control of manufacturers of herbal medicine according to the revised Pharmaceutical Affairs Act, beginning in April, 2012. Thus, people can take safer and more reliable herbal medicine through strengthening safety management of herbal medicine and improving quality and transparency in the distribution system. Herbal medicine should appropriately be prescribed by licensed OMD because herbal medicine is used to treat diseases and alleviate symptoms, unlike herbal medicine for food.