• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.176-184
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• 2011

Cold air on sloping surfaces flows down to the valley bottom in mountainous terrain at calm and clear nights. Based on the assumption that the cold air flow may be the same as the water flow, current models estimate temperature drop by regarding the cold air accumulation at a given location as the water-like free drainage. At a closed catchment whose outlet is blocked by man-made obstacles such as banks and roads, however, the water-like free drainage assumption is no longer valid because the cold air accumulates from the bottom first. We developed an empirical model to estimate quantitatively the effect of cold pool on nocturnal temperature in a closed catchment. In our model, a closed catchment is treated like a "vessel", and a digital elevation model (DEM) was used to calculate the maximum capacity of the cold pool formed in a closed catchment. We introduce a topographical variable named "shape factor", which is the ratio of the cold air accumulation potential across the whole catchment area to the maximum capacity of the cold pool to describe the relative size of temperature drop at a wider range of catchment shapes. The shape factor is then used to simulate the density profile of cold pool formed in a given catchment based on a hypsometric equation. The cold lake module was incorporated with the existing model (i.e., Chung et al., 2006), generating a new model and predicting distribution of minimum temperature over closed catchments. We applied this model to Akyang valley (i.e., a typical closed catchment of 53 $km^2$ area) in the southern skirt of Mt. Jiri National Park where 12 automated weather stations (AWS) are operational. The performance of the model was evaluated based on the feasibility of delineating the temperature pattern accurately at cold pool forming at night. Overall, the model's ability of simulating the spatial pattern of lower temperature were improved especially at the valley bottom, showing a similar pattern of the estimated temperature with that of thermal images obtained across the valley at dawn (0520 to 0600 local standard time) of 17 May 2011. Error in temperature estimation, calculated with the root mean square error using the 10 low-lying AWSs, was substantially decreased from $1.30^{\circ}C$ with the existing model to $0.71^{\circ}C$ with the new model. These results suggest the feasibility of the new method in predicting the site-specific freeze and frost warning at a closed catchment.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.507-511
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• 1993

The effect of captafol on the hematological value, erythrocyte membrane and plasma biochemical value was investigated using blood of SPF Sprague-Dawley male rats in vitro. For the anticoagulations, we used 0.5mg of heparin per $10m{\ell}$ of blood from vena cava. Three con-centrations($0.1{\times}10^{-4}M$, $1{\times}10^{-3}M$ and $1{\times}10^{-2}M$) captafol in ethanol were added to the each $2.5m{\ell}$ blood so that the linal concentration of ethanol was 1%. The blood contained with each concentration of captafol was incubated at $37^{\circ}C$ C for 2 hours under 5% $CO_2$ gas The whole blood and plasma were examined for hematological vaJues, erythrocyte membrane damage and biochemical values, respectively. The results obtained were summarized as follows ; 1. The number of RBC in $1{\times}10^{-2}M$ group and the concentration of MCHC in $1{\times}10^{-3}M$ group were significantly (p<0.05) decreased and increased from that of control values, respectively. The percentage of Hct was significantly (p<0.05) decreased with dose-response. 2. Erythrocyte fragility rate of $1{\times}10^{-3}M$ and $1{\times}10^{-2}M$ group were significantly (p<0.01) increased from that control with dose response. 3. Potassium ion level of $1{\times}10^{-2}M$ was significantly (p<0.05) increased from that of control. 4. The concentration of total bilirubin in the $1{\times}10^{-3}M$ and $1{\times}10^{-2}M$ groups were significantly increased from that of control. The enzyme level of creatine kinase in $1{\times}10^{-2}M$ group was significanlty (p<0.05) decreased from control value.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.18-27
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• 2001

Purpose: The aims of this study are to investigate the effect of the eradication of H. pylori on histological change of gastric mucosa in children with H. pylori gastritis and to determine whether the histological grading by the Sydney system is valuable in predicting the effect of treatment. Methods: 1) Histological scores by the Sydney system and the endoscopic characteristics were assessed before and at least four weeks after anti-H. pylori therapy in 42 children with H. pylori gastritis. 2) In 32 children treated with omeprazole, amoxicillin and clarithromycin (OAC), pretreatment histological scores and endoscopic findings were compared between the eradicated and the noneradicated to evaluate their predictive value for the successful eradication. Results: 1) In the eradicated (27 cases), nodular gastritis significantly decreased from 89% to 63% (p<0.05). There was an significant improvement in the mean activity score from 2.06 before treatment to 0.24 after treatment (p<0.01). The mean inflammatory score also improved from 2.61 before treatment to 1.89 after treatment (p<0.05). Lymphoid follicles significantly decreased from 48% to 15% (p<0.05). Epithelial damage improved in all 4 cases. But in the noneradicated (15 cases), there was no significant change in the frequency of nodular gastritis, the mean activity score, the mean inflammatory score and the frequency of the lymphoid follicles. 2) In 32 children treated with OAC, there was a tendency that the higher was the pretreatment score of the bacterial density, the lower was the eradication rate of H. pylori (p=0.072). Conclusion: The loss of the polymorphonuclear cell infiltration is the most prominent histological change after successful eradication. There may be negative correlation of the grade of the bacterial density with the success rate of the anti-H. pylori therapy.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.401-410
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• 2016

Purpose: Water is magnetically charged upon contact with a magnet. Although magnetic water products have been promoted since the 1930's, they have not received wide acceptance since their effectiveness is still in question; however, some have reported their therapeutic effects on the body, especially the digestive, nervous, and urinary systems. Methods: In this study, the effect of magnetized water on glycemic control of 14 diabetic mice (CB57BK/KsJ-db/db) in comparison with 10 control mice (CB57BK/KsJ-db/+(db/+)) was investigated. Seven diabetic control (DMC) mice and seven diabetic mice + magnetized water (DM+MW) were kept for 16 weeks, followed by intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT). Weekly blood glucose was measured from tail veins. Blood obtained from heart puncture was used for HbA1c analysis. Results: Blood glucose level showed a significant difference starting from the $10^{th}$ week of study ($496.1{\pm}10.2mg/dl$ in DMC vs. $437.9{\pm}76.9mg/dl$ in DM+MW). Blood glucose followed by IPGTT showed no significant difference between groups at 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min, although glucose level at 180 min was significantly reduced in DM+MW mice. Plasma insulin level in DM+MW groups was only 39.5% of that of DMC groups ($5.97{\pm}1.69ng/ml$ in DMC vs. $2.36{\pm}0.94ng/ml$ in DM+MW). Levels of HbA1c were 12.4% and 9.7% in DMC and DM+MW groups, respectively. Conclusion: These results show the promising therapeutic effect of magnetized water in regulating blood glucose homeostasis; however, long-term supplementation or mechanistic study is necessary.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.487-499
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• 2000

Background : Acute lung injury is an hypoxic respiratory failure resulting from damage to the alveolar-capillary membrane, which can be developed by a variety of systemic inflammatory diseases. In this study the therapeutic effects of intra-tracheal pulmonary surfactant instillation was evaluated in the intratracheal endotoxin induced acute lung injury model of a rat. Methods : Twenty Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups, and normal saline (2 ml/kg, for group 1) or LPS (5 mg/kg, for group 2, 3, and 4) was instilled into the trachea respectively. Either normal saline (2 ml/kg, for group 1 & 2, 30 min later) or bovine surfactant (15 mg/kg, 30 min later for group 3, 5 hr later for group 5) was instilled into the trachea. The therapeutic effect of intratracheal surfactant therapy was evaluated with one chamber body plethysmography (respiratory frequency, tidal volume and enhanced pause), ABGA, BAL fluid analysis (cell count with differential, protein concentration) and pathologic examination of the lung. Results : Intratracheal endotoxin instillation increased the respiration rate decreased the tidal volume and int creased the Penh in all group of rats. Intratracheal instillation of surfactant decreased Penh, increased arterial oxygen tension, decreased protein concentration of BAL fluid and decreased lung inflammation at both times of administration (30 minute and 5 hour after endotoxin instillation). Conclusion : Intratracheal instillation of surfactant can be a beneficial therapeutic modality as discovered in the acute lung injury model of rats induced by intratracheal LPS intillation. It deserves to be evaluated for treatment of human acute lung injury.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.31-42
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• 2004

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a kind of acute lung injury characterized by inflammatory disruption of alveolar-capillary barrier and notorious for its high mortality. Neutrophils cause cell damage through the production of free radicals, inflammatory mediators, and proteases in ARDS. $PLA_2$ might serve a primary regulatory role in the activation of neutrophils. This present study was performed to elucidate the effect of rutin known as $PLA_2$ inhibitor on ARDS induced by endotoxin. Endotoxin had increased lung myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, BAL (bronchoalveolar lavage) protein content, numbers of neutrophils in BALF (bronchoalveolar lavage fluid) compared with those of control rat (p<0.001). In addition, histological evidence of lung injury was correlated with neutrophil influx into alveolar space and cerrous perhydroxide granules were found in lining of endothelial cell, alveolar type I, II cells. In contrast, pretreated group of rutin had significantly decreased all of the parameters (p<0.001). These data suggest that inhibition of $PLA_2$ is one step approach that block the process of ARDS. Accordingly, we conclude that rutin can be used as the prophylactic agent for ARDS on the bases of these experimental results.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.112-116
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• 2006

To investigate the protective effect of saponin from red ginseng extract, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo--dioxin (TCDD) was exposed to female guinea pigs and then femur weights was measured. Forty eight female guinea pigs ($820{\pm}25\;g$) were divided into 6 groups. Normal control group (NC) received vehicle and saline; only TCDD-treated group (TT) received TCDD ($5.0\;{\mu}g/kg$, single dose) intraperitoneally; pretreated group of saponin 10 (PE 10) received 10 mg/kg of saponin i.p. for 4 weeks from 1 week before TCDD-exposure; pretreated group of saponin 20 (PE 20) also received 20 mg/kg of saponin i.p. for 4 weeks from 1 week before TCDD-exposure. While, post-treated group of saponin 10 (CE 10) received 10 mg/kg of saponin i.p for 3 weeks after TCDD-exposure. Post-treated group of saponin 20 (CE 20) received 20 mg/kg saponin i.p for 3 weeks after TCDD-exposure. Body weight of TT group was significantly decreased after TCDD-exposure. However, body weight in all saponin-treated groups increased throughout the experimental period, although the increasing rate was slower than that of NC group. Body weights of PE 10 and 20 groups showed more higher increase than those of CE groups during the experimental period. Decrease of femur weights in female guinea pigs by TCDD intoxification was significantly recovered by the saponin treatment. Decrease of $Ca^{2+}$ level of femurs in female guinea pigs exposed TCDD also recovered by the treatment of saponin from red ginseng extract. Especially, PE20 group showed the highest increase of the $Ca^{2+}$ level in femur among the saponin treated groups. These results suggest that ginseng saponin might be a useful protective agent against femur damage caused to decrease of $Ca^{2+}$ by TCDD.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.774-782
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• 2006

This study investigated the hepatoprotective effects of an ethanol extract of lotus root (LRE) on alcohol-induced liver damage in rat. Sprague-Dawley rae weighing $100{\sim}150g$, were divided into 6 groups: basal diet group (BD), alcohol (35% 10 mL/kg/day) teated stoup (ET), LRE 200 mg/kg/day teated group (BD-LREL). LRE 400 mg/kg/day treated group (BD-LREH), LRE 200 mg/kg/day and alcohol treated group (ET-LREL), and LRE 400 3mg/kg/day and alcohol teated group (ET-LREH). After the administration, rats were sacrificed to get serum and liver to analyze antioxidant enzyme activity, glutathione and lipid peroxide contents. The body weight gain and feed efficiency ratio were decreased by alcohol administration, however, were gradually increased to a little lower level than the basal diet group by the combined administration of alcohol and LRE. The serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), asparate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities that were elevated by alcohol were significantly decreased by LRE administration. It was also observed that thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) content, xanthine oxidase (XO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities in liver that were increased by alcohol, were markedly decreased in the combined alcohol and LRE administered groups as compared with the alcohol administrated group. These effect of LRE within the alcohol groups were in a dose-dependent manner. The glutathione (GSH) content in liver was decreased by alcohol administration, however, increased after administering LRE. Teken together, these result suggest that ethanol extract of lotus root may have a possible protective effect on liver function in hepatotoxicity-induced rat by alcohol administration.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.759-767
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• 2014

This study examined the effect of Momordica charantia L. (bitter melon: BM) on lipid and hepatic antioxidative enzyme levels in diabetic rats. Diabetes mellitus was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by injection of streptozotocin (STZ), and rats were fed for 4 weeks with experimental groups divided into four groups: a normal control group, STZ-control and STZ-BM 5% & STZ-BM 10% treated groups. Levels of free fatty acids (FFA), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-chol), triglycerides (TG) in plasma and malondialdehyde (MDA) & protein in liver, catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and xanthine oxidase (XOD) were measured in liver cytosol. Level of HDL-chol significantly increased in the STZ-BM 5% diabetic group. TG & FFA levels were significantly higher in all diabetic groups compared to the control group. MDA and protein levels were significantly higher in the STZ-BM 5% group compared to all other experimental group. CAT level was higher in the supplementary group with BM compared to the STZ-control group, although the difference was not significantly different. SOD level was not significant in any experimental groups. GST level was significantly higher in the BM-treated groups compared to the STZ-control group. XOD level was significantly lower in the BM 5% group and significantly decreased in all experimental groups. These results show that supplementation of BM fruit powder may have beneficial effects on diabetic complications and damage caused by oxidative stress.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.939-948
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• 2008

The effects of goat's beard (Aruncus dioicus var ramtschaticus Hara) ethanol extracts (AD) on the streptozotocin-induced diabetic symptoms and oxidative stress in rats were assessed. Experimental plots were divided into normal controls (NC), diabetes controls (DM), diet with 0.3% AD after diabetes induction (SA), and diet with 0.6% AD after diabetes induction (SB), then fed for 5 weeks. In the SA and SB groups as compared with the DM group, diabetic symptoms including weight loss, increase in feed and water intake, and enlargement of the liver and kidney were improved. The levels of blood glucose and serum fructosamine were reduced by $17.9{\sim}27.2%$ and $25.6{\sim}32.6%$, respectively. The activities of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and the levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol in the serum were reduced by $25.6{\sim}30.3$, $42.37{\sim}55.51$, $26.85{\sim}30.44$ and $37.29{\sim}39.11%$, respectively, whereas the level of HDL-cholesterol was increased by $37.29{\sim}39.11%$. Hepatic total (T) and O type (O) activities of xanthine oxidoreductase, O/T ratio(%) and level of lipid peroxide were significantly decreased, while the level of glutathione was increased, and also the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione S-transferase were increased by $56.84{\sim}94.90%$ and $57.14{\sim}68.92%$, respectively. In the above results, it was noted that AD has an antidiabetic effect which alleviated hyperglycemia and the AD reduced and/or prevented the tissue damage caused by diabetes yia the inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generating systems concurrent with an increase in ROS scavenging.