• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.219-224
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to investigate the percentage of body fat by measurement of skin-fold thickness and to figure out the relationship between the daily energy intake and expenditure among male and female college students. Measurements of height, weight , skinfold thickness, percent body fat, lean body mass were made, 새심 daily energy expenditure and dietary intake survey were performed on 164 (male 86, female 78) college students. The survey was conducted between October 10, 1993-November 20, 1993. The results are as follows : 1) The average height and wegiht of the surveyed men and women were respectively 172.$\pm$0.6cm, 62.2$\pm$0.8kg and 160.8$\pm$ 0.5cm, 51.5$\pm$0.6kg, BMI of those surveyed were 20.9$\pm$0.2 and 19.9$\pm$0.2 and body density of those surveyed were 1.06$\pm$0.0 and 1.05$\pm$0.0 , and the percentage of body fat of those surveyed were 17.3$\pm$0.5% and 23.2$\pm$0.4% , and IBM of those surveyed were 51.2$\pm$0.6kg and 39.5$\pm$0.4kg. 2) Mean skin-fold thickness at 4 sites of the surveyed men and women were respectively 11.6$\pm$0.5mm and 18.3$\pm$0.6mm. 3) Average calorie intake of male and female were 2121$\pm$54kcal , 1906$\pm$28kcal respectively 70.5:14.2:15.3 and 68.0:14.0:18.0. 5) Activity time record of subjects reveal that there was a trend for males to spend more time in moderate and high activity and less time in light activity compared to females. Total daily energy expenditure of male and female group were respectively 2784$\pm$51kcal and 2073$\pm$32kcal. 6) The skinfold thickness showed negative correlation with body density but it showed positive correlation with the percentage of body fat. The lean body mass showed positive correlation with physical activity and energy intake showed positive correlation with physical activity also.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.35 no.8
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• pp.1223-1234
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• 2022

Objective: The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of daily feed intake during the laying period on embryonic myogenic differentiation 1 (MYOD1), myogenic factor 5 (MYF5), and myogenic factor 6 (MYF6) gene expression in genetically fat and lean lines of chickens. Methods: An experiment in a 2×2 factorial design was conducted with two dietary intake levels (100% and 75% of nutrition recommendation) and two broiler chicken lines (fat and lean). Two lines of hens (n = 384 for each line) at 23th week of age were randomly divided into 4 treatments with 12 replicates of 16 birds. The experiment started at 27th week of age (5% egg rate) and ended at 54th week of age. Hatched eggs from the medium laying period were collected. Real time polymerase chain reaction analysis was used to analyse the MYOD1, MYF5, and MYF6 mRNA levels of E7, E9, E11, E13, and E15 body tissues and E17, E19, and E21 chest and thigh muscle samples. Results: The results indicated that there were significant effects of line, dietary intake, and interactions between them on MYOD1, MYF5, and MYF6 gene mRNA expression levels in embryonic tissues. Low daily feed intake did not change the expression trend of MYOD1 mRNA in either line, but changed the peak values, especially in lean line. Low daily feed intake altered the trend in MYF5 mRNA expression level in both lines and apparently delayed its onset. There was no apparent effect of low daily feed intake on the trends of MYF6 mRNA expression levels in either line, but it significantly changed the values on many embryonic days. Conclusion: Maternal nutrient restriction affects myogenesis and is manifested in the expression of embryonic MYOD1, MYF5, and MYF6 genes. Long term selection for fat deposition in broiler chickens changes the pattern and intensity of myogenesis.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.925-932
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• 2007

This study was designed to measure the effect of regrowth age of Digitaria decumbens (D. decumbens) on the intake and dynamics of digesta in the rumen of rams. Six Black-belly rams (mean liveweight: 51.6 (s.d. 0.68) kg) fitted with rumen cannulae were fed twice daily a 14-, 28-, 42- and 56-day old fresh D. decumbens successively for 4 experimental periods. The daily dry matter intake decreased curvilineary from 75.2 to 48.5 (s.e. 2.0) g/kg $BW^{0.75}$ as the age of the D. decumbens grass increased from 14 to 56 days. Dry matter intake for the first 3 h after the morning meal was 863.6, 598.3, 576.4 and 401.5 (s.e. 55.6) g for the 14-, 28-, 42- and 56-day old grasses respectively. The pool of NDF in the rumen at the end of the 3-h feeding period did not vary significantly among the four diets. Twelve hours after the beginning of the morning meal, the pool of NDF increased with the forage regrowth age. Within the total pool of NDF, the pool of large particles tended to increase with the regrowth age. It was concluded that high intake was associated with fast evacuation of NDF from the rumen. Moreover, digestion (cellulolysis) rate and degree of particle reduction by rumination are highly correlated, though speed of physical degradation of forage seems to be the driving force behind intake.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.141-147
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• 2004

Sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed in seventy marine organisms (40 species) from the Korean coast. PAHs were present in all the organisms. The level of total PAHs in the organisms varied from 0.45 to 224 ng/g dry weight and the carcinogenic PAHs varied from 0.05 to 49.8 ng/g dry weight. The PAHs residues according to the marine organisms showed a highest content in bivalve species, and followed by crustaceans, cephalopods, fish and gastropods. Human dietary intake of total PAHs through marine organism in Korea was estimated to be 4.12 ng/kg body weight/day and 0.67 ng/kg body weight/day for carcinogenic PAHs. The relative contributions of individual species to the total dietary intake of PAHs were in the order of bivalves $(53.4{\%})$, fish $(21.9{\%})$, crustaceans $(15.3{\%})$, cephalopods $(8.8{\%})$ and gastropods $(0.6{\%})$. Daily dietary intake of $PAH_{TEQ}$ expressed as a TEQ value was estimated to be 0.13 pg TEQ/kg body weight/day, which did not exceed a tolerable daily intake (TDI) proposed by the KFDA and the WHO as well as the UK toxicity committee. Lifetime cancer risk due to ingestion of marine species by the Korean adult was evaluated using the equation estimating exposure of food ingestion. Although approximately $23{\%}$ of cumulative frequency of the sampled marine species exceeded the cancer risk guideline, lifetime cancer risk associated with marine organism consumption was negligible. Results indicate that dietary intake of PAHs through the consumption of the Korean marine organisms seems to be safe for human ingestion with negligible cancer risk.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.59-67
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• 2000

The objective of this study was to investigate nutritional status of middle aged Korean men exhibiting impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and identify the risk factors related to IGT Data were collected from 163 men with a fasting blood glucose level from 115 to 139mg/dl(high blood glucose group: HBG) and 170 men with a normal fasting blood glucose level(control) aged from 40 to 59 years in both groups. Weight, body mass index(BMI) and percent body fat were significantly higher in high blood glucose(HBG) group than those of control group. Age, weight, BMI, percent body fat were positively related to blood glucose. There were no differences in exercise, smoking and family history of diabetes between two groups. Frequency of fat eating and overeating of HBG were higher than those of control group but frequency of sweet snacks intake of HBG was lower than that of control group. There was no difference in daily total energy intake in two groups. Total and supper energy intakes were positively associated with blood glucose. Percent energy intake of alcohol was significantly higher in HBG group and positively related to blood glucose, however there were no difference in daily intake of nutrients in two groups. Alcohol intake was positively related to BMI, but after adjusting BMI, there was no correlation between alcohol intake and blood glucose. Serum total cholesterol and triglyceride were significantly higher in HBG group than those of control group. Serum total cholesterol i,nd triglyceride were positively related to blood glucose and high density lipoprotein cholesterol was negatively associated with blood glucose. After adjusting BMI, serum triglyceride was positively related to blood glucose. In conclusion, weight, BMI, percent body fat and blood total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride levels were positively related to blood glucose level of middle aged Korean men exhibiting impaired glucose tolerance. Their eating habits exhibited higher frequency of overeating, fast eating, high energy intakes of supper. (Korean J Nutrition 33(1) : 59-67, 2000)

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.9
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• pp.1297-1302
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• 2003

To determine whether the feeding of different species of hay affects the dry-matter intake and the serum cortisol level of sheep, 6 non-pregnant, non-lactating ewes were offered alfalfa (Medicago sativa) hay (Al), oats (Avena sativa) hay (Ot) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) hay (Pr) under 6 kinds of treatment including 1) change from Al to Ot, 2) Al to Pr, 3) Ot to Al, 4) Ot to Pr, 5) Pr to Al, and 6) Pr to Ot. The experimental design was a 6${\times}$6 Latin square with a 14 day period of which 9 days were a preliminary period and 5 days as a digestion trial period. The change in hay feeding was done abruptly on the first day of each period without an adaptation period. The blood from the jugular vein was collected on the first, third and the last day of each period through a sterile catheter for the analysis of cortisol. The dry-matter intake was recorded daily throughout the period. The mean daily intake of dry matter (DM, g/kg live weight) was significantly different among the 3 species of hay (Al>Ot>Pr; p<0.05). The digestibility of DM for Al and Ot was the same, but that for Pr was significantly lower than Al and Ot (p<0.05). The mean serum cortisol levels were significantly different among the hays (p<0.05). The level for Pr was the highest and that for Al was the lowest. The abrupt change of hay feeding of 6 treatments produced a significant change in the serum cortisol levels. The DM intake was inversely related to the change of the cortisol level. It is suggested that the animal' intake response to different species of hay may be partly motivated by the psychological feelings toward the hay offered.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.81-93
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• 2014

This study was conducted to investigate nutrient consumption by Korean adults in various places. To accomplish this, we used the 1998-2009 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Subjects of this investigation were over 19 years and the study included 37,160 people. The meals were categorized as breakfast, lunch, dinner, and snacks consumed at home, or while eating-out. Investigation of the rate of consumption at serving places based on daily meals and years showed that eating-out generally increased with time. The consumption of meals prepared at home was higher than that of meals consumed anyplace else in 1998, 2001, 2005, and 2007-2009. However, the rate of consumption of home meals decreased from 1998 to 2007-2009, while the rate of eating-out increased during this period. Annual nutrient intake according to serving places with respect to meals, energy, fat, and sodium were significantly lower in home meals than those consumed elsewhere in 2007-2009 relative to 1998. The sodium intake and energy distribution ratio of fat in meals consumed while eating-out increased significantly from 1998 to 2007-2009. The energy, fat and sodium intake and energy contribution ratio of fat consumed in meals at institutions was significantly higher in 2007-2009 than in 1998. Based on these results, additional research is required to develop guidelines for dietary life improvement at each serving place and to address education and policies for balanced nutrition intake.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.84-90
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary behavior on the nutritional status of university students in Korea. A dietary intake survey of 603 university students (223 males and 380 females) was conducted using a 24-hour recall method. The resulting data on dietary behavior and nutrient intakes were analyzed by the SAS program package. The main results were as follows : 1) Most of the subjects were in their twenties and no obese cases were found. 2) Dietary intake data showed that, except for vitamin C in the female students, the average daily intakes of most nutrients did lot meet the Korean Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA). The study also showed that most of the subjects, especially the female students, were concerned about having satisfactory physical appearances. Fat provided 25% of the daily energy intake, and this level was higher than the 20% recommended by the Korean Dietary Guidelines. In the female students, the iron intake from animal foods was lower than that from plant foods. 3) Male students were not very serious about healthy eating. However, the female group, who obtained a high score in dietary behavior, consumed more vegetables and had higher intakes of energy, protein, Ca, p, vitamin A, and vitamin C than the male group, even though they did not meet the Korean RDA in most nutrients. Energy intake from fats, as a percent of total energy intake, was lower than in the group of females who obtained higher stores in dietary behavior than the other groups. To sum up, the university students surveyed in this study were found to have the typical dietary behavior of young adults, such as frequent eating out and snacking. Female students were extremely conscious of their body images this can exert an important direct influence on their dietary intakes and health status. It is very important for university students to develop healthy lifestyles and desirable dietary behaviors, to best enable them to continue to lead a healthy lift: in their later years.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.254-262
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• 2012

The objective of this study was to provide information regarding trends of rice consumption of Korean adults based on different meal types. Respondent reports 24-hour recall data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used to assess daily rice consumption and intake ratios of rice for different meal types and places of preparation. Rice intake had gradually decreased from 224.6 g in 1998 to 190 g in 2001 and to 179.4 g in 2005. The rice consumption of Korean adults decreased every year in all ages for all places of meal preparation in 2001 and 2005 compare to 1998. Analysis for each meal type showed that rice intake at breakfast had not considerably changed, but rice intake had decreased at lunch and dinner. While the rice consumption ratio at lunch and dinner decreased, it also decreased or did not change at snack times except for the 19-29 age groups. All the age groups revealed comparable change in the analysis for meal types. There was some diversity between all age divisions in daily rice intake depending on place of meal preparation. The rice consumption by place of meal preparation was generally highest at home, lowest at other places, but it decreased in all places. The rice consumption at home was highest in the over 50 age group, lowest in the 20-30 age group. These changes seem to be related to food intake patterns of rice and substitutional foods in the diets and development regarding socio-economic status. So the need for further study on differences in rice intake based on socioeconomic levels and age group are indicated.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.85-91
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• 2004

Dietary intakes and sources of vitamin B$_{6}$ in 72 healthy Korean elderly subjects (29 men,43 women, $\geq$57 years of age) living in the Seoul area were estimated using a modified Korean vitamin B$_{6}$ database. The dietary vitamin B$_{6}$ intake and food sources were estimated by the three day recall method with the help of a trained interviewer. Food portion sizes were estimated using standard household measures and published average portion sizes. The average daily vitamin B$_{6}$ intake was 2.06$\pm$0.46 mg/d in elderly men, and 1.94$\pm$ 0.47 mg/d in elderly women. Less than 5% of elderly men and 15% of elderly women consumed less than the Korean Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) of vitamin B$_{6}$. The average ratios of vitamin Be intake to daily protein intake were 0.03 $\pm$ 0.01 mg/g in both elderly men and women. The intake of vitamin B$_{6}$ was significantly (p <0.01 ∼ p<0.001) and positively correlated to intakes of all other nutrients in elderly women, but was not significantly correlated to intakes of several nutrients in elderly men. Foods from animal and plant sources provided 24% and 76%, respectively, of the total vitamin B$_{6}$. Major dietary sources of vitamin B$_{6}$ in Korean elderly were rice, soybean sprout, kimchi, pork, beef, potatoes, garlic, onion, anchovy and kochujang. The major sources accounted for most of the vitamin B$_{6}$ intake with the top 20 foods providing nearly 75∼76% of the total vitamin B$_{6}$ in Korean elderly./ in Korean elderly.