• Journal of Embryo Transfer
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.113-119
• /
• 2004

The purpose of the present study was to examine whether collection time affects results of oocyte recovery from superovulated goats. Fiftyty-one mature Korean native goats, maintained in a pen under natural day length and fed hay ad libitum, were pretreated with progestagen impregnated CIDR for 10 days and then the goats were divided into two groups. One group of the goats received a single intramuscular injection of 1,000 IU PMSG on Day 8 of CIDR insertion. The other group of the goats received twice daily intramuscular injections of a total of 70 mg FSH for 3 days from Day 8 of CIDR. All the gonadotropin treated goats were injected with 10 mg $PGF_{2\alpha}$ on Day 8 and 400 IU hCG in the afternoon on Day 10. For oocyte recovery, donor goats were fasted 24 h before operation. Anesthesia was induced by intravenous injection of 2% xylazine(0.2 mg/kg body weight) and ketamin(11 mg/kg body weight). In vivo oocytes were recovered by follicle aspiration or oviduct flushing at 29 to 34, 35 to 40 and 41 to 50 h after hCG injection through mid-ventral incision. There was no significant difference in the mean number of CL and oocytes recovered. Oocyte collection at 29 to 40 h after hCG increased(P<0.05) the recovery rate of ovulated oocytes in oviducts compared to 41 to 50 h. The same results were also observed in the recovery of follicular oocytes. Oocyte grade was not affected by collection time. When oocytes were collected from follicular oocytes at 41 to 50 h after hCG, the recovery rate of Grade II oocytes was the lowest(P<0.05). From these results, it is suggested that oocyte recovery at 35 to 40 h after hCG will be successful for further use.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
• /
• v.17 no.4
• /
• pp.165-186
• /
• 2007

With the advent of a wide variety of Internet shopping malls, consumers can choose a best appealing shopping mall from among the Bricks-and-Clicks and Pure-Player malls. Pure-Players launched their operation grandiosely with the early stage of Internet use in 1995. However, after the burst of Dot-com company bubbles in 1997, Pure-Players introduce various types of business models to meet potential needs of consumers. While Pure-Players suffer skeptical views from market analysts as well as consumers, traditional offline companies learned important lessons from Dot-com companies collapse phenomena, and expanded their business channels into online in the name of Bricks-and-Clicks. Nowadays, Bricks-and-Clicks successfully establish in the market as one of reliable business partners among consumers. Therefore, it is no surprise that recent competitions between Bricks-and Clicks and Pure-Players become fiercer than ever to attract potential customers to their websites. In this situation, consumers can choose a shopping mall to their best satisfaction. Consumers can enjoy both offline and online options for shopping because Bricks-and Clicks provide both offline and online channels to consumers, which is compared with Pure-Players offering only online channel. Offline channel is unique in providing consumers with chances to touch and feel target products and services. Meanwhile, online channel is considered very viable and convenient shopping options for consumers. In this respect, it is easily assumed that consumers will show different online shopping behavior when they have to choose either Bricks-and-Clicks mall or Pure-Player mall for the sake of shopping. Remaining research issue in this case is how much consumers' schema would influence online shopping behavior between Bricks-and-Clicks and Pure-Players. Basically, schema is a framework for synthetic information recognition that individual consumers have and is very characteristic in that it focuses not on fragmentary facts but on the combination of various causes affecting results. Consumers' schema is closely represented by trust, structural assurance, and perceived relative advantage towards a specific type of shopping mall. In literature, there exist a lot of studies comparing Bricks-and-Clicks and Pure-Players. However, there is no study to pursue the analysis of consumer behaviors comparing Bricks-and Clicks and Pure-Players from the schema perspective. Therefore, this study aims to investigate this research gap. Empirical analysis is adopted by garnering valid questionnaires from 514 Internet shopping mall users. 237 were mainly using Bricks-and-Clicks for shopping, while 277 were found to visit Pure-Players for shopping. PLS was applied to analyze the survey data to verify the proposed research hypotheses. Findings from the empirical test results are as follows. First, consumers perceive more trust and relative advantage in Pure-Players, comparing with Bricks-and-Clicks. This result is against widely-accepted perception that Bricks-and-Clicks would be perceived by consumers as more trustworthy and relatively advantageous because they have offline reputation and stores. Therefore, it becomes more obvious that Internet is becoming daily necessaries, and consumers increasingly feel very comfortable in using the Internet for their own personal purposes. Second, consumers have firm faith in transaction safety, regardless Bricks-and-Clicks and Pure-Players. This seems due to the fact that most of shopping malls showing dubious transaction safety have no place in the market. In a nutshell, empirical results tell us that Pure-Players will grow very much in the future, to the extent that consumers perceive no difference in comparison with Bricks-and-Clicks. Besides, consumers' schema accumulated through trust and perceived relative advantage plays crucial role in determining consumer behavior.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
• /
• v.24 no.2
• /
• pp.197-203
• /
• 2012

Purpose: In this study, we considerate our radiation therapy process for the breast cancer patient implanted a pacemaker applying the machine movement surgery, shielding, beam selection. Materials and Methods: We perform radiation therapy to a 54 years old, breast cancer patient implanted a pacemaker. The patient underwent a surgery to move the position of a pacemaker to right side breast after consultation with cardiology department. Prescribed dose was 5,040 cGy and daily dose 180 cGy for 28 fractions. The 10 MV photon energy, field size 0/$9.5{\times}20$ cm, half beam and opposing portal irradiation are used. To find out appropriate thickness of shielding board, we carried out an experiment using a solid water phantom ($30{\times}30{\times}7$ cm), a Farmer-type chamber (TN30013, PTW, Germany) and a shielding board (Pb $28{\times}27{\times}0.1$ cm). We calculated expected absorbed dose to te pacemaker with absorb ratio and shielding ratio. In the PTP system (Eclipse, Varian, USA), we figured out how much radiation would be absorbed to the machine with and without shielding. First day of the radiation therapy, we measured head scatter to the pacemaker with MOSFET Dose Verification System (TN-RD-70-W, Medical Canada Ltd., Canada). Results: In the phantom measurement, we found out appropriate thickness was 2 mm of shielding board. In the RTP, when using 2 mm shielding the pacemaker will be absorbed 11.5~38.2 cGy and DVH is 77.3 cGy. In the first day of the therapy, 4.3 cGy was measured so 120.4 cGy was calculated during total therapy. The patient was free from any side effects, and the machine also normally functioned. Conclusion: As the report of association which have public confidence became superannuated, there is lack of data about new machine. We believe that radiation therapy to thiese kind of patients could be done successfully with co-operation, patient-suitable planning, accurate QA, frequent in-vivo dosimetry and monitoring.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.45-53
• /
• 2008

Purpose: We are trying to analyze 130 patients' conditions by using our Helical Tomotherapy, which was installed in our center in Oct. 2007. We will be statistically approach this examination and analyze so that we will be able to figure out adaptive plans according to the change in place of the tumor, GTV (gross tumor volume), total amount of time it took, vector (${\upsilon}=\surd$x2+y2+z2) and the change in size of the tumor. Materials and Methods: Objectives were the patients who were medicated with Tomotherapy in our medical center since Oct. 2007 August 2008. The Average age of the patients were 53 years old (Minimum 25 years old, Maximum 83 years old). The parts of the body we operated were could be categorized as Head&neck (n=22), Chest (n=47), Abdomen (n=25), Pelvis (n=11), Bone (n=25). MVCT had acted on 2702 times, and also had acted on our adaptive plan toward patients who showed big difference in the size of tumor. Also, after equalizing our gained MVCT and kv-CT we checked up on the range of possible mistake, using x, y, z, roll and vector. We've also investigated on Set-up, MVCT, average time of operation and target volume. Results: Mean time on table was 22.8 minutes. Mean treatment time was 13.26 minutes. Mean correction (mm) was X=-0.7, Y=-1.4, Z=5.77, roll=0.29, vector=8.66 Head&neck patients had 2.96 mm less vector value in movement than patients of Chest, Abdomen, Bone. In increasing order, Head&neck, Bone, Abdomen, Chest, Pelvis showed the vector value in movement. Also, there were 27 patients for adaptive plan, 39 patients, who had long or multiple tumor. We could know that When medical treatment is one cure plan, it takes 32 minutes, and when medical treatment is two cure plan, it takes 40 minutes that one medical treatment takes 21 minutes, and the other medical treatment takes 19 minutes. Conclusion:With our basic tools, we could bring more accurate IMRT with MVCT. Also, through our daily image, we checked up on the change in tumor so that adaptive plan could work. It was made it possible to take the cure of long or multiple tumor, the cure in a nearby OAR, and the complicated cure that should make changes of gradient dose distribution.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
• /
• v.32 no.4
• /
• pp.372-380
• /
• 1996

The operation of Far East Chain(GRI 5970) of Loran - C system had been stopped on June, 1995, but that of Korean Chain(GRI 9930) of Loran - C system which was jointed with North West Pacific Chain(GRI 8930) and Russia Chain(GRI 7950) by international cooperation, was started on January 1996. In this paper, in order to study the accuracy of Loran - C fix of Korean Chain, the authors examined and analyzed the data of the reciever of Loran - C(LC -90, Furuno) and GPS(AccNav Sport super (TM), Eagle) measured automatically and continually for 2 seconds at interval of 5 minutes from November 22, 1992, to January 20, 1996 at the fixed position of National Fisheries University of Pusan, The results obtained were as follows ; 1)The mean time differences of M-W, M-X, and M-Y pair measured in the base observed position were 12333.09${\mu}$s, 28338.44${\mu}$s, and 42806.01${\mu}$s respectively and the mean standard deviations of that were 0.0121${\mu}$s, 0.0290${\mu}$s, and 0.0327${\mu}$s respectively. The daily and monthly variance forms of time difference at each pair appeared in a similar reappearance. 2)The mean standard deviations of the latitude and longitude by Loran - C were 9.1m and 17.4m in W.X pair, 11.5m and 13.7m in W.Y pair, and 8.1m and 29.3m in X.Y pair respectively, and then the probable radiuses within 95% of each pair were 39.2m, 35.7m, and 60.8m, respectively. Therefore, It is to be desired that W.Y par is selected to improve the accuracy in Pusan area. 3)The mean standard deviations of the latitude and longitude by GPS were 15.4m and 15.0m and the probable radius within 95% was 43.4m. 4)The position errors for GPS and each pair of Loran - C were 16.0m to the South in GPS and 265.2m to the East in W.X pair of Loran - C, 279.5m to the North in W.Y pair of that, and 224.3m to the North-West in X.Y pair of that, so GPS is about 250m higher than Loran - C in accuracy.

• Journal of Distribution Science
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.49-59
• /
• 2011

A franchise can be said to be the main method of distribution and marketing. It appears to be the future of the retail industry and is one of the world's fastest growing businesses sectors, as many policy reports and research results have acknowledged. Korea's franchise industry began in the 1970s, spread out into many areas (including food services, retail, and the service industry), and has grown by over 10% each year ever since. The industry's influence on the national economy becomes ever greater. Although the size of the franchise industry is expected to grow as it spreads and as the government expands its support, it has not yet attracted much academic interest. Research has so far been very fragmented. The main interest has been the relationship and conflicts between the head offices and the affiliates. No study has yet occurred on whether the concepts of satisfaction and intent to conclude a contract directly affect the success or failure of the affiliates. Few studies have empirically inquired into the demographic characteristics and abilities of the affiliates that significantly affect their results. Domestic franchise industries must prepare to leap from quantitative to qualitative growth. Most important is the need for affiliate headquarters and affiliates to build confidence between them. A friendly and reliable relationship between affiliate headquarters and affiliates will eliminate distrust from the franchise and maintain a healthy franchise system. This study suggests that current and prospective heads of affiliation should concentrate not on attracting affiliates but on investment and techniques of affiliate support. They should work on the reinforcement of brand power, the appropriate affiliate business environment, systematic education/training, taking burdens off the affiliate business persons, consolidating the relationship with the affiliate business persons, marketing mix factors (e.g. products, price conditions, logistics and shipping services, promotion, supervising and supervisor, operation procedures/processes, and material evidence); these all greatly affect the success or failure of the affiliate business. Supporting the affiliates is an important factor that enhances their results and satisfaction and consequently increases the positive recommendations to others and the ratio of recurrent conclusions of contracts, which ultimately generate the growth of the franchises. In addition, it is suggested that prospective franchise founders should make every effort to choose a good head office since the characteristics of the head office greatly influence the success of the affiliates. This study is significant in that it grasps the characteristics of the head office of affiliation and of the affiliates that influence affiliate results in ways not yet academically attempted.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
• /
• v.26 no.1
• /
• pp.31-38
• /
• 2020

The characteristics of ship traffic routes and the long term fluctuation in marine traf ic volume of the incoming and outgoing routes of the Yeosu Gwangyang Port were analyzed using vessel traffic data from the past 22 years and a real-time vessel traffic volume survey performed for 72 hours per year, for three years, between 2015 and 2017. As of 2017, the number of vessels passing through Yeosu Gwangyang Port was about 66,000 and the total tonnage of these ships was about 804,564 thousand tons, which is a 400 % increase from the 189,906 thousand tons shipped in 1996. Specifically, the dangerous cargo volume was 140,000 thousand tons, which is a 250 % increase compared to 1996. According to the real-time vessel traffic volume survey, the average daily number of vessels was 357, and traf ic route utilization rates were 28.1 % in the Nakpo sea area, 43.8 % in the specified sea area, and the coastal area traf ic route, Dolsan coastal area, and Kumhodo sea area showed the same rate of 6.8 %. Many routes meet in the Nakpo sea area and, parallel and cross passing were frequent. Many small work vessels entered the specific sea area from the neighboring coastal area traffic route and frequently intersected the path of larger vessels. The anchorage waiting rate for cargo ships was about 24 %, and the nightly passing rate for dangerous cargo ships such as chemical vessels and tankers was about 20 %. Although the vessel traffic volume of Yeosu Gwangyang Port increases every year, the vessel traffic routes remain the same. Therefore, the risk of accidents is constantly increasing. The route conditions must be improved by dredging and expanding the available routes to reduce the high risk of ship accidents due to overlapping routes, by removing reefs, and by reinforcing navigational aids. In addition, the entry and exit time for dangerous cargo ships at high-risk ports must be strictly regulated. Advancements in the VTS system can help to actively manage the traffic of small vessels using the coastal area traffic route.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• v.35 no.11
• /
• pp.779-784
• /
• 2002

Recently, the number of coronary artery bypass surgery(CABG) is increasing according to the increasing incidence of coronary artery disease. However, CABG is not a definite corrective surgery; therefore, in some patients, redo-CABG may be required. We retrospectively reviewed our redo-CABG experiences to help future redo-CABG. Material and Method: From January 1991 to April 2001, 14 cases of redo-CABG were performed in Yonsei Cardiovascular Center(M:F＝12:2) and mean age was 61,7 $\pm$ 7.1(47-72) years. Mean time from 1st. CABG to redo-CABG was 121.9 $\pm$ 50.5(6.1-179.6) months. Thirteen cases were conventional on-pump CABG and one case was off-pump CABG. In two patients, mitral valve re-replacement and mitral valve repair were performed each. All redo-CABG were performed through mid-sternotomy. During redo-CABG, left internal mammary artery and saphenous vein grafts were used in 6 patients, left internal mammary artery and left radial artery grafts were used in 2 patients, left internal mammary artery and gastroepiploic artery were used in one patient and only greater saphenous veins were used in 5 cases(In one case, cephalic vein was also used). The number of mean distal anastomosis was 2.1 $\pm$ 0.9(1-4). Result: There were no operative death and no perioperative myocardial infarctions and cerebrovascular accidents or other heart related complications. Mean follow up duration was 40.1 $\pm$ 38.6(1.1-118.5) months. During follow up period, angina was re-developed in one patient 13 months after operation. Two patients died of end-stage renal failure 14.8 months and 116.3 months after redo-CABG, respectively. During follow up period, coronary angiography was performed in 3 patients, and all grafts were patent. At last follow up, mean Canadian class was 1.3. Kaplan-Meier survival at 9 years was 90.0 $\pm$ 9.5% and event free survival at 9 years was 71.4 $\pm$ 6.9%. Conclusion: After redo-CABG, all patients improved their angina symptom and daily activity. And long-term survival after redo-CABG was excellent. Therefore, if patients have indications for redo-CABG, thenredo-CABG must be strongly recommended and performed.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
• /
• v.26 no.3
• /
• pp.188-193
• /
• 2017

The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes of environmental conditions and the quality and yield of melon fruit by heat fan operation in greenhouses at winter season. The average daily temperature inside the tunnels during January 1 to 31, 2017 was $0.9^{\circ}C$ higher than that of the control $17.8^{\circ}C$. The air flow rate of heater fan treatment was 4.8 times higher than the control (untreated $0.05m{\cdot}s^{-1}$) at 20cm above the ground where the korean melon grew. The temperature of the heater pan was $5.6^{\circ}C$ higher than that of the untreated at $35.3^{\circ}C$ and the relative humidity was 8.1% lower than that of the untreated at 39.1%. The flowering rate of the heater fan treatment was 96%, 5% higher than the control. The number of first harvest days of heater fan treatment was shortened by 4 days than that of untreated treatment. Fruit quality and marketable fruit yield increased by 3.4% and 38% compared to untreated respectively, the heater fan treatment increased the temperature inside the greenhouse and air flow rete, which were beneficial for growing the korean melon in greenhouses at winter season.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
• /
• v.7 no.2
• /
• pp.265-284
• /
• 2001

The case management has been applied to improve the quality of care and the cost-effectiveness in the most health care institutions. In a way of case management, the critical pathway(CP) has been executed in many acute care settings, focused on the diagnoses with high cost, high volume, and high risk. This study was conducted to develop a case management program using CP as an intervention of patients with lumbar spinal stenosis for the surgery of posterolateral fusion, and to find out the effects of the critical pathway on the quality of nursing care, patient satisfaction as an outcome of care, length of stay and medical charge, and nurses' job satisfaction. At the same time, patients' functional states were checked with the Oswestry Low Back Pain Index, to show that the CP would not decrease the patients' function compared to the control group. The subjects were 25 control patients with a usual operation of lumbar fusion and 25 experimental patients with CP. They were all female, aged $50s{\sim}70s$, admitted in the Orthopedic surgery ward of a university hospital. Also nurses on the floor using CP were asked to respond to measurement tool of job satisfaction before and after the application of CP, and compared with other nurses on the different wards. Data were analyzed with t-test for continuous variables and chi-square for non-parametric variables in addition to the reliability test of the measurement tools. The results of this study were as followings: 1. Patients' functional states The differences in Oswestry scores of the experimental and control groups assessed at preoperation and at discharge were not statistically significant. The change in scores of the experimental group measured at preoperation and at discharge was larger than that of the control group, however the difference was not statistically significant. The results indicate that the CP did not decrease the patients' functional status. 2. The quality of nursing care The total of quality of nursing care given to the experimental group was better than that of the control group(P=.000). In addition, the experimental group showed better scores of quality of every item of care than the control group(P=.000 -.004). 3. Patient satisfaction Patients of the experimental group were not more satisfied with general care than the control group. But they were more satisfied with discharge care of 'explanation about medication, body posture, and brace application' and 'explanation about the adjustment of daily living and exercise during recovery'(P= .047, P=.028). 4. Nurses' job satisfaction Nurses working with the CP showed more job satisfaction than before the CP introduction(P=.048). But the control group of nurses on a different floor showed no change in job satisfaction at the same period of time. 5. Length of stay and medical charge The mean length of stay of the experimental group was shorter than that of the control group without statistical significance. The charge of medication and treatment of the experimental group were smaller than that of the control group(P=.011, P=.000). The results of the study support that the case management using critical pathway enables to improve the quality of care and job satisfaction, to reduce the medical charge, and consequently to increase satisfaction with care. However, the case management should be instituted focusing on the quality improvement of nursing and the client satisfaction, not just for the purpose of cost-effectiveness of health care facilities.