The rental history data of public bicycles in Seoul were analyzed to examine how pandemic phenomena such as COVID-19 caused changes in people's micro mobility. Data for 2019 and 2021 were compared and analyzed by dividing them before and after COVID-19. Data were collected from public data portal sites, and data marts were created for in-depth analysis. In order to compare the changes in the two periods, the riding direction type dimension and the rental station type dimension were added, and the derived variables (rotation rate per unit, riding speed) were newly created. There is no significant difference in the average rental time before and after COVID-19, but the average rental distance and average usage speed decreased. Even in the mobility of Ttareungi, you can see the slow rhythm of daily life. On weekdays, the usage rate was the highest during commuting hours even before COVID-19, but it increased rapidly after COVID-19. It can be interpreted that people who are concerned about infection prefer Ttareungi to village buses as a means of micro-mobility. The results of data mart-based visualization and analysis proposed in this study will be able to provide insight into public bicycle operation and policy development. In future studies, it is necessary to combine SNS data such as Twitter and Instagram with public bicycle rental history data. It is expected that the value of related research can be improved by examining the behavior of bike users in various places.
Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
/
v.13
no.8
/
pp.479-493
/
2019
The purpose of this study was to present a method of literacy education that would generate interest and enhance the effectiveness of literacy education from elderly literacy learners. For that end, the researcher interviewed and did participation observation with a total of 11 middle and old aged literacy teachers, operators, lifelong education teachers, and literacy students in North Chungcheong Province. According to the research, elderly literacy learners have a tendency to forget easily what they have learned and to learn properly through dictation, and have high level of competitive spirit, to make studying the top priority in their daily lives. Many playful activities for knowing meaning of writing, learning connected to real life, and dictating are effective in improving their memory and cognition. In addition, using familiar materials in everyday life, conducting role plays with comedies and poems in textbooks, utilizing large-picture fairytales, team-based games and activities, learning songs and instruments to play easily, performances and presentations on the stage, and field experiences in educational and cultural facilities can increase their interest and effectiveness in literacy. Several programmes such as presentations and joint events for sharing results, materials and materials costs, education and sharing of literacy skills for teachers at the school, annual operation of literacy education need to be supported to succeed literacy education in elderly learners. In conclusion, the research shows the need to increase literacy teachers' education, to use assistant teachers, to activate accreditation of literacy curriculum.
This study briefly compares the first-cycle certification of nursing hospitals with the second-cycle certification, reviews the changes and achievements of the second-cycle certification and the third-cycle certification, and examples of challenges and solutions in the process of preparing the third-cycle certification. In this study, it is suggested as follows. First, in order to see the practical effect of certification intended by the government, the exhibition is prepared in a short period of time before certification. Second, after the implementation of the nursing hospital certification system, research on the hospital performance of the medical institution certification system is insufficient in terms of quality and quantity. Therefore, in order to see the effect on the certification system, various research support is also required so that research on this can be actively conducted. Third, design certification standard guidelines from a long-term perspective so that the standard guidelines for certification do not change significantly, and certify not only the guidelines but also individual standards and forms that can be used by medical institutions. Fourth, in the four-cycle certification, accurate and realistic guidelines for infection control and quarantine ward operation support should be developed. The importance of managing infectious diseases will be highlighted in the future due to COVID-19. Fifth, medical institutions can improve the quality of medical care in nursing hospitals and have competitiveness if their daily activities, not short-term certification preparation, are carried out in accordance with certification standards, which affects performance. Sixth, when preparing for certification, nursing hospital officials have problems in organizing documents or processing administratively in the short term as in the past. This is also based on the certification criteria for the usual business process.
Recently, as studies about Artificial Neural Network (ANN) are actively progressing, studies for predicting water quality of rivers using ANN are being conducted. However, it is difficult to analyze the operation process inside ANN, because ANN is form of Black-box. Although eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) is used to analyze the computational process of ANN, research using XAI technology in the field of water resources is insufficient. This study analyzed Multi Layer Perceptron (MLP) to predict Water Temperature (WT), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), hydrogen ion concentration (pH) and Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) at the Dasan water quality observatory in the Nakdong river using Layer-wise Relevance Propagation (LRP) among XAI technologies. The MLP that learned water quality was analyzed using LRP to select the optimal input data to predict water quality, and the prediction results of the MLP learned using the optimal input data were analyzed. As a result of selecting the optimal input data using LRP, the prediction accuracy of MLP, which learned the input data except daily precipitation in the surrounding area, was the highest. Looking at the analysis of MLP's DO prediction results, it was analyzed that the pH and DO a had large influence at the highest point, and the effect of WT was large at the lowest point.
The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
/
v.23
no.2
/
pp.119-131
/
2024
Understanding accurate traffic performance is crucial for ensuring efficient highway operation and providing a sustainable mobility environment. On the other hand, an immediate and precise estimation of highway traffic performance faces challenges because of infrastructure and technological constraints, data processing complexities, and limitations in using integrated big data. This paper introduces a framework for estimating traffic performance by analyzing real-time data sourced from toll collection systems and dedicated short-range communications used on highways. In particular, this study addresses the data errors arising from segmented information in data, influencing the individual travel trajectories of vehicles and establishing a more reliable Origin-Destination (OD) framework. The study revealed the necessity of trip linkage for accurate estimations when consecutive segments of individual vehicle travel within the OD occur within a 20-minute window. By linking these trip ODs, the daily average highway traffic performance for South Korea was estimated to be248,624 thousand vehicle kilometers per day. This value shows an increase of approximately 458 thousand vehicle kilometers per day compared to the 248,166 thousand vehicle kilometers per day reported in the highway operations manual. This outcome highlights the potential for supplementing previously omitted traffic performance data through the methodology proposed in this study.
Agricultural reservoirs supply water for various purposes such as irrigation, maintenance, and living. Since agricultural reservoirs respond sensitively to seasonal and climate changes, it is essential to estimate supply and inflow for efficient operation, and water management should be done based on these data. However, in the case of agricultural reservoirs, the measurement of supply and inflow is relatively insufficient compared to multi-purpose dams, and inflow-supply analysis in agricultural reservoirs through water balance analysis is necessary for efficient water management. Therefore, rainfall-runoff analysis models such as ONE model and Tank model have been developed and used for reservoir water balance analysis, but the applicability analysis for ungauged watersheds is insufficient. The ONE model is designed for daily runoff calculation, and the model has one parameter, which is advantageous for calibration and ungauged watershed analysis. In this study, the water balance was analyzed through the ONE model and the Tank model for 15 watersheds upstream of dams, and R2 and NSE were used to quantitatively compare the performance of the two models. The simulation results show that the ONE model is suitable for predicting the inflow of agricultural reservoirs with the ungauged watershed
Jaewoong Hwang;Heetaek Yoon;Junhyun Bae;Youngkon Park
Land and Housing Review
/
v.15
no.2
/
pp.125-137
/
2024
A conventional Design for Safety (DfS), introduced to eliminate potential hazards in the design phase proactively, has encountered persistent challenges, such as perfunctory risk assessments and hazard identifications based on 2D drawings and inefficient workflow processes. This study proposes a BIM-based approach to Design for Safety (DfS) to address the limitations of conventional methods, aiming to enhance efficiency and achieve practical safety management benefits. The proposed workflow process for BIM-based DfS has been refined and validated for on-site applicability through various case studies, including risk assessments during the design phase and field applications for safety management activities during the construction phase. Specifically, the critical process of risk assessment within the DfS methodology has also been transitioned to a BIM-based approach. This BIM-based risk assessment process has been evaluated through case studies, encompassing safety reviews for structural design, construction equipment operation, and construction methodology with sequence in design projects. Additionally, the proposed BIM-based DfS has demonstrated exceptional on-site applicability and efficiency, as validated by the application of a BIM deliverable embedded in DfS information for CDE-based daily activity briefing, VR-based safety training, AR-based mitigation measures inspections, and other safety management activities in the construction phase.
Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
/
v.5
/
pp.119-168
/
1978
This is a survey of the reserved book system in the pilot universities in Korea. We have surveyed only 22 university libraries among 29 pilot schools as of 1977, because of the differences in the library users, library organization, library facilities, and library materials between universities and colleges. In 1972, the Korean Ministry of Education developed a reformation plan for their higher education based on the teaching method of curriculum-oriented faculty instead of that of the faculty-oriented curriculum. The former puts emphasis on the cultivation of a student's thinking, creativity, and judgement through self-teaching to do a given assignment. The reserved book system in a college or university library is one of the most important methods necessary to accomplish the above educational aim. The survey used a questionnaire with 50 question on 28 items concerning the various aspects of the reserved book system in 22 pilot universities. the survey result discovered many problems needing correction. The following list describes the measures needed to correct the problems found in the pilot universities. 1. The management of a centralized reserved book system is much more effective and economical than the decentralized reserved book system when a university is located on the same campus. 2. In the university library, an independent reserved book department requires to gain the desired educational aims as compared with the reserved book room controlled by any other department in the library. 3. The reserved book system should not be adopted by all the departments at once but enlarged gradually, for it needs the understanding and support of faculty members and the university itself. 4. As competence is essential to the effective operation of the reserved book room, the university library should not place an unqualified person in charge of the reserved book department. 5. The librarian in charge of the reserved book department is required to do more professional works such as analysis of users, collection and analysis of syllabuses, maintenance of faculty member cooperation, establishment of measures to acquire unavailable materials, and drawing up an effective management plan. However, he is spending most of his time in clerical works, that is, non-professional works. 6. Three to five titles of each reserved book are considered reasonable and required materials should be shelved in proportion to the number of students, that is, one copy per eight or ten students if the materials are allowed to lend for two hours at a time. For the supplementary materials, the library needs to place two or three copies per subject. 7. Professors must select reserved books with care so that they can be used year after year. 8. Few universities are asking professors the number of class students and the date when the reserved material will no longer be needed on reserve. 9. The library should gather all the lists of reserved books from every professor at least three to five months before the courses open, because it takes a long time to obtain foreign materials. 10. It is desirable that the reserved book department should collect the lists and prepare the materials with promptness and consistency. 11. Instead of block buying, it is desirable to purchase reserved books at the time the library gets the reserved book list from the professors. The library should also inform faculty members whether it obtained each reserved book or not before the course open. 12. The library should make a copy of materials if a professor requires to reserve an out-of-print book or partial contents of a book, journal, and thesis. 13. An independent budger for reserved books from the budget for general materials is desired. 14. The shelf arrangement of reserved books by courses or professors under the same department is much more preferable than a classified arrangement. 15. While most of the universities adopted the open shelves system for all the reserved books, it is more effective and economical to take a compromise system, that is, closed shelves for requires materials and open shelves for supplementary materials. 18. Circulation of reserved books needs a different system between required materials and supplementary materials: two or three hours and/or overnight loan for the former and two and/or three days loan for the latter. 17. A reserved book room should be open a long time after class so that students can have sufficient time to use the room. 18. The library must take daily and monthly statistic as well as statistics on every aspect of the reserved book system in order that the library ma decide on policy and management of the reserved book room in collaboration with the university. Furthermore, regular reports on the use of the reserved book room should be made to the president and the executive council by the library to acquire their understanding and cooperation for the reserved book system. 19. Cooperation of faculty members is indispensable to the effective management of the reserved book department and it is desirable to make a committee which will fix various decisions about the system. Whenever the director of the library make his decision, he must consult with his staff in order to involve them earnestly in the operation of the system.
This research is to investigate the detention facilities of police stations and their real operations through the perceptions of detainees at police station cells and to present the policy suggestions for them. To fulfill the research, a questionnaire was made out on the basis of 'the Regulation on Detention and Escort for Suspects'. 'the Regulation on a Standard Plan for Detention Facilities' and 'the Regulation on the Lowest Standard to Treat Detainees' ; and detainees at 23 police station cells under the jurisdiction of Kyungbuk Local Police Agency were asked to answer it. Policy suggestions following from the result of the investigation of detainees' perceptions of the detention facilities of the police stations are as follows; Firstly, the structure of police station cells should be arranged in straight lines in order to take their human rights into consideration and more detention facilities are needed to be built in order to separate male, female, handicapped and juvenile inmates. Secondly, shower rooms and washrooms outside the cells should always be open to detainees whenever they need to be used. Thirdly, any detention facilities deficient in fire fighting equipment should have exit doors installed as soon as possible in case of an emergency and provide sufficient fire extinguishers considering the number of detainees and the size of the facilities. Fourthly, the detention facilities should have sufficient windows for ventilation and take necessary measures to obtain natural lighting instead of electric lighting. Fifthly, air conditioners should be equipped properly taking account of the number of detainees and the dimensions of the facilities. Policy suggestions according to the result of the investigation of detainees' perceptions of the operation of detention facilities of police stations are as follows; Firstly, the problem of operating the detention facilities must deal with worn-out facilities and measures to secure the budget should be taken as soon as possible. Secondly, considering that most detained suspects have difficulties in livelihood, daily necessaries must be issued to them. Thirdly, personal belongings deposited by inmates must be properly managed with the same documentation throughout the police station detention facilities. The number of female guards to take exclusive charge of the physical checkups and processing of female detainees should be increased. Also the facilities for handicapped detainees must be expanded, improved and managed properly. Fourthly, except for handcuffs and ropes to bind detainees in the detention facilities, helmets to prevent self-harm must be withdrawn. The budget to improve the quality of meal issued by the government must be urgently secured and the price of private food sent to detainees must be readjusted to be in line with the consumer price. Health and medical care and sanitation for detainees must be substantial, and also sunbathing and outdoor exercises should be allowed to detainees.
For the purpose of reducing the cost for greenhouse operation by acquiring the electric power necessary for it, this study installed a solar photovoltaic system on the roof of the building adjacent to green-houses and experimentally examined the quantity of power generation based on weather conditions. The results of the study are as per the below: The maximum, average and minimum temperature while the experiment was conducted was $0.4{\sim}34.1,\;-6.1{\sim}22.2$, and $-14.1{\sim}16.7^{\circ}C$ respectively, and the solar radiation was $28.8MJ{\cdot}m^{-2}$ (maximum), $14.9MJ{\cdot}m^{-2}$ (average), and $0.6MJ{\cdot}m^{-2}$ (minimum). The quantity of electric power didn't increase in proportion to the quantity of solar radiation and instead, it was almost consistent around 750W. Daily maximum, average and minimum consumption of electric power was 5.2kWh, 2.5kWh and 0kWh respectively. Based on the average electric power consumption of the system used for this experiment, it was sufficient in case the capacity and the working time of a hot blast heater are small, but it was short in case they are big. In case the capacity of the hot blast heater is big, the average electric power quantity will be sufficient for array area $21m^2$, about three times of the present area. In summer when the temperature of the array becomes high, the generation of electric power didn't increase in proportion to the quantity of solar radiation, but this experiment result shows a high correlation between two factors (coefficient of correlation 0.84).
본 웹사이트에 게시된 이메일 주소가 전자우편 수집 프로그램이나
그 밖의 기술적 장치를 이용하여 무단으로 수집되는 것을 거부하며,
이를 위반시 정보통신망법에 의해 형사 처벌됨을 유념하시기 바랍니다.
[게시일 2004년 10월 1일]
이용약관
제 1 장 총칙
제 1 조 (목적)
이 이용약관은 KoreaScience 홈페이지(이하 “당 사이트”)에서 제공하는 인터넷 서비스(이하 '서비스')의 가입조건 및 이용에 관한 제반 사항과 기타 필요한 사항을 구체적으로 규정함을 목적으로 합니다.
제 2 조 (용어의 정의)
① "이용자"라 함은 당 사이트에 접속하여 이 약관에 따라 당 사이트가 제공하는 서비스를 받는 회원 및 비회원을
말합니다.
② "회원"이라 함은 서비스를 이용하기 위하여 당 사이트에 개인정보를 제공하여 아이디(ID)와 비밀번호를 부여
받은 자를 말합니다.
③ "회원 아이디(ID)"라 함은 회원의 식별 및 서비스 이용을 위하여 자신이 선정한 문자 및 숫자의 조합을
말합니다.
④ "비밀번호(패스워드)"라 함은 회원이 자신의 비밀보호를 위하여 선정한 문자 및 숫자의 조합을 말합니다.
제 3 조 (이용약관의 효력 및 변경)
① 이 약관은 당 사이트에 게시하거나 기타의 방법으로 회원에게 공지함으로써 효력이 발생합니다.
② 당 사이트는 이 약관을 개정할 경우에 적용일자 및 개정사유를 명시하여 현행 약관과 함께 당 사이트의
초기화면에 그 적용일자 7일 이전부터 적용일자 전일까지 공지합니다. 다만, 회원에게 불리하게 약관내용을
변경하는 경우에는 최소한 30일 이상의 사전 유예기간을 두고 공지합니다. 이 경우 당 사이트는 개정 전
내용과 개정 후 내용을 명확하게 비교하여 이용자가 알기 쉽도록 표시합니다.
제 4 조(약관 외 준칙)
① 이 약관은 당 사이트가 제공하는 서비스에 관한 이용안내와 함께 적용됩니다.
② 이 약관에 명시되지 아니한 사항은 관계법령의 규정이 적용됩니다.
제 2 장 이용계약의 체결
제 5 조 (이용계약의 성립 등)
① 이용계약은 이용고객이 당 사이트가 정한 약관에 「동의합니다」를 선택하고, 당 사이트가 정한
온라인신청양식을 작성하여 서비스 이용을 신청한 후, 당 사이트가 이를 승낙함으로써 성립합니다.
② 제1항의 승낙은 당 사이트가 제공하는 과학기술정보검색, 맞춤정보, 서지정보 등 다른 서비스의 이용승낙을
포함합니다.
제 6 조 (회원가입)
서비스를 이용하고자 하는 고객은 당 사이트에서 정한 회원가입양식에 개인정보를 기재하여 가입을 하여야 합니다.
제 7 조 (개인정보의 보호 및 사용)
당 사이트는 관계법령이 정하는 바에 따라 회원 등록정보를 포함한 회원의 개인정보를 보호하기 위해 노력합니다. 회원 개인정보의 보호 및 사용에 대해서는 관련법령 및 당 사이트의 개인정보 보호정책이 적용됩니다.
제 8 조 (이용 신청의 승낙과 제한)
① 당 사이트는 제6조의 규정에 의한 이용신청고객에 대하여 서비스 이용을 승낙합니다.
② 당 사이트는 아래사항에 해당하는 경우에 대해서 승낙하지 아니 합니다.
- 이용계약 신청서의 내용을 허위로 기재한 경우
- 기타 규정한 제반사항을 위반하며 신청하는 경우
제 9 조 (회원 ID 부여 및 변경 등)
① 당 사이트는 이용고객에 대하여 약관에 정하는 바에 따라 자신이 선정한 회원 ID를 부여합니다.
② 회원 ID는 원칙적으로 변경이 불가하며 부득이한 사유로 인하여 변경 하고자 하는 경우에는 해당 ID를
해지하고 재가입해야 합니다.
③ 기타 회원 개인정보 관리 및 변경 등에 관한 사항은 서비스별 안내에 정하는 바에 의합니다.
제 3 장 계약 당사자의 의무
제 10 조 (KISTI의 의무)
① 당 사이트는 이용고객이 희망한 서비스 제공 개시일에 특별한 사정이 없는 한 서비스를 이용할 수 있도록
하여야 합니다.
② 당 사이트는 개인정보 보호를 위해 보안시스템을 구축하며 개인정보 보호정책을 공시하고 준수합니다.
③ 당 사이트는 회원으로부터 제기되는 의견이나 불만이 정당하다고 객관적으로 인정될 경우에는 적절한 절차를
거쳐 즉시 처리하여야 합니다. 다만, 즉시 처리가 곤란한 경우는 회원에게 그 사유와 처리일정을 통보하여야
합니다.
제 11 조 (회원의 의무)
① 이용자는 회원가입 신청 또는 회원정보 변경 시 실명으로 모든 사항을 사실에 근거하여 작성하여야 하며,
허위 또는 타인의 정보를 등록할 경우 일체의 권리를 주장할 수 없습니다.
② 당 사이트가 관계법령 및 개인정보 보호정책에 의거하여 그 책임을 지는 경우를 제외하고 회원에게 부여된
ID의 비밀번호 관리소홀, 부정사용에 의하여 발생하는 모든 결과에 대한 책임은 회원에게 있습니다.
③ 회원은 당 사이트 및 제 3자의 지적 재산권을 침해해서는 안 됩니다.
제 4 장 서비스의 이용
제 12 조 (서비스 이용 시간)
① 서비스 이용은 당 사이트의 업무상 또는 기술상 특별한 지장이 없는 한 연중무휴, 1일 24시간 운영을
원칙으로 합니다. 단, 당 사이트는 시스템 정기점검, 증설 및 교체를 위해 당 사이트가 정한 날이나 시간에
서비스를 일시 중단할 수 있으며, 예정되어 있는 작업으로 인한 서비스 일시중단은 당 사이트 홈페이지를
통해 사전에 공지합니다.
② 당 사이트는 서비스를 특정범위로 분할하여 각 범위별로 이용가능시간을 별도로 지정할 수 있습니다. 다만
이 경우 그 내용을 공지합니다.
제 13 조 (홈페이지 저작권)
① NDSL에서 제공하는 모든 저작물의 저작권은 원저작자에게 있으며, KISTI는 복제/배포/전송권을 확보하고
있습니다.
② NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 상업적 및 기타 영리목적으로 복제/배포/전송할 경우 사전에 KISTI의 허락을
받아야 합니다.
③ NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 보도, 비평, 교육, 연구 등을 위하여 정당한 범위 안에서 공정한 관행에
합치되게 인용할 수 있습니다.
④ NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 무단 복제, 전송, 배포 기타 저작권법에 위반되는 방법으로 이용할 경우
저작권법 제136조에 따라 5년 이하의 징역 또는 5천만 원 이하의 벌금에 처해질 수 있습니다.
제 14 조 (유료서비스)
① 당 사이트 및 협력기관이 정한 유료서비스(원문복사 등)는 별도로 정해진 바에 따르며, 변경사항은 시행 전에
당 사이트 홈페이지를 통하여 회원에게 공지합니다.
② 유료서비스를 이용하려는 회원은 정해진 요금체계에 따라 요금을 납부해야 합니다.
제 5 장 계약 해지 및 이용 제한
제 15 조 (계약 해지)
회원이 이용계약을 해지하고자 하는 때에는 [가입해지] 메뉴를 이용해 직접 해지해야 합니다.
제 16 조 (서비스 이용제한)
① 당 사이트는 회원이 서비스 이용내용에 있어서 본 약관 제 11조 내용을 위반하거나, 다음 각 호에 해당하는
경우 서비스 이용을 제한할 수 있습니다.
- 2년 이상 서비스를 이용한 적이 없는 경우
- 기타 정상적인 서비스 운영에 방해가 될 경우
② 상기 이용제한 규정에 따라 서비스를 이용하는 회원에게 서비스 이용에 대하여 별도 공지 없이 서비스 이용의
일시정지, 이용계약 해지 할 수 있습니다.
제 17 조 (전자우편주소 수집 금지)
회원은 전자우편주소 추출기 등을 이용하여 전자우편주소를 수집 또는 제3자에게 제공할 수 없습니다.
제 6 장 손해배상 및 기타사항
제 18 조 (손해배상)
당 사이트는 무료로 제공되는 서비스와 관련하여 회원에게 어떠한 손해가 발생하더라도 당 사이트가 고의 또는 과실로 인한 손해발생을 제외하고는 이에 대하여 책임을 부담하지 아니합니다.
제 19 조 (관할 법원)
서비스 이용으로 발생한 분쟁에 대해 소송이 제기되는 경우 민사 소송법상의 관할 법원에 제기합니다.
[부 칙]
1. (시행일) 이 약관은 2016년 9월 5일부터 적용되며, 종전 약관은 본 약관으로 대체되며, 개정된 약관의 적용일 이전 가입자도 개정된 약관의 적용을 받습니다.